Enacting separate social worlds: ‘International’ and ‘local’ students in public space in central Melbourne

In creating separate and distinct spaces and forms of socialising for themselves, ‘international’ and ‘local’ university students in central Melbourne are influenced by three key, spatially-linked processes. The first is institutional - it includes the allocation of international students to a certain type of housing which differs from that chosen by local students, and the practice of universities, student clubs and local churches to gather international and local students into separate groupings. The second is locational. It is the process by which international students find themselves living principally in and around the edge of the central city, an entertainment district with rowdy characteristics that these students often find distasteful. Local students, in contrast, locate in the inner suburbs for the most part, at a distance from the city centre hotspot. The third process sees socialising habits that are enacted in and by virtue of the public places in which they occur. This self-enacting socialisation further separates local students from international students. All three processes demonstrate how certain characteristics of the built environment can be invested with particular meanings and become complicit in shaping racialised social interactions.     

地学高层次人才培养，从入门课程《普通地质学》开始

充分发挥专业课程的多维度育人功能是打通基础学科高层次人才培养的关键一环。作为地质学及其相关专业的第一门专业入门课程,《普通地质学》课程主要教授学生地球科学的基本知识、基本技能和基本地质思维等专业知识,同时培养学生的专业兴趣。面对新时代高层次地学人才培养的要求,需要深入挖掘该课程的思政元素,实现教学理念从单纯的传授基础知识、激发专业兴趣到科学素养和人文素养拓展,开启《普通地质学》课程服务地学高层次人才培养的大门。充分利用“将今论古”思想和动力地质作用这两个课程核心内容,培养学生的开拓创新精神和跨学科能力,提升学生的科学素养。同时,依托地质过程的复杂性和庞大的地质时空观等课程核心内容,培养学生的工匠精神、大格局观和发展观,提升人文素养。     

International students as urban agents: International education and urban transformation in Auckland,New Zealand

This paper discusses connections between the internationalisation of education, and in particular the growth in international students, and processes of urban transformation. The research is centred in Auckland, New Zealand, a city where the number of international students has grown rapidly over the last decade leading to significant impacts on the urban form and experience of the city’s CBD. This includes growth in educational services such as language schools and other private training establishments, new residential geographies characterised by low-cost and low-quality high-rise developments, and new ethnic economies of food, service and entertainment businesses that explicitly target international students. The paper draws on research with South Korean international students and a range of secondary materials to interrogate the connections between student mobilities and changing urban form. In doing so the paper contributes to emerging scholarship on student geographies and the role of students as urban agents through the inclusion of an international dimension that has largely been absent in the extant literature. The findings illustrate that while international students themselves clearly play a significant role in the transformation of urban spaces their influence cannot easily be separated from the contribution of a range of other actors including educational businesses, property developers, transnational migrants and local and national state actors.     

Geothermal energy exploitation from depleted high-temperature gas reservoirs by recycling CO2:The superiority and existing problems

CO2 can be used as an alternative injectant to exploit geothermal energy from depleted high-temperature gas res-ervoirs due to its high mobility and unique thermal properties.However,there has been a lack of systematic anal-ysis on the heat mining mechanism and performance of CO2,as well as the problems that may occur during geothermal energy exploitation at specific gas reservoir conditions.In this paper,a base numerical simulation model of a typical depleted high-temperature gas reservoir was established to simulate the geothermal energy exploitation processes via recycling CO2 and water,with a view to investigate whether and/or at which condi-tions CO2 is more suitable than water for geothermal energy exploitation.The problems that may occur during the CO2-based geothermal energy exploitation were also analyzed along with proposed feasible solutions.The re-sults indicate that,for a depleted low-permeability gas reservoir with dimensions of 1000 m × 500 m × 50 m and temperature of 150℃using a single injection-production well group for 40 years of operation,the heat mining rate of C02 can be up to 3.8 MW at a circulation flow rate of 18 kg s-1 due to its high mobility along with the flow path in the gas reservoir,while the heat mining rate of water is only about 2 MW due to limitations on the injectivity and mobility.The reservoir physical property and injection-production scheme have some effects on the heat mining rate,but CO2 always has better performance than water at most reservoir and operation condi-tions,even under a high water saturation.The main problems for CO2 circulation are wellbore corrosion and salt precipitation that can occur when the reservoir has high water saturation and high salinity,in which serious salt precipitation can reduce formation permeability and result in a decline of CO2 heat mining rate(e.g.up to 24％reduction).It is proposed to apply a low-salinity water slug before CO2 injection to reduce the damage caused by salt precipitation.For high-permeability gas reservoirs with high water saturation and high salinity,the supe-riority of CO2 as a heat transmission fluid becomes obscure and water injection is recommended.     

