4D产品与GIS应用

主要讲述了4D(数字正射影像图DOM:Digital Orthophoto Map数字高程模型DEM:Digital Elevation Model、数字栅格地图DRG:Digital Raster Graphic、数字线划地图DLG:Digital Line Graphic)产品的基本概念,4D产品的采集、数据的计算机表示等情况,阐述了4D产品与GIS的关系及其应用.     

数字摄影测量系统及其应用

JX-4C微机数字摄影测量系统,能够快速生成数字高程模型DEM、数字正射影像DOM及矢量图,并可从DOM提取各种专题信息送人GIS数据库中,以实现GIS数据库的自动建立和更新,为各种地理信息系统提供基础数据.     

全数字摄影测量系统作业方法分析

介绍全数字摄影测量的工作流程，分析航空像片的扫描数字化质量对内业的精度影响，探讨全数字摄影测量内业作业过程各个环节的数字几何关系和误差影响，比较不同地形地貌条件下生成数字高程模型DEM，数字正射影像图DOM的作业流程。     

如何用JX-4CG版数字测量工作站制作DOM

根据从事JX-4CG版数字测量工作站工作,简单阐述利用其制作DOM的流程,着重介绍特征线的采集、TIN和DEM的编辑。     

浅谈数字城市建设大比例尺彩色正射影像图制作方法

数字城市项目中的大比例尺正射影像图具有反映地理信息特点,直观表现出地形、地貌、以及地物的特征,在数字城市、测绘地理信息、城市规划、国土资源调查等领域提供科学的技术依据,更是建设数字城市项目的基础数据。通过笔者参加的数字黄山及数字马鞍山大比例尺正射影像图的生产经验,总结了利用MapMatrix、Pixel—Grid—AEO、Erdas、PhotoshopCS,通过人工采集特征线生成DEM或者直接生成DEM后修测的方法制作DOM,摸索出了一些制作过程中遇到的实际问题的解决办法。     

基于无控技术的海岸带影像图构建与应用

运用直接地理定位技术和大幅面航空数字摄影系统的紧密捷联,开展渤海湾西部天津滨海新区和唐山曹妃甸新区的高精度航空遥感调查工作。无地面控制点技术的应用摆脱了航空遥感对基站的依赖,也克服了海岸带周边地区地面基站稀少的局限。利用获取的0.3 m高空间分辨率真彩色航摄影像和高精度定位定向元素,成功构建了平面与高程均符合1:10 000比例尺指标要求的数字高程模型(digital elevation model,DEM)和数字正射影像图(digital orthophoto map,DOM),填补了天津滨海新区和唐山曹妃甸新区海岸带潮间带高精度航空遥感基础地质信息的空白,同时结合高分卫星数据,在土地类型分类、海岸线提取等方面开展了遥感解译应用,为进行遥感地质解译、地质生态环境与灾害等要素的专题图制作提供详实可靠的地理信息基础数据。研究结果显示,紧耦合机载定位定向系统(position and orientation system,POS)无控技术的运用缩短了DEM和DOM成图作业周期,减少了大量地面测量工作,节约了人力和物力支出,为海岸带工作区开展地质调查提供了新的技术支撑和工作思路。     

数字高程模型（DEM）在构造地貌研究中的应用新进展

简要介绍了数字高程模型(DEM)的基本概念,系统总结了近些年来DEM空间分析技术在构造地貌研究中的最新进展,列举并讨论了DEM相关数据和技术在典型地貌特征分析和宏观构造地貌演化研究中的典型应用实例.数字高程模型(DEM)理论和数据精度的不断发展和提高,DEM及其空间分析技术与相关地学研究手段相结合的复合分析,必将为构造地貌研究实现定量化提供强有力的技术支持.     

大比例正射影像图质量控制技术探讨

数字高程模型(DEM)的选用是影响大比例尺正射影像图(DOM)平面精度的首要因素,相对DEM精度不足的部分进行有效编辑处理,使影像既不变形扭曲,又能达到平面精度设计要求。DOM平面精度质量控制是通过全程生产工艺中,采集检查点与正射影像套合检查,求算平面精度对DOM的质量进行有效控制,省时省力更能提高生产效率。     

数字城市正射影像底图生产方法探讨

以数字黄山1:1000正射影像图(DOM)生产实践为例,介绍了从空三加密、高精度DEM生成、影像纠正、镶嵌到分幅图出图的生产方法。     

数字高程模型信息提取与数字水文模型研究进展

回顾了数字高程模型(DEM)数据的信息提取方法,阐述了由DEM提取的信息在水文水资源领域应用的现状,探讨了数字模型在水文科学中的作用和数字水文在数字地球所处的地位及应用前景。     

Artificial Lineaments in Digital Terrain Modelling: Can Operators of Topographic Variables Cause Them?

