南海东北部分粒级叶绿素a和超微型光合生物的周日变化

分别于2014年春、秋和2015年夏3个季节对南海东北部A站位(118°E,21.5°N)分粒级叶绿素a浓度和超微型光合生物(原绿球藻、聚球藻和超微型真核藻类)细胞丰度的昼夜变化进行了24 h时间序列连续观测和分析。通过萃取荧光法分析叶绿素a浓度,发现叶绿素a浓度呈现明显的昼夜变化,春季正午最高,秋季和夏季基本变化趋势为白天升高,夜晚降低;而因夏季中午的光抑制作用,叶绿素a的浓度相对较低。超微型光合生物(0.2~3μm)对总叶绿素a的贡献最高(71.49%),小型浮游植物(20μm)贡献率最低(10.41%)。通过流式细胞技术检测到3个超微型光合生物类群;其中,原绿球藻为优势类群,最大细胞丰度达1.05×10~5cells/m L,其次是聚球藻,超微型真核藻类的细胞丰度最低,但由于其单位细胞内的叶绿素a含量高,所以可能对叶绿素a的贡献最大。聚球藻丰度基本上白天下降,傍晚到午夜上升;秋季和夏季,超微型真核藻类的丰度白天高,夜晚低,而春季则相反;原绿球藻在秋季和春季的昼夜变化规律和超微型真核藻类相似。在多种因素共同影响下,光照是调控叶绿素a浓度和超微型光合生物丰度昼夜变化的一个关键因素。季节变化上,原绿球藻的细胞丰度季节间没有统计学差异(P0.05),聚球藻的季节变化为秋夏春,超微型真核藻类的季节变化规律和聚球藻相反。     

铝热块试管消化荧光法测定海洋生物样品中的硒

报道了控温铝热块试管消化荧光法测定海洋生物样品中硒的消化条件,即HNO_3-HClO_4配比和用量、消化温度、消化时间、Se~(+6)的还原条件、Se-DAN络合物生成的最佳酸度范围,以及各种共存离子的干扰及其消除方法;给出了方法的精密度、准确度和标准参考物及几种生物样品的实测结果。     

东太平洋中国合同区沉积物微型生物生物量的分布特征及其影响因子

分析并研究了东太平洋中国合同区深海沉积物中的微型生物生物量、总叶绿素含量和总有机碳含量的分布特征,结果表明,微型生物生物量的垂直分布特征为表层最高,随着沉积物深度的增加而降低;生物量(以C计)的水平分布特征为东区高于西区,变化范围为0.052～0.386μg/cm2,生物量最高值出现在东区的ES0503站位,生物量最低值出现在西区的WS0505站位。总叶绿素含量的空间分布特征与微型生物生物量相同,变化范围为0.083～0.272μg/cm2。总有机碳含量的空间分布特征与微型生物生物量基本一致,变化范围为0.349%～0.453%。相关分析显示,深海沉积物微型生物生物量和总叶绿素含量的水平分布具有显著的正相关性;总有机碳含量与微型生物生物量和总叶绿素含量的相关性均不显著,说明总叶绿素含量是微型生物生物量水平分布的主要影响因子。小型底栖生物、生物扰动和底流等环境因子也是影响沉积物中微型生物生物量空间分布的重要因素。     

叶绿素传感器海上应用影响因素研究进展

叶绿素浓度是衡量海洋浮游植物丰度的重要指标,快速准确地测定海水中的叶绿素含量,对于业务化监测和科学研究都具有重要的现实意义。基于活体荧光法的叶绿素传感器操作简便,可长期原位在线监测,能轻易获取大量实测数据,是当前海水叶绿素高精度测量手段的主要发展趋势。由于在海上应用时受到多种环境因素的影响,叶绿素传感器数据与实验室萃取法数值之间存在较大偏差。作者综述了科学界在浊度、光照、温度、盐度等海洋环境因素及藻类生理因素对叶绿素传感器测量的影响规律、影响机理和数据校正方法的研究进展,并对活体荧光法叶绿素传感器海上应用数据质量控制方法的研究思路进行了展望。     