岩溶生态系统的土壤特性及其今后研究方向

岩溶石漠化退化土地是目前西南岩溶地区经济发展、生态恢复与重建工作中严重的问题之一。由于岩溶生态系统的独特性和脆弱性,岩溶生态系统土壤具有不同于其它生态脆弱区土壤的特征,本文将其归纳为成土速率决定的在人类活动尺度下土壤不可再生性即脆弱性、土壤侵蚀(土层丢失)的独特性、土壤退化过程中空间分布的斑块化及其与岩性的相关性、土壤退化过程中有机碳活性成分下降和来源变化、土壤退化导致岩溶生态系统生态过程中断。因此,在退化岩溶生态系统的研究中,要加强对岩溶生态系统土壤特性及退化恢复理论的研究。      

Non-equilibrium water/rock interactions—I. Model for interface-controlled reactions

The results of established crystal growth theory and silicate dissolution experiments are combined in developing a new model for mineral/water reactions controlled by surface processes. The overall reaction rate at steady-state is determined by coupling equations for the velocities of mass transport and interface detachment processes. Non-steady state processes can be successfully treated when interface reactions control the rate. For most sparingly soluble minerals, diffusion through the solution can be neglected as a rate-determining factor.Many surface processes are driven by the total interface under saturation, but only processes facilitating detachment contribute to dissolution. Other, non-detachment related, surface reactions result in lower dissolution rates. Slow rates of many mineral/solution reactions are attributed to the surface processes which consume the energy that would otherwise drive detachment.An analysis of the time dependence of interface reaction velocities indicates that linear rate laws apply when uniform detachment or layer-source generation mechanisms such as screw dislocations control the dissolution rate. At low interfacial undersaturations, first-order, logarithmic rate laws prevail. A parabolic time dependence occurs if surface detachment parameters vary as a function of (time)^{$\text{1}\text{2}$}.     

东北地区主要矿山环境地质问题

东北地区是我国重要的矿业基地,矿山环境地质问题极为突出.从矿山环境地质问题表现形式上将其划分为土地资源破坏、环境污染和地质灾害3个类型.防治矿山环境地质问题应采用新技术、新方法、科学监测、建立地质灾害信息系统,制定矿区生态重建方案,倡导"绿色矿业".     

沙漠化:从圈层耦合到全球变化

从沙漠化概念提出伊始 ,沙漠化成因机理的研究就一直成为学术界关注的焦点。沙漠化过程究竟有多少是由自然因素所致 ,多少是由人类活动所为 ,诸因素与沙漠化之间有何内在关系 ,沙尘天气发生发展过程及其诱因等 ,当属地球系统科学应解决的难题。文章从全球变化的角度 ,将沙漠系统视作一种类生命的非线性动力系统 ,指出沙漠化源于地球表层系统各圈层之间复杂的相关与耦合作用 :气候变化是控制沙漠进退的首要因素 ;陆表水持续亏损则是导致干旱、半干旱地区沙漠化发展的直接原因 ;岩石圈构造运动塑造了不同的地形地貌单元 ,奠定了沙漠分布的地理格局 ;人类的不当活动和气候变化引起的生物生产力的衰退及土地覆盖的破坏 ,造成了现代沙漠化的快速扩张。     

Young Students' Conceptions of the Marine Environment and Their Role in the Development of Aquaria Exhibits

Informal learning settings such as aquaria are well-placed to help young students understand the nature and importance of marine environments. In order to achieve this, it is important to incorporate pedagogical principles into exhibit design. Using a constructivist perspective, this paper explores young students' conceptions of the marine environment. The findings indicate that although students are interested in marine life and are familiar with terms such as currents, tides and waves, their understanding of these concepts is limited and confused. It is suggested that by addressing children's limited conceptions in their exhibits and educational programmes, aquaria can foster an understanding of the environmental processes that support marine life, thus contributing to habitat conservation and species survival. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

环境地球化学的新起点——非线性环境地球化学过程的研究

文章综述了我国环境地球化学发展的历程、环境地球化学在科学领域和环境科学中的位置以及学科的综合性和边缘性。作者系统阐述非线性环境地球化学出现的必然性,指出研究目标、内容和入门的途径,以及研究的方法和程序。从元索地球化学分布的静态数学模型到地质历史演化过程的动态数学模型,以及元素地球化学循环耦合作用模型,作者认为非线性是环境地球化学过程最本质的特征。     

