河源市高埔岗温泉勘查与评价

河源市高埔岗温泉属于中低温地热田Ⅱ-2型,阐述温泉区内水文地质特征,全面分析温泉区的地温场、热盖层、热储岩性与富水性、热矿水水质特征、热储类型等总结出高埔岗温泉地热田特征,评价热矿水可采量,进行地热计算,为高埔岗温泉开发利用提供科学依据。     

滇西大理至瑞丽铁路沿线地温场特征及其工程地质意义

在整理、分析云南大理至瑞丽拟建铁路沿线及其邻区现今地温场分布特征的基础上,进一步总结前人的资料,综合研究、探讨了该区地温场与岩浆活动、活动构造、地震活动、区域深部构造的关系。结果表明,该区中高温温泉（中高地温场）的空间分布与地表岩浆岩的出露、地表主要活动断裂带的分布都具有较好的对应关系。综合研究后认为,该区的中高温温泉可归结为岩浆热源型、断裂深循环型和岩浆热源叠加断裂深循环作用型3种基本成因类型。同时还发现,该区的温泉分布与区域地震活动空间上也存在密切的关系,并据此将区内划分为4个地震区带。研究结果表明,本区地表温泉分布所反映出的地温场特征对本区的工程稳定性评价具有重要的指示意义。     

滇西大理至瑞丽铁路沿线地温场特征及其 工程地质意义

在整理、分析云南大理至瑞丽拟建铁路沿线及其邻区现今地温场分布特征的基础上,进一步总结前人的资料,综合研究、探讨了该区地温场与岩浆活动、活动构造、地震活动、区域深部构造的关系。结果表明,该区中高温温泉（中高地温场）的空间分布与地表岩浆岩的出露、地表主要活动断裂带的分布都具有较好的对应关系。综合研究后认为,该区的中高温温泉可归结为岩浆热源型、断裂深循环型和岩浆热源叠加断裂深循环作用型3种基本成因类型。同时还发现,该区的温泉分布与区域地震活动空间上也存在密切的关系,并据此将区内划分为4个地震区带。研究结果表明,本区地表温泉分布所反映出的地温场特征对本区的工程稳定性评价具有重要的指示意义。     

四川省筠连温泉岩溶风景名胜区的特点及其与美国温泉国家公园的对比

本文在分析筠连温泉岩溶风景区旅游景观资源特点的基础上,应用类比法研究的一般原理,将其与美国阿肯色州的温泉国家公园进行了定性类比和定量对比,得出筠连温泉岩溶风景名胜区的旅游景观资源,无论在品质上和丰度上,均与美国温泉国家公园类同的明确结论。     

岩溶区地温场与岩溶渗漏问题的研究

岩溶发育,不仅受控于碳酸盐岩性、构造和地下水等条件,而且还受控于地温场中不同温度的地下水相混合后的温度混合溶蚀作用。在水电站和水库建设地区,常见的是冷水地温场,亦见有热水地温场。利用地温场来探索和研究岩溶的发育和岩溶渗漏问题,此种研究方法,笔者称之为“地温场”分析法。文中对不同的钻孔水温曲线,按其形成机理,划分为五种类型,即直线型、抛物线型、对数曲线型、正异常型和负异常型。文中还列举了猫跳河、江垭、彭水及法国特里约等几个工程和地区的地温场和地温梯度的研究成果,在此研究工作的基础上,利用地温梯度分析法,对二个电站坝区的岩溶发育和岩溶渗漏以及防渗处理问题进行了实例分析。实践证明,对地温场的研究,在岩溶渗漏分析中具有一定的现实意义。      

川东断褶带仙女山温泉地质成因浅析

川东断褶带背斜高陡,沿断褶带泉眼众多,流量丰沛。受构造裂隙和河流切割的双重作用,在河流切割低点多可见温泉出露。仙女山温泉位于川东断褶带铜锣峡构造最北端三叠系下统须家河组砂岩地层中的浅表裂隙当中,泉眼温度38~40℃,泉口有青绿色泉华沉淀。用地温梯度法估算出地下水循环深度略大于1000m。对比当地地层为嘉陵江组的深层地下水,结合区域地质构造,认为仙女山温泉地下水沿着高渗透率岩溶裂隙岩层上升成泉。     

