珲春7.0级深震地下流体前兆的动态特征研究

论述了珲春7．0级深源地震地下流体中期、短期、临震、震时、震后异常,分析了地下流体异常特征。认为其时间展布具有阶段性,配套性和集中性,异常出现的时间与震中距密切相关,其空间展布具有迁移性,中期异常由外围向震中收缩,其速率很小,进入短期阶段,速率迅速加大。临震异常由震中向外围发散,其速率加大到剧增。此即为我们捕捉岩石变形临失稳阶段提供信息,是经验性预报向物理预报过渡的一种尝试。本文尚对地下流体异常与地震构造的关系,地下流体异常的场兆、源兆特征进行了讨论。     

深震前地下流体异常特征研究

论述了1999~2002年分别发生在吉林省汪清县、 珲春县的二次深源地震前, 地下流体异常的形态、 时间及空间演化特征。 研究结果认为, 其异常具有阶段性、 配套性及集中性, 异常分布不均一、 不连续, 与震中距、 井震距密切相关。 异常的时空演化具有迁移性, 中、 短期阶段异常由外围向震中方向迁移、 收缩; 临震阶段, 异常由震中向外围发散。 并对深、 浅源地震前地下流体异常的异同及异常机制进行了讨论, 认为单井的异常曲线、 频带、 变化速率、 重复性及多井群体异常的空间分布是相同的, 而异常变化方向、 幅度、 形式、 宏观现象、 异常阶段和多井群体异常的时间特性、 时空演化是不同的。 深震前地下流体异常是等效张应力、 含水层孔隙压变化、 水动力学三重机制共同作用的结果。     

宏观异常与地震关系的统计分析

通过对《中国震例》中所辑宏观异常的统计分析认为,随着震级的增大,震前出现宏观异常的概率逐步增大,震级大的地震震前宏观异常数量也相对较多。宏观异常大多数为短期和临震异常,多数发生在距震中100km的范围内。在时间上,宏观异常开始时数量较少;随着时间的推进,异常不断增多;越近临震,异常数量越多,直到发震达到高潮。在地域上则表现出始于震中、然后向外围发展、最后震中爆发式增多的特点。     

宏观异常与地震关系的统计分析

通过对《中国震例》中所辑宏观异常的统计分析认为,随着震级的增大,震前出现宏观异常的概率逐步增大,震级大的地震震前宏观异常数量也相对较多。宏观异常大多数为短期和临震异常,多数发生在距震中100km的范围内。在时间上,宏观异常开始时数量较少;随着时间的推进,异常不断增多;越近临震,异常数量越多,直到发震达到高潮。在地域上则表现出始于震中、然后向外围发展、最后震中爆发式增多的特点。     

云南彝良“9?7地震”前异常特点

对2012年9月7日云南省昭通市彝良县洛泽河一带5.7、5.6级地震前地震活动和前兆异常分析,其地震活动特征、流体和形变动态变化及预测指标,发现：地震前4级地震活动水平增强、出现小震活动空区;前兆异常开始于震前1年左右;短期异常有由外围向震中迁移的现象;临震异常出现的时间较为集中,震前一周内。对该地区5.0级以上强震的预报和研究具有一定的指示意义。     

2003年云南大姚6.2级、6.1级地震中短期地震学异常演化特征

通过对2003年云南大姚6．2级、6．1级地震中短期地震学特征的分析和初步研究，认为大姚地震孕育过程中的短期阶段，震中附近的地震学异常以中小地震活动增强为主，表现为震区附近中小地震频度增加，4级震群活动、A值、GL值出现异常，同时震源深度加深等；在由中期向短期过渡的过程中，震源区异常消失相对平静，使多种地震学异常收缩至震源区附近；地震孕育进入短临阶段，震中附近地区再次出现了3～4级小震活动增强的特征，云南省地震活动出现向震中附近迁移的趋势。整个孕震过程，地震活动体现了活动-平静-活动的动态演化特征。     

云南彝良“9·7地震’’前的异常及特点

通过对2012年9月7日云南省昭通市彝良县洛泽河一带5．7、5．6级地震前地震活动和前兆异常及地震活动特征、流体和形变动态变化和预测指标分析发现：地震前4级地震活动水平增强、出现小震活动空区;前兆异常开始于震前1年左右;短期异常有由外围向震中迁移的现象;临震异常出现的时间较为集中,在震前一周内。对该地区5．0级以上强震的预报和研究具有一定的指示意义。     

苍山5.2级地震异常群体时空演化特征

在对 1 995年山东省苍山 5 2级地震异常筛选的基础上 ,分析了异常群体阶段性演化过程。结果表明 ,震前 1 0a左右震中周围出现小震小区域综合断层面解主压应力P轴偏转 (约 3 0°) ,震前 7a左右震中附近 3～ 4级地震增强集中及应变释放加速 ;震前 4a左右转为异常平静 ;震前 1a左右震中外围开始出现形变类前兆异常 ,前兆异常台站比和异常台项比约达 6%及 4%左右 ,异常比例偏少 ;震前约半年起 ,以震中附近地震波速比异常出现为起点 ,相继出现各类前兆异常 6条 ,短期前兆异常台站比和异常台项比分别约达 2 5 %和 1 7%左右 ,显示孕震进入短期阶段 ,但临震异常不明显。对由此获得的 5级地震预测启示进行了讨论。     

哈萨克斯坦M_S6.1地震前新疆部分前兆异常分析和讨论

利用形态分析法及统计分析方法等研究了2013年1月29日哈萨克斯坦MS6.1地震前兆异常,结果表明,库车钻孔倾斜、拜城BSQ倾斜、乌什水管仪台阶震前表现出明显的短期异常。通过总结此次地震异常的时空变化特征发现,异常在时间上成组出现,起伏变化,具有一定同步性,空间上存在有规律的由外围区域向震中迁移的动态特征,且异常矢量加速变化的方向准同步的指向震中。     

云南地区地震宏观异常特征研究

经历史震例及近几年地震震前短临跟踪预报实践，对宏观异常进行深入剖析，认为：宏观异常内容和数量多少与震级有关；宏观异常不只是短临和临震异常信息。也有不少是中短期、短期异常信息；宏观异常分布在震中及附近地区；最早出现的宏观异常地点对未来地震震中有一定指示意义。     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.