Digital terrain modeling is widely used in geological studies. In some cases, orthogonal and diagonal linear patterns appear on maps of local topographic variables. These patterns may be both portrayals of geological structures and artefacts. Some researchers speculated that possible anisotropy of operators of local topographic variables might be a cause of these artefacts. Using a principle for testing derivative operators in image processing, we gave proof to isotropy (rotation invariability) of operators of a majority of local topographic attributes of the complete system of curvatures (i.e., slope gradient, horizontal curvature, vertical curvature, mean curvature, Gaussian curvature, accumulation curvature, ring curvature, unsphericity curvature, difference curvature, minimum curvature, maximum curvature, horizontal excess curvature, and vertical excess curvature). Rotating an elevation function about z-axis and then applying these operators cannot lead to variations in both values of the topographic variables and patterns in their maps, comparing with results of applying these operators to an unrotated elevation function. This demonstrates that linear artefacts with preferable directions in maps of the topographic attributes specified cannot be caused by intrinsic properties of their operators. Other possible sources for false linear patterns in maps of topographic variables are briefly discussed: (a) errors in the compilation of digital elevation models (DEMs), (b) grid geometry of digital terrain models (DTMs), (c) errors in DEM interpolation, (d) imperfection of algorithms for DTM derivation, and (e) aliasing errors.     

数字地图的三维可视化研究及其若干应用

三维可视化理论与技术的引入使得传统静态的、平面的地图向动态的、三维的方向发展, 地图的三维可视化正成为GIS与数字制图领域的一个新的研究课题.数字地图及其建库技术的研究为其三维可视化研究提供了有力的技术支持和充足的数据来源.主要研究基于等高线与离散高程点的地形模型(DEM) 的建立、兼顾地形(即基于DEM) 的街区与街道、居民地模型的建立, 以及植被、道路、水系等各主要要素的三维模型的建立及其显示, 对三维点状地图符号库的建立、模型的动态显示及航空影像的叠加显示等进行了研究.最后对三维可视化技术在基于数字地图的地貌晕渲、模拟飞行、虚拟城市等方面的应用作了探讨.      

基于边缘提取算法的岩层三角面产状半自动提取

岩层三角面的准确识别和快速检测是利用遥感技术获取地表地层产状信息的有效途径.提出了利用高分辨率卫星遥感立体像对,通过自动迭代调整高斯分布模型方差的Canny边缘检测算法实现岩层三角面半自动检测和地层产状快速提取方法.以南天山吐格尔明背斜为实验区,使用Worldview-2立体像对构建数字高程模型和0.5 m分辨率的数字正射影像,利用岩层三角面检测算法提取实验区的岩层三角面和产状.结果表明,提出的方法客观高效,提取准确率达到90.2%,能够准确反映构造趋势的变化,为复杂构造带的地表建模和构造分析提供依据.      

基于CORONA像对的活动构造变形参数定量提取

为了高效提取活动构造研究的定量参数, 利用美国解密的2 m分辨率CORONA KH-4B卫星立体像对, 实现了在JX4C数字摄影测量系统的立体测图, 并通过影像匹配的方法建立数字高程模型(DEM)和数字正射影像(DOM).通过以上方法, 以南天山库车冲断褶皱带为例, 利用覆盖该区的影像, 识别由活动断层和活动褶皱造成的第四纪沉积物的变形, 提取地表变形参数, 结合地震资料和野外测量, 分析地表变形特征的深部构造机理.结果表明, 经过处理的CORONA KH-4B像对可以在数字摄影测量系统下矢量测图, 相对定向精度在0.01 mm左右, 绝对定向精度在10 m左右.测量精度能够满足活动构造定量分析所需.该方法在地势复杂、人迹罕至区域研究中更具优势.      

