水域工程物探浅议

水域工程物探是服务于水域工程开发的重要技术手段.为满足工程建设和水域开发需求,它发展出多种技术体系,专门用于地质分层、水深测量、水下地质灾害探查、水下障碍物或危险物探查等.本文总结了常用的水域工程物探技术特点和实践心得,通过实例证实其有效性,供相关从业人员借鉴.     

湖南省地质遗迹空间分布及保护开发

湖南省是地质遗迹资源十分丰富的地区,目前共查明地质遗迹951处,其中重要地质遗迹518处.地质遗迹分布广泛而又相对集中,不同类型地质遗迹空间分布各具特色,可划分为武陵山、雪峰山、南岭、罗霄山、湘中丘陵和洞庭湖平原6个特色明显的地质遗迹分布区,其中武陵山区是湖南省最重要的地质遗迹区.目前省内大部分重要地质遗迹保护与开发协调性差.为有效保护和合理开发湖南省重要地质遗迹,建议科学确定地质遗迹保护开发类型、形式和模式,并完善其管理模式.     

矿山地质环境评价软件的开发

为实现矿山地质环境评价的科学、快捷和实用,编制了“矿山地质环境评价系统”软件.该文介绍其理论基础、开发思路及主要功能,并通过实例介绍其应用效果.     

石煤钒矿成分分析标准物质的研制

石煤钒矿资源的开发和合理利用需要对其成分进行准确的分析测试和质量控制.目前,国内外尚未有石煤钒矿成分分析的标准物质,现有钒成分分析标准物质无论是其五氧化二钒含量,还是定值成分都无法满足我国对石煤钒矿勘查、开发和研究需要.本文对采自湖北省崇阳县小源冲钒矿、湖南省芷江县牛牯坪钒矿、湖南省古丈县岩头寨钒矿和湖南省凤凰县黑冲钒...     

邯郸市水资源开发利用现状与管理措施初探

根据邯郸市地下水管理现状,从8个方面例举了水资源开发中存在的突出问题.为合理开发有限的水资源,必须采取水资源与水环境综合管理的技术措施,建立与其相应的水资源评价体系与信息系统,制定保障其技术措施落实到位的支持体系与制度.制度合理、技术措施落实到位,是进行水资源优化配置和动态管理的关键,实现一体化管理可以保障邯郸市达到水资源可持续开发利用、人与自然和谐相处的目标.     

中西部地区煤炭资源开发必须解决的几个战略性问题

煤炭是我国主要能源,近年来其需求量猛增,产量持续大幅度增长.由于中西部煤炭资源丰富,煤炭开发战略西移步伐明显加快,但在资源开发中出现了一些不容忽视的新问题.本文结合中西部地区煤炭资源的基本特点,分析了目前煤炭资源大规模开发中存在的若干问题及其原因,并提出了今后的解决对策和建议.     

精细油藏描述技术在鄂尔多斯盆地长6油藏开发中的应用

精细油藏描述是20世纪90年代提出并逐渐发展起来的,其主要的目的是随着油藏开采程度的加深和生产动态资料的增加所进行的精细储层地质特征研究和开发动态特征描述,最终提供三维可视化、数字化储层预测地质模型.鄂尔多斯盆地靖安油田是继安塞油田之后在陕北地区发现的又一个储量亿吨级、产能近百万吨的整装低渗透大油田.主力层长6开发9年来,大力推广和应用精细油藏描述技术,有力地确保了该区的高效开发.     

中国油页岩含矿区开发优选规划

根据在中国地质调查局和国土资源部项目研究中积累的大量油页岩含矿区开发数据,采用油页岩含矿区开发优选双因素法对我国41个盆地81个油页岩含矿区中的23个开展开发优选排序.其结果显示:近期开发目标有8个,分别是辽宁抚顺,吉林桦甸、罗子沟,山东黄县,甘肃窑街,海南儋州,广东茂名和高州含矿区;中期开发目标有9个,分别是广东电白,甘肃炭山岭、崇信,新疆妖魔山,山东昌乐五图、兖州,青海小峡,内蒙古奈曼和黑龙江达连河含矿区;远期开发目标有6个,为陕西铜川,广西钦州,河北卢龙鹿尾山、丰宁大阁、四岔口和甘肃华亭含矿区.     