Speleogenesis in aeolian calcarenite: A case study in western Victoria

Most studies of karst landscapes and their processes have been concerned with consolidated, often well-jointed limestones. There are particular problems involved in the study of karst procesess in softer, less-compact limestones such as chalk, coral reefs, and aeolian calcarenite. Previous studies in aeolian calcarenite indicated these problems and a scheme was developed of speleogenesis in aeolian calcarenite. A study of karst processes in aeolian calcarenite at Bats Ridge in western Victoria has developed this scheme further. The karst features and processes at Bats Ridge are an integral part of the landscape of a mid-Pleistocene calcarenite dune system. The resolution of problems of the rapid subaerial speleogenesis in the area is achieved by the synthesis of the known karst features of the ridge and the geology and geomorphology of the area. Karst development on this aeolianite ridge depends on lithological conditions as well as the availability of aggressive water capable of solution. The diagenesis of the calcarenite is occurring now and must have been occurring by the mid-Pleistocene. This simultaneous lithification of the carbonate dunes into aeolian calcarenite rock and the development of solutional karst features in the dunes is the characteristic feature of the speleogenesis in this area. It is the formation of a hardened kankar layer (cap rock) in the dunes of sufficient compressive and tensile strength to support cavities, which is the result of these interrelated factors, that has strongly determined the formation of the karst features.     

生态系统营养离子循环及水化学演化的锶同位素示踪

综述了Ｓｒ同位素示踪生态系统离子循环和水化学演化的基本原理、主要内容和最新进展。着重介绍了Ｓｒ同位素在矿物风化速率研究、流域营养离子来源识别及其循环通量计算、地下水体化学成分演化机制的研究中的示踪应用;最后展望了Ｓｒ同位素在生物地球化学过程示踪上的潜在价值。     

喀斯特石漠化研究存在的问题与发展趋势

喀斯特石漠化代表了世界上一个比较独特的荒漠类型，即湿润区石质荒漠化。目前石漠化面积快速扩展的总体趋势并没有得到有效遏止，因对石漠化发生机制与喀斯特生态系统稳定性机制还不清楚，同时缺乏比较完善的石漠化防治理论和技术体系也是重要的原因之一。较为详细地介绍了目前西南喀斯特山区石漠化过程和适应性生态修复研究方面存在的基础理论问题，包括喀斯特石漠化的时空格局变化与驱动力、喀斯特山地的侵蚀过程、驱动力与危险性、以水为纽带的喀斯特生态系统退化和石漠化过程中的生物地球化学过程、喀斯特受损生态系统的适应性修复、喀斯特生态系统的服务功能优化和综合调控等方面，阐述了上述几个研究领域的研究现状与可能的发展方向；强调喀斯特石漠化是一个非地带性问题，不是纯自然过程，而是与自然、社会与经济紧密相关，需要以喀斯特科学为主的多学科交叉与综合集成研究。     

生态系统营养离子循环及水化学演经的锶同位素示踪

综述了Ｓｒ同位素示踪生态系统离子循环水化学演化的基本原理、主要内容和最新进展。着重介绍了Ｓｒ同位素在矿物风化速率研究、流域营养离子来源识别及其循环通量计算、地下水体化学尬发演化机制的示踪应用;最后展望了Ｓｒ同位素在生物地球化学过程示踪上的潜在价值。     

Student Response to Quantitative Aspects of Instruction in an Introductory Geology Course

Because most universities and colleges require all students to take a laboratory science course, many geology classes are composed of large sections of nonscience majors. Pedagogic strategies based on small classes of highly motivated students are not effective in this application. It is particularly difficult to convey to these students the quantitative and discovery aspects of science and to demonstrate the importance of a basic knowledge of science and its methods to them as nonscientists. Student responses to quantitative initiatives taken in a large, introductory class of nonscience majors at Baylor University indicate that an overwhelming number of such students can be convinced of the importance of geological processes to their lives and that a majority of them can be interested in the application of elementary mathematics to the earth sciences if the application has a profound result with which they can identify. Hands-on, discovery-type, field exercises in which small laboratory sections acquire, process, and interpret geophysical data are effective in generating interest in the scientific process. Introductory courses that explore a relatively narrow breadth of material in some depth offer opportunities for discovery-based learning not available to the typical introductory survey course, which usually covers a wide breadth of material in very little depth.     