Application of sky view factor technique to the interpretation and reactivation assessment of landslide activity

High-resolution digital elevation models are crucial to the investigation of natural disasters, and a variety of methods based on visualization and relief map compilations have been proposed. In this study, the sky view factor (SVF) is applied to slope maps and a digital elevation model (DEM) of the Oso landslide, a deadly landslide that occurred in Washington State on March 22, 2014, to demonstrate the effectiveness of SVF-enhanced relief maps in mapping and evaluating large-scale or deep-seated landslide hazards. A procedure for combining the SVF-enhanced DEM with slope and elevation maps is also presented. Then the maps are used to extract the landslide-prone areas and perform a reactivation analysis of the post-Oso landslide using an analytic hierarchy process (AHP). By using the SVF-enhanced DEM to perform the AHP assessment on multi-period images, we accurately evaluate hazard of the landslide for both pre and post-2014 conditions. Finally, different visualization maps, limitation and recommend parameters for generating SVF relief map are presented in the paper.     

Acquiring high-resolution topography and performing spatial analysis of loess landslides by using low-cost UAVs

The Loess Plateau is a region in China prone to frequent geological disasters, where thousands of loess landslides can be found. Conventional field survey methods are inadequate for the requirements of fine spatial analysis of landslides. Due to its numerous advantages (fast, efficient, low cost, safe, and able to acquire high-resolution data), structure from motion (SfM) technique to photogrammetric orientation of flights and modeling applied to photographs taken by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) equipped with a camera has become a powerful new tool for the generation of high-resolution topography that has emerged in recent years, which has become a powerful new technique for acquiring high-resolution topographic data. In this study, we conducted nearly two months of field UAV surveys of loess landslides on the Loess Plateau, eventually established 3D digital models for 11 loess landslides, and produced high-resolution digital orthophoto maps (DOMs) and digital elevation models (DEMs). High-resolution spatial analysis of the loess landslides (mainly including characteristic parameter extraction, topography profile analysis, surface feature analysis, and hydrologic analysis) was performed using Agisoft PhotoScan, ArcGIS 10.2, Global Mapper 17, and Origin Pro 9.0. The UAV technique allows us to further understand the micro-level internal spatial and structural characteristics of loess landslides. Moreover, not only does it allow us to accurately measure the characteristic geometric parameters but also enables us to detect the surface details of loess landslides (e.g., textures, fissures, and micro-landforms). Manifestly, we can also deduce the original structural characteristics and possible inducement mechanism of landslides based on a combination of high-resolution data acquired by UAVs, proper ground surveys, and theoretical knowledge. In summary, the low-cost UAVs are highly and especially suitable for surveys and digital terrain analysis of landslides on the Loess Plateau with sparse vegetation.     

地形图扫描数字化点位精度浅谈

地形图数字化是获取矢量空间数据,建立GIS数据库的一项重要的基础工作,而地形图数字化的精度直接影响着GIS数据库的精度.地形图数字化的方式通常有两种,一是手扶跟踪数字化,另一种是扫描数字化.本文就扫描数字化的精度问题做以简单的探讨.     

Mapping ethnic diversity in highland Northern Vietnam

In this paper we initially present a critical review of a range of ethnological maps produced over the last 130 years for highland northern Vietnam. In particular we illustrate the many difficulties faced when trying to represent mosaics of ethnic highland minority groups on two dimensional maps. Such historical maps included no attempts to bring topographic details into the picture, an idea that would have been virtually impossible anyway, given the cartographic technologies at the time. Yet by not including such details or not representing them clearly, a partial image of these populations has been created that, over time, has become a standardised representation. Therefore, as a more systematic approach to the analysis of these highland minority groups, we present recent attempts to create more functional maps and models for the northern Vietnam province of Lao Cai, using modern cartographic techniques and geographic information systems. Utilising tools such as digital cartography and digital elevation models a wealth of information can be gained which has the potential, amongst other possible uses, to allow for a greater understanding and sensitivity regarding ethnic minority groups in Northern Vietnam, and their use of the local environment. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

强人类活动干扰下的平原区数字水系构建

由于满足人类生产生活的需求,人类对河道的开发利用使得河道水系变得纵横交错,在平原区的很多河道高程不断的变化,甚至河流流向变成了与原来相反;因此采用常规方法在利用DEM提取数字水系时就会产生断开或者假水系的情况.针对以上情况,本文建立了采用强可视化算法等方法进行DEM的处理及河系提取,具体为:首先在流域实际水系的基础上,提炼出可反映实际水系主要特征和过程的概化水系,其次对断开或不舍理处的DEM采用本文建立的强可视化算法进行分析,并采用缓冲区算法和双线性插值算法进行修改,最后对得到的DEM进行河系提取.运用以上方法,本文以天津市为倒进行了应用,并与传统算法和高程增量遮加方法提取的DEM水系相比较,结果表明该方法更适合平原区数字水系的提取,并能得到与实际情况吻合的水系.