大别剪切构造带中榴辉岩的成分变异-体积变化和流体流动

研究了大别山区剪切构造带内榴辉岩在退变质阶段塑性变形过程中的成分变异、体积变化和流体流动特征，得到：（１）随着变形程度的增强，榴辉岩中除Ａｌ２Ｏ３，Ｐ２Ｏ５和Ｔｈ的含量基本保持不变外，其他组分或元素都发生了明显的变异；（２）ＳｉＯ２在超高压榴辉岩带中表现为明显的流失，而在高压中温榴辉岩带内表现为明显的获得；（３）从榴辉岩到榴闪岩再到榴云角闪片岩的退变质阶段变形过程中，岩石体积发生了明显扩容，其体积变化率为－３．５％～－２８％；（４）流体／岩石比值约为１～５０．１，说明了流体在高压超高压变质岩形成和抬升过程中起了重要的作用     

鄂北高压榴辉岩相变质带的变质、变形和流体演化

大别高压超高压变质带从南到北可分成四个带,它们是绿帘蓝片岩带、高压榴辉岩带(南带)、超高压榴辉岩带和高压榴辉岩带(北带).高压榴辉岩相变质带以蓝闪石榴辉岩为代表,并出现多硅白云母、绿帘石、石英、金红石和锆石等变质矿物. 石榴石中含有前榴辉岩相变质形成的矿物包体,并具典型的进变质成分环带.高压榴辉岩中保存了其进、退变质作用全过程中的岩石学和构造信息,即在挤压体制下,表壳岩石经绿帘角闪岩相到榴辉岩相进变质作用和强烈韧性变形;在继续挤压逆冲机制下高压变质岩的大幅度折返,从壳幔边界上升到地壳中、浅层次,并发生绿帘角闪相退变质作用和多期韧性变形;在伸展体制下经滑脱、断块升降、差异抬升高压变质岩块体暴露到地表,并发生绿片岩相退变质作用和韧-脆性变形.高压变质作用过程中存在广泛的流体-岩石相互作用, 气液包裹体和高压含水矿物的稳定产出,是最有力的证据.流体的成分、含量、迁移形式控制着变质反应,是影响高压变质岩形成与保存的热力学和动力学条件.     

荣成地区特别富^18O的榴辉岩的成因

荣成地区的M类榴辉岩特别富集18O,这样富18O的榴辉岩在大别山-苏鲁超高压变质带还尚未见报导。异常高的δ18O值表明M类榴辉岩与围岩-大理岩在变质过程中发生过强烈的氧同位素交换。稳定同位素、流体包裹体等证据揭示氧同位素交换可能发生在超高压岩石的折返过程中,由于叠加的麻粒岩相退变质作用使同俯冲的新元古代海相碳酸盐岩发生了去碳酸盐化作用,产生了富CO2的变质流体。这种退变质流体特别富18O,成为M类榴辉岩与围岩碳酸盐岩交换的媒介。所观测到的M类榴辉岩内矿物之间,以及榴辉岩与围岩大理岩之间都基本达到了高温下的氧同位素平衡。由于荣成地区各类榴辉岩记录的变质温度普遍高于大别山和苏鲁南段的榴辉岩,因此这一地区的榴辉岩在折返过程中一般都叠加有麻粒岩相和／或角闪岩相的退变质作用。退变质流体,特别是麻粒岩相退变质期间产生的富CO2流体,是造成这一地区M类榴辉岩有别于其它地区M类榴辉岩-特别富18O的根源。     