海洋中ATP的测定及其意义

前言ATP(腺苷三磷酸)是活体生物内的高能化合物,它在生命的一切过程中都起着巨大的作用,多年来一直受到广大的生物、生化、生理学家们的高度重视.六十年前,Harrey在美国东部发现了普通的萤火虫(Phofinus Pyralis).1947年Mcelroy把ATP加到萤火虫发光器官提取液中,发现此液体能放出萤光,弄清楚了萤光产生的机制,导致了测定ATP专门仪器的发明,从而揭开了生物高能化合物研究上的革命.     

基于高通量测序技术的北冰洋典型环境原生生物多样性研究进展

原生生物指可独立生存的单细胞或群体真核生物,其多样性高、结构功能复杂、分布广泛,是海洋微型浮游生物群落的重要组成部分,在维持海洋生态系统结构与功能中发挥着重要作用。早期使用显微镜、流式细胞术等传统方法对原生生物多样性的研究具有若干局限性,随着分子生物学技术的发展,测序技术（尤其高通量测序）为深入研究原生生物多样性、群落组成、时空变化及甄别其环境驱动因素等做出重要贡献。北冰洋是受全球气候变暖影响最为严重的大洋,作为水体生态系统的重要组成者,原生生物所受影响仍待深入探讨。因此,探究北冰洋典型环境（如海水、海冰、融池等）中原生生物的群落组成、动态变化等,有助于了解全球变暖过程中北冰洋生态系统的变化。然而,由于极地自然环境恶劣、样品采集困难等原因,北冰洋原生生物多样性的相关研究十分欠缺,许多研究空白亟待补充。本文对基于高通量测序技术的北冰洋原生生物多样性研究进行了文献搜集与整理,以期为全球变化背景下原生生物多样性研究提供参考。     

南海——我国深海研究的突破口

近两年来,海内外和海峡两岸的中国科学家围绕深海研究进行反复研讨,一致认为南海是我国深海研究的首选,并初步形成了“南海深部计划”的研究方案,提出以“构建边缘海的生命史”为主题,从洋壳深海盆的演化、深海沉积、生物地球化学过程三方面开展研究的建议方案。他们建议：利用现代技术重新测定南海磁异常条带,争取钻探大洋壳,系统研究火山链;观测现代深部海流和海底沉积过程,从深海沉积中提取边缘海盆演化的信息;认识海底溢出流体与井下流体的分布与影响,揭示微型生物在深海碳循环中的作用。争取在科学和技术全国性合作的基础上,在南海实现我国深海研究的突破。     

黄、东海柱状沉积物中生物硅含量的分析

对东、黄海2 0 0 0年10月和2 0 0 1年5月2个航次所获得的表层及柱状沉积物样品进行分析,在单点提取测定方法的基础上采用连续提取方法,利用斜率校正法扣除非生物硅的干扰,测定了东、黄海柱状沉积物中生物硅的含量。从整个东、黄海海域来看,沉积物中生物硅的含量<1% ,属于低含量海域;讨论了沉积物样品处理方法对分析结果的影响,在此基础上分析了不同海区柱状沉积物中生物硅的分布特征以及沉积物中叶绿素、水体中硅酸盐、叶绿素、N/P比值等生态要素与沉积物中生物硅分布的相关关系。     