复合造山作用和中国中央造山带的科学问题

在全球大陆范围内,广泛分布的造山带纪录了板块汇聚的历史和碰撞造山的过程,因此,造山带的研究一直是地球科学经久不衰的重要领域。研究表明,世界上许多造山带是长期活动(300Ma)的复合造山带,活动域的宽度可超过1000km,并具有造山前的热结构,是大陆生长的最好见证。近10年来,全球造山带的研究已摆脱传统地质学和经典板块观念的束缚,面临一个新的起点,即由单一造山带向复合造山带研究转轨,由造山类型、造山作用向造山动力学研究聚焦。复合造山带长期活动的原因、大陆增生机制、造山带的流变学结构和造山热对造山作用的控制等已成为当前大陆复合造山带研究的关键科学问题,复合造山动力学已成为当今地球科学前沿——大陆动力学研究的重要内容。中国中央造山带位于北中国板块与南中国板块之间,是中国大陆上一条十分醒目而又极其重要的巨型(长5000km)构造带。中央造山带是经历了大致600Ma的活动历史,泥盆纪和三叠纪的两次碰撞造山以及白垩纪以来的陆内造山过程而构筑成的典型"复合造山带"。在全球复合造山带中,中国中央巨型造山带具有结构复杂性、活动长期性和非原地型,造山过程多期性以及造山带拼贴与大陆增生方式特殊性的特点,特别是世界最大规模的中央超高压变质带及其两期超高压变质作用的发现,揭示了中央造山带的形成还经历了板块汇聚边界洋壳/陆壳深俯冲至100km以上的地幔深处的两次壮观地质事件,使中央造山带成为全球造山带中最为精彩和不可多得的典型,与青藏高原一样,被国内外地学家们誉为当今中国地学研究的"瑰宝"。中国中央巨型复合造山带可以作为研究复合造山过程与复合造山动力学的重大地学问题的范例,重要的核心科学问题是:中国中央巨型复合造山带的早古生代和三叠纪陆块汇聚、碰撞造山过程以及中新生代陆内造山与周缘盆地互馈;两期高压-超高压变质带的时空关系、形成条件和洋壳/陆壳的俯冲-深俯冲与折返动力学机制;揭示和探讨中国中央复合造山带的长期活动性,造山作用的多期性和叠置性,造山热结构以及复合造山过程;洋壳/陆壳深俯冲、复合造山与大陆增生理论的创新。此外,中央复合造山带的研究对于金属矿产资源的开拓、周缘中新生代盆地含油气资源的战略前景以及现今南北中国的气候、环境、人文、地理、生态和灾害的制约提供新的科学依据与动力学背景。     

Post-positivist social geography

Although positivist methodology has been used so extensively in social geography, it is non widely recognized that it is inadequate for describing and understanding social processes as a whole because it eschews cultural values. The behavioural reaction recognized this but still used positivist methodology. Methods may reflect scale, a macro-approach demanding a positivist approach, a micro analysis being more qualitative. Applying both to problems of assimilation in an American ethnic group revealed different processes, both necessary for a full understanding.Aggregate methods and generalized models of man go part of the way only. The quantitative/macro approach must be supplemented by the qualitative/micro. A further departure has been a recognition that social geographers must look at society's needs. Involvement in social processes and policy making is accepted by most. Whether the answer is interpreted by a liberal/concensus approach, or by a radical/revolutionary, is for the individual to decide.Finally, as geographers, social geographers cannot ignore the significance of place and region, whose specificity is sometimes critical in our perception of problems and answers.     

地质工程专业普通地质认识实习教学的思考

文章针对地质工程专业中基础地质学的重要性和普地实习野外教学实际,提出在普地实习中融入地质工程专业知识教学内容。从岩石基本地质特征、力学问题和具体工程地质问题3个方面将基础地质学与地质工程专业知识进行融合、交叉。从而拓展学生视野,实现实习模式创新、内容改革,促进学生学习意识和自主学习的发展,提升专业思维。岩石成分与岩石力学性质、风化特征和水软化性关系密切,节理面的粗糙、起伏和充填物成分影响节理面抗剪、透水等特性,具体工程中的“滑坡”问题是典型的岩体剪切破坏问题,其形成的力学机制与剪节理相同。将上述问题两者联系起来的讲解丰富了普地实习的内容。文章认为普地实习中观察到的现象与地质工程专业课程中很多知识点紧密联系,在基础地质实习教学中融入上述地质工程的专业知识是完全可行性的,采取增加与地质工程专业结合的实践教学环节的办法,既扩大了学生知识面,初步提高学生专业素养,也为实现毕业后成为专业领域合格工程师和科研人员的培养目标迈出重要的第一步。     

软土地区工程勘察浅谈

对从软土的地质成因及分布、工程性质、勘察技术手段、力学性质等方面对软土地区工程勘察中存在的问题进行了分析,总结同行和前辈的工程经验,并结合工程实践经验提出一些解决问题的方法。     

The concept of cryo-conditioning in landscape evolution

Recent accounts suggest that periglacial processes are unimportant for large-scale landscape evolution and that true large-scale periglacial landscapes are rare or non-existent. The lack of a large-scale topographical fingerprint due to periglacial processes may be considered of little relevance, as linear process-landscape development relationships rarely can be substantiated. Instead, periglacial landscapes may be classified in terms of specific landform associations. We propose “cryo-conditioning”, defined as the interaction of cryotic surface and subsurface thermal regimes and geomorphic processes, as an overarching concept linking landform and landscape evolution in cold regions. By focusing on the controls on processes, this concept circumvents scaling problems in interpreting long-term landscape evolution derived from short-term processes. It also contributes to an unambiguous conceptualization of periglacial geomorphology. We propose that the development of several key elements in the Norwegian geomorphic landscape can be explained in terms of cryo-conditioning.