川东南下志留统与Appalachian泥盆系典型常压页岩气藏富集特征对比

经各国持续攻关,超压页岩气在大多国家实现了商业化开发,但常压页岩气仅美国实现了商业化开发.为了摆脱我国高天然气对外依存度的现状,应尽快实现常压页岩气的商业化开发,亟需对其富集特征展开研究,期望对勘探开发方案的制定提供指导.从川东南下志留统与Appalachian泥盆系典型常压页岩气储层的构造沉积差异演化开始,分析了储层地球化学与页岩气赋存特征差异,明确中美常压页岩气藏富集的差异性.相较于Appalachian泥盆系Marcellus页岩、Ohio页岩的较简单构造改造、富含II-III型干酪根、高含气孔隙度以及气藏远出露区,川东南下志留统五峰-龙马溪组页岩层虽富含高过熟I型干酪根,但经历多期复杂构造运动,底板较破碎、地层倾角较大,页岩气易顺层运移至破碎底板处和露头区逸散,其含气性略低于Marcellus页岩.Ohio页岩虽含气性较低、富集程度不高,但由于其埋藏浅、温压低,更易降压解吸形成工业气流.     

碎屑岩-碳酸盐岩混合地层沉积特征与演化－以神木气田太原组为例

鄂尔多斯盆地东缘的神木气田太原组为特征性的碎屑岩与碳酸盐岩互层含煤岩系.近期天然气勘探证实其具有良好的开发潜力.为指导神木气田太原组开发和盆地太原组储层勘探,根据测井、录井、常规薄片、铸体薄片、物性和粒度资料,结合岩芯描述,研究了神木气田太原组地层组合、沉积特征、沉积环境演化、砂体宽度以及沉积相对储层控制作用.太原组地...     

世界主要古代钾盐找矿实践与中国找钾对策

世界钾盐资源/储量为2153.99亿t(K2O),主要钾盐矿床产于古代海相地层。38%的矿床是石油勘探中发现的,19%是在研究基础上发现的,15%是在岩盐矿勘探中发现的,其他占28%。国外钾盐找矿经验显示,很多钾盐矿床,从线索的发现或提出找钾目标,通常需要经历20～30年的研究与勘探,才最终获得突破或查明资源量。我国找钾工作,首先应充分利用石油勘探取得的资料,研究石油钻井岩心矿物学与化学特征,同时,开展大型盐岩矿床的含钾性研究等,重视成钾理论研究与成矿预测分析,就可能获得找钾的新突破。有关部门还应制订长期的钾盐地质研究与找矿勘探计划,同时兼探油气等共生资源,这样可以大大提高找矿效率。     

埃塞俄比亚地质特征与矿产概况

通过对埃塞俄比亚地层、构造、岩浆岩及矿产分布与特征的研究,初步认为：①埃塞俄比亚的地质研究程度普遍偏低,尤其基础地质及其成矿作用和成矿规律方面急需开展重点研究。②地层单元可划分为3类,分别为前寒武纪基底岩系、晚古生代—中生代沉积岩系和第三纪—第四纪火山岩沉积岩系,大地构造位于＂泛非构造带＂中的东非造山带,多期次构造岩浆活动强烈。③前寒武纪变质岩区主要矿产为金、铂、稀有金属、镍、铜、铁、铬、高岭土、长石、黏土、石棉、滑石、大理岩、花岗岩等;中生代沉积岩区主要有石灰岩、砂岩、石膏、黏土、油气资源等;新生代火山岩沉积岩区主要有褐煤、蛋白石、油页岩、红土型铁矿、斑脱土、黏土矿、珍珠岩、硅藻土、钾盐、石盐、油气及地热资源等。     

青藏东部玉树、昌都地区地质地球物理特征及找矿远景

区内矿产资源丰富，有铜、铅—锌、金、铁、汞、镍六种成型矿床。区内古生代、中生代地层中海相火山岩层可作为有利的赋矿层，中生代沉积地层，尤其是三叠系地层可作为有利找矿层。铜、铁矿床形成与侵入岩有关。成矿带明显受北西、北西西、北西转南北向区域性深、大断裂控制。与中—酸侵入岩有关的矿床，局部重力异常多表现为圆形、椭圆形的重力低，矿床主要位于负异常中心及边部地带。航磁异常多有异常反映，幅值一般在50nT以下。与赵基性—基性侵岩有关矿床，局部重力异常表现为椭圆形的正异常，矿床位于正异常边部，且与一正磁异常对应。     

大汶口凹陷下第三系含盐段杂卤石的成因及其找钾意义

大汶口凹陷成盐时代为早第三纪始新—渐新世。含盐段的中上部有大量薄层状杂卤石岩和含杂卤石的石盐岩等产出。本区的杂卤石有原生沉积和同生交代两种成因类型,是内陆盐湖在持续蒸发浓缩条件下,由周边含钙补给水掺杂而形成的。标志着卤水已接近饱和钾镁盐的程度,具有重要的找钾意义。钾盐层应位于杂卤石分布区内受补给水影响较小的凹陷中心地带。     