超高压榴辉岩-脉体体系成因和俯冲带变质流体演化

超高压岩石-脉体体系是认识俯冲带流体性质和行为的天然实验室.通过总结大别超高压变质带3个榴辉岩（角闪岩）-脉体体系的研究成果,探讨了大陆俯冲带变质流体的溶解-结晶过程和氧逸度变化规律以及流体对轻元素硼的迁移过程.对榴辉岩-复合高压脉体的研究发现超高压流体通过溶解矿物富集溶质组分,流体随后经历3期结晶过程,分别形成绿辉石-绿帘石脉、绿帘石-石英脉和蓝晶石-绿帘石-石英脉.绿帘石La、Cr和δEu值是判断结晶次序的关键指标.对榴辉岩-角闪岩-低压脉体研究表明大陆俯冲带低压变质流体的氧逸度明显高于高压-超高压变质流体.高氧逸度条件也导致一些反常矿物（如退变金红石）的生长.对含电气石榴辉岩-脉体研究揭示变质碳酸盐岩是大陆俯冲板片中重硼同位素的重要储库,其在汇聚板块边界的脱硼作用显著影响深部硼循环.上述研究成果为理解俯冲带变质流体演化和物质循环提供重要科学依据.      

非保守元素在苏鲁超高压榴辉岩退变质作用中有限迁移和近原地重新分布

中国大陆科学钻探工程主孔揭露的基性岩石包括新鲜榴辉岩和角闪岩.角闪岩是榴辉岩在折返过程中不同程度退变质作用的产物.全岩主量和痕量元素地球化学数据表明它们不仅在高场强元素(Ti,Zr,Nb,Ta),而且在高度活动元素(Rb,Cs,Sr,Ba)上化学特征相似.尽管从榴辉岩向角闪岩的退变质作用需要流体的参与,上述地球化学特征表明在榴辉岩快速折返过程中,流体仅仅有限地存在,在流体中高度活动的碱性元素仅作有限迁移和近乎原地重新分布.流体可能以高度局域化的管道流形式出现,是导致榴辉岩退变质作用和剪切变形高度局域化的主要因素.     

硬柱石榴辉岩岩石学研究进展

硬柱石榴辉岩是洋壳经历冷俯冲形成的典型低温高压变质岩,硬柱石是俯冲带将水带入地幔深处的重要载体,其具有指示俯冲带深部流体作用的重要科学意义。文中总结了近20年来硬柱石及硬柱石榴辉岩岩石学的主要研究进展及问题：①硬柱石榴辉岩的全球分布;②硬柱石榴辉岩的分类及硬柱石的产状;③硬柱石榴辉岩稳定性的实验及相平衡模拟研究;④硬柱石榴辉岩的形成与保存;⑤硬柱石榴辉岩相关的流体行为。以上几点,特别是硬柱石相关的流体行为,一直是俯冲带研究中的热点领域。西南天山榴辉岩和蓝片岩中广泛发育进变质和退变质脉体,对其进行深入研究,将会对洋壳深俯冲过程中的流体行为进行更好的约束。     

硬柱石榴辉岩岩石学研究进展

硬柱石榴辉岩是洋壳经历冷俯冲形成的典型低温高压变质岩,硬柱石是俯冲带将水带入地幔深处的重要载体,其具有指示俯冲带深部流体作用的重要科学意义。文中总结了近20年来硬柱石及硬柱石榴辉岩岩石学的主要研究进展及问题:①硬柱石榴辉岩的全球分布;②硬柱石榴辉岩的分类及硬柱石的产状;③硬柱石榴辉岩稳定性的实验及相平衡模拟研究;④硬柱石榴辉岩的形成与保存;⑤硬柱石榴辉岩相关的流体行为。以上几点,特别是硬柱石相关的流体行为,一直是俯冲带研究中的热点领域。西南天山榴辉岩和蓝片岩中广泛发育进变质和退变质脉体,对其进行深入研究,将会对洋壳深俯冲过程中的流体行为进行更好的约束。     