地温测量在地热勘查中的应用

地温测量是研究地温场分布最直接的方法。地热热源的强度与分布,直接影响地壳表层土壤温度场的分布,特别是存在热储层、热运移通道等都会使地温场的分布产生异常。在研究区16个民井和32个钻孔中进行地温测量,分析地温场分布状况以及地下热水活动规律,效果明显。结果表明研究区浅孔与深孔地温场平面特征一致,越接近东北角地温越有增加的趋势,而且地温异常区呈NNE向条带状分布,宽度约700 m,与NNE向断裂展布方向一致,地温最高点位于NW向断裂与NNE向断裂交汇处。研究区在纵向上地温分布特征差异性明显,地下热水分布范围较小,具有一定局限性,主要受构造断裂、岩溶发育程度等控制,温度低的地下水大量涌入导致地下水温降低,地温梯度出现异常;这种地温梯度异常现象也说明了研究区地下热水主要储存于灰质白云岩或角砾岩的裂隙溶洞中,裂隙、岩溶成为地下热水良好的运移通道。地温测量方法圈定了研究区地热异常区范围,为进一步勘查地热提供了重要的依据。     

盆地潜凸起岩溶热储地热田成因机理：以菏泽潜凸起为例

盆地潜凸起岩溶热储地热田是我国主要供暖用热储之一,具有分布面积广、水温高、水量大等特点,是北方清洁供暖的重要可再生热源。本文以菏泽潜凸起岩溶热储地热田为例,通过地质构造、岩溶发育特征、同位素和水文地球化学特征、地温场空间分布规律、地热水动力场的系统分析,揭示地热田岩溶地热水补给源、运移途径和富集机理：地热水来源于东北部梁山、东部嘉祥一带基岩山区大气降水入渗补给,主要循环富集于层间岩溶与断裂破碎带复合处。根据地温场空间分布特征揭示的热源及其传递和聚集特征,提出了四元聚热机制,一元是大地热流毯状传导聚热、二元是凸起区高热导率分流聚热、三元是导热断裂或岩体接触带带状对流聚热、四元是地下水运移传导-对流聚热。在热储富集和聚热成因机理研究基础上,构建了基于水源、热源及深部岩溶发育特征的地热田成因机理模型,揭示了地热能富集规律。     

东濮凹陷奥陶系岩溶型热储分布特征及成因研究

科学开发、利用东濮凹陷地热资源对于缓解雾霾与大气治理具有积极作用。东濮凹陷及周边基岩主要为奥陶系灰岩,地层厚度约0~1 200m,岩溶热储型地热资源开发潜力巨大。受控于区域构造发育史,加之多期岩溶作用叠加改造,各区域岩溶作用强度、影响的奥陶系地层、形成的岩溶类型均不相同。纵向上峰峰组下段、上马家沟组、冶里—亮甲山组为岩溶发育有利区;平面上北部地区岩溶储层相对较差,南部兰聊断层上升盘为有利岩溶发育区。东濮凹陷地热田增温机制主要为热传导型,地温梯度等值线与"两凹一隆"的构造形态相对应,呈NE—NNE向展布,中央隆起部位地温梯度高于次凹部位;凹陷南部地温梯度高于北部。地温梯度、基底断裂、奥陶系矿化度等平面展布特征表明,黄河断裂具有导水导热性质;长垣、兰聊断裂、奥陶系岩溶风化壳具有导水性能,且凹陷东西两侧都具有地下水源补给区;奥陶系地层具有良好的储水性能,其上的石炭—二叠系可作为热储盖层。东濮凹陷北区、中区以及南区的地热田模型特征均表现大地热流供热—低热导率岩层聚热—大气降水侧向径流补给—岩溶热储,但北区和中区为传热模式热传导,而南区为热传导兼局部深循环热对流。南区较高的地热背景、良好的导水导热通道,加之南区奥陶系基底破碎、储水性能良好,具有较好的开发潜力。东濮凹陷是油气开发的传统地区,充分利用区内油气勘探资料与废弃油气井,是高速、经济开发其地热资源的一条道路。     

塔里木盆地北部露头区与井下古岩溶充填物包裹体特征对比研究

塔里木盆地奥陶系储层经历多期水-岩作用改造,其分布发育规律异常复杂,古岩溶充填物中包裹体特征对古岩溶作用环境和期次具有较好的指示性。本文通过对塔里木盆地北部露头区和井下古岩溶充填物中包裹体进行测试,系统总结了两个地区包裹体的物理、化学特征,从一个新的角度开展露头区和井下岩溶发育规律对比研究。结果表明,研究区以单液相、气液相的盐水包裹体为主,仅塔河主体区井下样品中含有少量烃质包裹体;包裹体的物理特征反映了埋藏期岩溶作用的环境特征;按盐度与均一温度的交互关系划分出5种包裹体类型;根据古地温梯度计算出包裹体形成于浅埋藏、中埋藏、深埋藏3种环境;奥陶系碳酸盐岩经历了风化壳期岩溶、浅埋藏期岩溶、中埋藏期岩溶(早、晚)、深埋藏期岩溶等4期岩溶作用,岩溶储层的充填主要发育在中埋藏期。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.