海洋微型污损性附着生物的初步研究

海洋附着生物按其大小可分为两类，即大型附着生物(藤壶、海鞘、盘管虫、浒苔、水云等)和微型附着生物(附植性细菌、霉菌、放线菌、硅藻、原生动物以及微型线虫等)。     

P糖蛋白及其在水生生物多型异源物质抗性中的研究进展

多型异源物质抗性机制(multixenobiotic resistance mechanism,MXR)是在水生生物中广泛存在的1种对外源毒性物质的重要防御机制,其分子基础与哺乳动物细胞系的多药抗性机制非常相似,ABC(ATP binding cassette,ABC)转运蛋白超家族中的P糖蛋白(p-glycoprotein,P-gp)参与并介导了该抗性机制。本文从P糖蛋白活性和组织分布,P糖蛋白的诱导和抑制,P糖蛋白的表达和调控,多型异源物质抗性机制中P糖蛋白的可能作用模式等几个方面综述了异源物质存在条件下水生生物多型异源物质抗性机制中P糖蛋白的研究现状。大量研究表明,多型异源物质抗性机制是水生生物体的一个重要细胞防御机制。P糖蛋白作为能量依赖性的外排泵,通过水解ATP或与ATP结合将广谱的异源物质(如毒素、重金属、有机污染物等)泵出胞外或促进异源物质在特定的细胞或细胞器内滞留或隔离,从而防止异源物质与细胞内的靶分子结合,降低异源物质对细胞造成的伤害,提高生物体的抗性和耐受性。     

Concentration of chemical elements by zooplankton of the White Sea

A technique of net sampling of zooplankton at night in the Kandalaksha and Dvinskii Bays and during the full tide in the Onezhskii Bay of the White Sea allowed us to obtain “clean” samples without considerable admixtures of terrigenous suspension. The absence of elements-indicators of the terrigenous suspension (Al, Ti, and Zr) in the EDX spectra allows concluding that the ash composition of the tested samples is defined by the constitutional elements comprising the organic matter and integument (chitin, shells) of planktonic organisms. A quantitative assessment of the accumulation of a large group of chemical elements (approximately 40) by zooplankton based on a complex of modern physical methods of analysis is presented. The values of the coefficient of the biological accumulation of the elements (K_b) calculated for the organic matter and the enrichment factors (EF) relative to the Clarke concentrations in the shale are in general determined by the mobility of the chemical elements in the aqueous solution, which is confirmed by the calculated chemical speciation of the elements in the inorganic subsystem of the surface waters of Onezhskii Bay.     

In situ cultivation of deep-sea water with bicarbonate fueled a different microbial community

Some deep-sea microbes may incorporate inorganic carbon to reduce CO₂ emission to upper layer and atmosphere. How the microbial inhabitants can be affected under addition of bicarbonate has not been studied using in situ fixed and lysed samples. In this study, we cultivated 40 L natural bottom water at ~1 000 m depth with a final concentration of 0.1 mmol/L bicarbonate for 40 min and applied multiple in situ nucleic acids collection (MISNAC) apparatus for nucleic acids extraction from the cultivation. Our classification result of the cultivation sample showed a distinct microbial community structure, compared with the samples obtained by Niskin bottle and six working units of MISNAC. Except for notable enrichment of Alteromonas, we detected prevalence of Asprobacter, Ilumatobacter and Saccharimonadales in the cultivation. Deep-sea lineages of Euryarchaeota, SAR406, SAR202 and SAR324 were almost completely absent from the cultivation and Niskin samples. This study revealed the dominant microbes affected by bicarbonate addition and Niskin sampling, which suggested rapid responses of deep-sea microbes to the environmental changes.     

甲壳素提取方法的研究进展

甲壳素是一类重要且应用广泛的天然高分子。海洋甲壳类加工副产物,如虾壳、蟹壳等,是甲壳素的重要来源之一,常见的提取方法主要有化学法、酶法、微生物发酵法等,其中微生物发酵法是一种依赖微生物发酵完成脱矿(DM)、脱蛋白(DP)过程的方法,整个过程不引入任何化学试剂,绿色无污染,是解决目前甲壳素生产过程中酸、碱用量大导致污染严重的关键技术。本文综述了各种甲壳素提取方法及各种影响因素在提取过程对所得甲壳素性质的影响,讨论了微生物发酵法的相关内容,以期为相关研究提供理论支撑。     

The effect of membrane filtration on estimates of microbial ATP in New Zealand freshwaters