胶南—威海造山带研究进展及重要地质问题讨论

胶南－威海造山带基底主要由新元古代变质花岗岩组成，另有少量变质表壳岩，浅变质碎屑岩，基性－超基性岩及榴辉岩，变质花岗岩可分为同造山花岗岩及后造山花岗岩，造山带之上曾经有过古生代盖层，造山带中侵入有三叠纪闪长岩及花岗岩体，在榴辉岩及其围 中发现了许多高压，超高压变质矿物；确认高压，超高压变质作用分早期的超高压榴辉岩相变质作用和晚期的高压绿片岩相变质作用；变质地层，超镁铁质岩及部分片麻岩等围岩与榴辉岩经历了相同的超高压变质作用，大部分花岗质片麻岩是在超高压变质作用发生后或发生过程中侵入榴辉岩中的，苏鲁造山带是一条以韧性剪切带为格架，穹窿构造，褶皱构造相伴随的“无山”的造山带；造山带可分为南，北二部分，北带主体属于华北板块南缘带，而南带主体则属于扬子板块北缘带。南，北带的界线大臻与连云港－嘉山断裂及近岸断裂一致，造山带南界与响水－淮阴断裂一臻，北界位于五莲－王台－朱吴－牟平一线，西侧被郯庐断裂带切割。     

苏鲁超高压变质带桃行榴辉岩及高压脉体中流体包裹体研究

桃行榴辉岩是苏鲁超高压变质带中段主要榴辉岩体密集分布区之一。流体包裹体研究表明,榴辉岩矿物及高压脉体石英中捕获有五种类型的流体包裹体：在超高压-高压榴辉岩相条件下捕获的N2±CH4包裹体;在榴辉岩发生麻粒岩相叠加变质作用期间被捕获的B型纯CO2液相包裹体;在高压榴辉岩重结晶阶段被捕获的C型CO2-H2O包裹体和D型高盐度水溶液包裹体;超高压岩石折返过程中的最晚阶段（角闪岩相退变质甚至更晚）捕获的E型低盐度水溶液包裹体。利用榴辉岩矿物及高压脉体石英中捕获的流体包裹体类型及期次可以重建超高压变质作用板片折返过程中的流体性状与演化,而石榴石中捕获的纯CO2包裹体为本区榴辉岩相岩石遭受了麻粒岩相叠加提供了佐证。     

俯冲板片中微量元素的活动性:西天山榴辉岩相运输脉的制约

西天山的基性高压变质岩显示互相连接的榴辉岩相脉体网络来源于蓝片岩的进变质脱水作用,通过这些网脉可以洞察在俯冲带高压条件下远程流体流动中的流体-岩石相互作用和元素负载。岩相学证据表明外来流体的渗透作用产生运输脉,而流体持续的沟道式流动导致主岩蓝片岩的淋滤。脉和蓝片岩蚀变带中锂(Li)的含量几乎是蓝片岩主岩中锂的两倍,它支持流体是外部来源的设想。这些流体触发了蓝片岩主岩的榴辉岩化作用而形成蓝片岩蚀变带。由于成脉流体中的微量元素含量低,所以导致与流体发生化学反应的主岩中所有微量元素的强烈淋滤。在此过程中有53%~81%的微量元素被活化,与大离子亲石元素和轻稀土元素的损失相符合,它们的损失量几乎是重稀土元素和高场强元素损失量的两倍。     

Fluid flow,metasomatism and amphibole deformation in an imbricated ophiolite,North Cascades,Washington

Metasomatic tremolite-rich mylonites are widespread in imbricate thrust slices of ultramafic rocks of the ophiolitic Ingalls Complex in Washington State. Protoliths for these amphibolite-facies mylonites were peridotite and serpentinite. Abundant syntectonic tremolite veins in the ultramafites record narrowly channelized flow of infiltrating fluids, whereas metasomatic mylonite zones record more pervasive flow. Fluids were probably released mainly by prograde devolatization reactions within serpentinite and mafic ophiolitic rocks that experienced earlier hydrothermal metamorphism.Olivine apparently deformed by dislocation creep in the mylonites. In the tremolite-rich rocks, locally preserved amphibole porphyroclasts deformed mainly by microfracturing. Acicular tremolites, which dominate the mylonites, form syntectonic overgrowths on porphyroclasts and probably record diffusive mass transfer which may have accompanied cataclasis. Acicular tremolites subsequently were folded and define both post-crystalline crenulations and polygonal arcs.Fluid flow, deformation and metamorphism were apparently complexly interrelated in the imbricate zone. Thrusts juxtaposed contrasting rock types that were sources and sinks for fluids, and shear zones focused fluid flow. Metamorphism probably facilitated deformation through the release of fluids during dehydration reactions. High fluid pressure may have led to hydraulic fracturing and may have controlled strain softening in the tremolitic mylonite zones as it favored microcracking and diffusive mass transfer over dislocation creep. Infiltrating metasomatic fluids probably play an important role in the evolution of shear zones in many ultramafic bodies during medium-grade metamorphism.     

Alice Springs age shear zones from the southeastern Reynolds Range,central Australia

The southeast Reynolds Range, central Australia, is cut by steep northwest‐trending shear zones that are up to hundreds of metres wide and several kilometres long. Amphibolite‐facies shear zones cut metapelites, while greenschist‐facies shear zones cut metagranites. Rb–Sr and ⁴⁰Ar–³⁹Ar data suggest that both sets of shear zones formed in the 400–300 Ma Alice Springs Orogeny, with the sheared granites yielding well‐constrained ⁴⁰Ar–³⁹Ar ages of ca 334 Ma. These data imply that the shear zones represent a distinct tectonic episode in this terrain, and were not formed during cooling from the ca 1.6 Ga regional metamorphism. A general correlation between regional metamorphic grade and the grade of Alice Springs structures implies a similar distribution of heat sources for the two events. This may be most consistent with both phases of metamorphism being caused by the burial of anomalously radiogenic heat‐producing granites. The sheared rocks commonly have undergone metasomatism implying that the shear zones were conduits of fluid flow during Alice Springs times.     

Low-Pressure Metamorphism in the Sierra Albarrana Area (Variscan Belt,Iberian Massif)

A low-pressure metamorphic zonation ranging from biotite tomigmatite zones occurs in the Sierra Albarrana area (VariscanBelt of southwestern Iberian Peninsula) in uppermost Precambrianto Lower Palaeozoic metasedimentary rocks. The principal deformationin this area is related to a major ductile shear zone whosecentral part is localized immediately to the southwest of theSierra Albarrana Quartzites. The metamorphism is synchronouswith respect to this deformation. The metamorphic zones aresymmetrically distributed with respect to the Sierra AlbarranaQuartzites. Pressure–temperature (P–T) conditionsare 3.5–4 kbar and range from 400°C (biotite zone)to 500°C (staurolite–garnet zone) up to 650–700°C(migmatite zone). We have not detected pressure variations alongthe different metamorphic zones. Relic kyanite is observed inthe form of inclusions in andalusite within veins in the lower-gradepart of the staurolite–andalusite zone. The low-pressuremetamorphism of the Sierra Albarrana area arises from a two-stagehistory including moderate crustal thickening followed by subsequentlocalization of deformation in a transcurrent shear zone duringpeak P–T conditions. Channelized fluid flow within themajor ductile shear zone may have contributed to the heat budgetof the low-pressure metamorphism. KEY WORDS: fluid flow; Iberian Massif; low-pressure metamorphism; shear zone; Sierra Albarrana area     

Up-temperature flow of surface-derived fluids in the mid-crust: the role of pre-orogenic burial of hydrated fault rocks