Concentrations of microbial ATP in 15 New Zealand lakes were determined using 2 extraction techniques. ATP was found in both the paniculate (>0.45 μm) and dissolved (<0.45 μm) fractions of the water samples. Higher concentrations of paniculate ATP were obtained when ATP was extracted directly from freshwater samples rather than following pre‐concentration on to membrane filters. Recovery of particulate ATP declined with increasing volumes of sample filtered. The magnitude of the filtration effect varied unpredictably between lakes and within lakes with time. Corrections for the presence of dissolved ATP were necessary before estimates of particulate ATP could be made by the direct extraction technique. Concentrations of dissolved ATP up to 1.2 μg L^‐1 were observed. The direct extraction technique is recommended for more accurate determination of particulate ATP in New Zealand freshwaters.     

Microbial activity in natural and organically enriched intertidal sediments near Nelson,New Zealand

Two measures of microbial activity were used to characterise a variety of sediment habitats in three intertidal inlets in the Nelson region, South Island, New Zealand. Rates of microbial mineralisation potential and epibenthic microalgal production were compared with sediment textures, concentrations of photosynthetic pigments, ATP concentrations, and organic and inorganic nutrients. Baseline ranges for these parameters were established for relatively undisturbed estuarine sites for assessing future environmental deterioration and for comparison with sites affected by organic enrichment. Sediment mineralisation rates were increased more than 1000‐fold by enrichment from a fruit processing plant and microalgal production was enhanced by more than 50‐fold at a site exposed to slaughterhouse wastes. The remaining variables, although often strongly correlated with activity measurements, were not as sensitive as measures of enrichment. Sediment microbial activity measurements are proposed as a means of detecting changes in nutrient status of estuarine environments.     

A field evaluation of plate and screen microlayer sampling techniques

Field studies of surface microlayer sampling methods involving simultaneous use of glass plates and two depths of screens have been conducted. Intercomparisons of the two methods are based upon thicknesses of sample and amounts of dissolved organic carbon, dissolved UV-absorbing phenolic materials, chlorophyll a, ATP and particulate organic carbon and nitrogen collected. Plate samples are always thinnest, and are influenced by wave state and bulkwater temperature. Amounts of materials collected generally follow sample thicknesses. Biases toward fractions of microlayer materials are not evident in either method. It was concluded that intercomparisons of data collected separately by the two methods is inadvisable.     

酸洗法测定海洋沉积物有机碳和无机碳含量的致命缺陷

Organic and inorganic carbon contents of marine sediments are important to reconstruct marine productivity,global carbon cycle, and climate change. A proper method to separate and determine organic and inorganic carbons is thus of great necessity. Although the best method is still disputable, the acid leaching method is widely used in many laboratories because of its ease-of-use and high accuracy. The results of the elemental analysis of sediment trap samples reveal that organic and inorganic carbon contents cannot be obtained using the acid leaching method, causing an infinitely amplified error when the carbon content of the decarbonated sample is 12%±1% according to a mathematical derivation. Acid fumigation and gasometric methods are used for comparison, which indicates that other methods can avoid this problem in organic carbon analysis. For the first time, this study uncovers the pitfalls of the acid leaching method, which limits the implication in practical laboratory measurement, and recommends alternative solutions of organic/inorganic carbon determination in marine sediments.     