The Walter‐Outalpa shear zone in the southern Curnamona Province of NE South Australia is an example of a shear zone that has undergone intensely focused fluid flow and alteration at mid‐crustal depths. Results from this study have demonstrated that the intense deformation and ductile shear zone reactivation, at amphibolite facies conditions of 534 ± 20 °C and 500 ± 82 MPa, that overprint the Proterozoic Willyama Supergroup occurred during the Delamerian Orogeny (c. 500 Ma) (EPMA monazite ages of 501 ± 16 and 491 ± 19 Ma). This is in contrast to the general belief that the majority of basement deformation and alteration in the southern Curnamona Province occurred during the waning stages of the Olarian Orogeny (c. 1610–1580 Ma). These shear zones contain hydrous mineral assemblages that cut wall rocks that have experienced amphibolite facies metamorphism during the Olarian Orogeny. The shear zone rock volumes have much lower δ¹⁸O values (as low as 1‰) than their unsheared counterparts (7–9‰), and calculated fluid δ¹⁸O values (5–8‰) consistent with a surface‐derived fluid source. Hydrous minerals show a decrease in δD_(H2O) from ?14 to ?22‰, for minerals outside the shear zones, to ?28 to ?40‰, for minerals within the shear zones consistent with a contribution from a meteoric source. It is unclear how near‐surface fluids initially under hydrostatic pressure penetrate into the middle crust where fluid pressures approach lithostatic, and where fluid flow is expected to be dominantly upward because of pressure gradients. We propose a mechanism whereby faulting during basin formation associated with the Adelaidean Rift Complex (c. 700 Ma) created broad hydrous zones containing mineral assemblages in equilibrium with surface waters. These panels of fault rock were subsequently buried to depths where the onset of metamorphism begins to dehydrate the fault rock volumes evolving a low δ¹⁸O fluid that is channelled through shear zones related to Delamerian Orogenic activity.     

造山过程中的流体—岩石相互作用和质量传输的评述

在汇聚板块边缘,滑脱面的滑动和沉积岩系的逆冲堆叠,导致孔隙水被压实排出,流体润滑了脱面,从而引起增生楔的生长。流体对流体制是地壳深熔的先驱事件。碱性花岗岩在次固相下有丰富的岩浆水的出溶,并且促进了碱性长石的微组构重组织。上部地壳浅表流体的循环主要受岩浆侵位驱动。韧性剪切带Ｔｉ、Ｆｅ、Ｍｇ残留富集,Ｓｉ、Ｃａ、Ｓｒ带出,流体不混溶和相分离是Ａｕ沉淀的重要机制。断层带尤其深部断层带具有高的流体／岩石比     

Timing and nature of fluid flow and alteration during Mesoproterozoic shear zone formation, Olary Domain, South Australia

The development of shear zones at mid‐crustal levels in the Proterozoic Willyama Supergroup was synchronous with widespread fluid flow resulting in albitization and calcsilicate alteration. Monazite dating of shear zone fabrics reveal that they formed at 1582 ± 22 Ma, at the end of the Olarian D3 deformational event and immediately prior to the emplacement of regional S‐type granites. Two stages of fluid flow are identified in the area: first an albitizing event which involved the addition of Na and loss of Si, K and Fe; and a second phase of calcsilicate alteration with additions of Ca, Fe, Mg and Si and removal of Na. Fluid fluxes calculated for albitization and calcsilicate alteration were 5.56 × 10⁹ to 1.02 × 10¹⁰ mol m^?2 and 2.57 × 10⁸–5.20 × 10⁹ mol m^?2 respectively. These fluxes are consistent with estimates for fluid flow through mid‐crustal shear zones in other terranes. The fluids associated with shearing and alteration are calculated to have δ¹⁸O and δD values ranging between +8 and +11‰, and ?33 and ?42‰, respectively, and ?Nd values between ?2.24 and ?8.11. Our results indicate that fluids were derived from metamorphic dehydration of the Willyama Supergroup metasediments. Fluid generation occurred during prograde metamorphism of deeper crustal rocks at or near peak pressure conditions. Shear zones acted as conduits for major crustal fluid flow to shallow levels where peak metamorphic conditions had been attained earlier leading to the apparent ‘retrograde’ fluid‐flow event. Thus, the peak metamorphism conditions at upper and lower crustal levels were achieved at differing times, prior to regional granite formation, during the same orogenic cycle leading to the formation of retrograde mineral assemblages during shearing.     

剪切带中流体与金矿成矿作用的关系综述

流体广泛存在于剪切带中，在剪切带中汇集，常以通道式运移；流体的渗透和流动引起剪切带的成分变异和体积亏损；剪切中的流体往往携带大量成矿物质而成为矿流体，金矿的形成与流体关系密切；     

Allochemical retrograde metamorphism in shear zones: an example in metapelites, Virginia, USA

Abstract Metapelites in the Altavista area, southwest Virginia Piedmont, USA, underwent allochemical hydrothermal retrograde metamorphism in synmetamorphic shear zones. The metapelites of the Evington Group were metamorphosed in a prograde sequence of chlorite, staurolite, and sillimanite zones. Garnet–biotite geothermometry and phase relations support eastward increasing metamorphic grade, ranging from 570° C in the staurolite zone to 650° C in the sillimanite zone at c. 5.8 kbar. Sillimanite-zone rocks later underwent progressive retrogression around shear zones which acted as fluid conduits. Retrograde assemblages are successively zoned around the shear zones with staurolite-, chloritoid- and kyanite-bearing assemblages. The shear zones commonly contain kyanite or tourmaline veins. Applicable phase equilibria indicate that retrogression occurred during isobaric cooling through c. 200–270° C. Rock compositional changes with retrogression occurred in steps: SiO₂ was gained in the early stages of the retrogression but lost in the late stages; Al₂O₃, K₂O, and H₂O were increasingly gained through the sequence; CaO was increasingly lost. Addition of H₂O and decreasing temperatures resulted in new ferromagnesian minerals (staurolite, chloritoid, chlorite) and changes in H₂O, SiO₂, Al₂O₃, K₂O, and CaO contents produced muscovite and sodic plagioclase. Subsequent to prograde metamorphism, deeply derived fluids migrated upwards along shear zones, providing fluid and energy for the retrograde reactions. The sheared rocks underwent fluid infiltration with fluid fluxes of 1.8 × 10⁷–4.3 × 10⁷ cm³/cm² corresponding to minimum estimated fluid-to-rock ratios of 7.5–21 as a function of position within the shear zone. Fluid flow was from high to low temperature early and low to high temperature later in the retrogression.     

Interactions between serpentinite devolatilization, metasomatism and strike-slip strain localization during deep-crustal shearing in the Eastern Alps

The Greiner shear zone in the Tauern Window, Eastern Alps, changes from a zone of distributed (dominantly sinistral) shear in supracrustal rocks to a series of narrow, gully forming dextral splays where it enters basement gneisses. Within these splays, granodiorite is transformed into quartz‐poor biotite and/or chlorite schists, reflecting hydration, removal of Si, Ca and Na, and concentration of Fe, Mg and Al. Stable isotope analyses show a prominent increase in δD and a decrease in δ¹⁸O from granodiorite into the shear zones. These changes indicate significant channelized flow of an externally derived, low‐δ¹⁸O, high‐δD fluid through the shear zones. The shear zone schists are chemically similar to blackwall zones developed around serpentinite bodies elsewhere in the Greiner zone and the stable isotope data support alteration via serpentinite‐derived fluid. Monazite in schist from one shear zone yields spot dates of 29–20 Ma, indicating that the fluid influx and switch from sinistral to dextral shear occurred at or shortly after the thermal peak of the Alpine orogeny (c. 30 Ma). We suggest that Alpine metamorphism of serpentinites released large amounts of high‐δD, low‐δ¹⁸O, Si‐undersaturated, Fe + Mg‐saturated fluids that became channelized along prior zones of weakness in the granodiorite. Infiltration of this fluid facilitated growth of chlorite and biotite, which in turn localized later dextral strain in the narrow splays via cleavage‐parallel slip. This dextral strain event can be linked to other structures that accommodated tectonic escape of major crustal blocks during dextral transpression in the Eastern Alps. This study shows that serpentinite devolatilization can play an important role in modifying both the chemistry and rheology of surrounding rocks during orogenesis.