渤海沉积物中细菌群落结构和基因丰度的空间分布特征

This study investigated differences in the community structure and environmental responses of the bacterial community in sediments of the Bohai Sea.Illumina high-throughput sequencing technology and real-time PCR were used to assay the bacterial 16S rRNA genes in the surface sediments of 13 sampling stations in the Bohai Sea.The results showed that sediments at the majority of the 13 sampling stations were contaminated by heavy metal mercury.The main phyla of bacteria recorded included Proteobacteria(52.92%),Bacteroidetes(11.76%),Planctomycetes(7.39%),Acidobacteria(6.53%)and Chloroflexi(4.97%).The genus with the highest relative abundance was Desulfobulbus(4.99%),which was the dominant genus at most sampling stations,followed by Lutimonas and Halioglobus.The main factors influencing bacterial community structure were total organic carbon,followed by depth and total phosphorus.The content of lead,cadmium,chromium,copper and zinc had a consistent effect on community structure.Arsenic showed a negative correlation with bacterial community structure in most samples,while the impact of mercury on community structure was not significant.The bacterial community in sediment samples from the Bohai Sea was rich in diversity and displayed an increase in diversity from high to low latitudes.The data indicated that the Bohai Sea had abundant microbial resources and was rich in bacteria with the potential to metabolize many types of pollutants.     

Emerging concepts on microbial processes in the bathypelagic ocean – ecology,biogeochemistry, and genomics

This paper synthesizes recent findings regarding microbial distributions and processes in the bathypelagic ocean (depth >1000 m). Abundance, production and respiration of prokaryotes reflect supplies of particulate and dissolved organic matter to the bathypelagic zone. Better resolution of carbon fluxes mediated by deep microbes requires further testing on the validity of conversion factors. Archaea, especially marine Crenarchaeota Group I, are abundant in deep waters where they can fix dissolved inorganic carbon. Viruses appear to be important in the microbial loop in deep waters, displaying remarkably high virus to prokaryote abundance ratios in some oceanic regions. Sequencing of 18S rRNA genes revealed a tremendous diversity of small-sized protists in bathypelagic waters. Abundances of heterotrophic nanoflagellates (HNF) and ciliates decrease with depth more steeply than prokaryotes; nonetheless, data indicated that HNF consumed half of prokaryote production in the bathypelagic zone. Aggregates are important habitats for deep-water microbes, which produce more extracellular enzymes (on a per-cell basis) than surface communities. The theory of marine gel formation provides a framework to unravel complex interactions between microbes and organic polymers. Recent data on the effects of hydrostatic pressure on microbial activities indicate that bathypelagic microbial activity is generally higher under in situ pressure conditions than at atmospheric pressures. High-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA genes revealed a remarkable diversity of Bacteria in the bathypelagic ocean. Metagenomics and comparative genomics of piezophiles reveal not only the high diversity of deep sea microbes but also specific functional attributes of these piezophilic microbes, interpreted as an adaptation to the deep water environment. Taken together, the data compiled on bathypelagic microbes indicate that, despite high-pressure and low-temperature conditions, microbes in the bathypelagic ocean dynamically interact with complex mixtures of organic matter, responding to changes in the ocean’s biogeochemical state.     

海洋环境中氟喹诺酮类抗生素(FQs)分析的样品前处理与检测技术

氟喹诺酮类(FQs)药物是一种广泛使用的人工合成类抗生素,存在于水体、沉积物等各种环境介质中,并在水生生物体内得到富集,对人类健康和全球生态系统的可持续发展有重要的影响。环境中FQs残留的分析检测是了解其环境生物地球化学行为和潜在生态环境风险的基础,本文系统总结了近几年海洋水体、沉积物和生物体样品中FQs的残留特征、样品前处理与检测技术,在此基础上,前瞻分析了海洋环境中FQs残留分析检测技术的发展趋势。分析表明,FQs的分离富集和测定必须充分考虑FQs的物理化学性质和样品成分的复杂性。海水样品准备应注意过滤膜的选择和pH的调节;沉积物和生物体的样品准备应考虑水分、萃取溶剂、基质效应和pH的影响,并使用超声萃取。固相萃取、QuEChERS萃取、磁性固相萃取是分离富集FQs较常用的方法,吸附剂、淋洗溶液和洗脱溶液的选择和优化是提高样品回收率的关键。FQs的检测大多通过液质联用或液相色谱结合荧光检测器进行,其中色谱柱的选择、离子对试剂的添加和进样pH值的调整都是优化的关键因素。研究指出海洋领域FQs在线自动SPE技术的开发以及新型萃取吸附剂的研制应在未来研究中被重点关注。