GEOLOGY OF THE ANGARA REGION

Industrial development of the Angara region has necessitated geological exploration for available resources. The Angara River flows north from Lake Baikal, intersecting the mountains surrounding it; passes through the 'Irkutsk Amphitheater, ' part of the central Siberian platform; and, near Bratsk, flows across a diabase intrusion, forming the Bratsk rapids (approximately 300 kilometers long). The Angara river basin is underlain by crystalline basement (the Siberian craton) composed of schists, gneisses, marble, and Archean and Proterozoic granites. These rocks dip sharply from the Sayan and Baikal ranges, where they outcrop, toward the Irkutsk Amphitheater, where they reach 3000 meters depth. The craton is covered by sediments ranging in age from Cambrian to Quaternary. Lower Cambrian rocks over 2500 meters thick are overlain by Middle Cambrian strata which are generally eroded. In the Irkutsk coal basin, north of Lake Baikal, Mesozoic rocks 600 meters thick are covered unconformably by Tertiary sediments. Quaternary deposits are known to occur; the Angara River terraces are probably pre-Quaternary. Regional tectonics involved fracturing within the Irkutsk Amphitheature and in the surrounding mountains. Geophysical survey and drilling revealed a wide horizontal protrusion (the 'Angara swell') in the Siberian craton; this protrusion divides the Irkutsk Amphitheater in the Pre-Baikal and Pre-Sayan depressions. Overlying Cambrian sediments are folded in conformity with these basement-complex dislocations. Jurassic deposits, generally horizontal, are disturbed only near the younger uplifts of Sayan and Baikal. The southwestern part of a large trap-rock intrusion crosses the Irkutsk Amphitheater; concordant intrusions, e. g. sills, entered lower Paleozoic sediments along with dikes, during late Permian and, principally, Triassic times. Mineral deposits are rich and varied: Precambrian rocks contain magnetic iron ore (of the Krivoy Rog type); talc; magnesite; pure crystalline limestone; and, possibly, phosphates. Paleozoic rocks contain large marine and lacustrine salt deposits, gypsum, phosphatized shell rock, and, possibly, oil: as well as carbonaceous rocks with lead and zinc minerals. Hydrogen-sulfide -saturated and saline mineral waters as well as subsurface water with high potassium content occur in Cambrian rocks. Siberian trap rocks are rich in magnesium and iron; magnesium-magnetite ores occur in volcanic necks as large veins of pure ore, associated with tuffs and aureoles. Trap rock (diabase) may be used in the new stone-melting industry. Jurassic deposits include saprolitic-bog and humus coals as well as extensive fire-clay and high-quality kaolin deposits. Cambrian fossils include trilobite and brachiopod remains, reefs, and molluscs; fish, insects, ostracods, and numerous fossil plant traces, are representative of the Mesozoic. The Angara River terraces, 25 to 30 meters thick, contain mammal remains, brackish-water molluscs, and, from the Middle Paleolithic, Azilian and Solutrean artifacts. -- D. D. Fisher     

Metallogeny,Minerogenic Series,and Gold Mineralization of the Qinling Orogen,China

The Qinling orogen extends 1650 km E-W and has a width of 95-255 km. It has a long evolutionary history of ～3.02 Ga and a mineralization history of approximately 2.5 Ga. There are more than 400 mineral deposits of Au, Ag, Pb, Zn, Sb, Hg, Mo, W, Fe, Ni, Mn, rare elements, REE, U, V, P, As, Ba, Sr, Ti, Al, pyrite, gypsum, trona, halite, glauberite, mirabilite, blue asbestos, fluorite, rock crystal, mica, vermiculite, graphite, kyanite, andalusite, talc, fireclay, and K-feldspar in the Qinling orogen and adjacent areas. The deposits were formed in six tectono-minerogenic cycles and have been grouped into 21 regional minerogenic series.

The metallogeny of the Qinling orogen is closely associated with the tectonic evolution of the orogen, and most of the ore deposits were formed in two important metallogenic periods: (1) Middle Proterozoic to Early Paleozoic, which was characterized by spreading and rifting-related minerogenetic processes; during this period, the minerogenic series are directly associated with basic-ultrabasic magmatism and marine volcanism resulting from spreading-rifting and deep faulting; (2) Mesozoic, when mineralization was controlled by intracontinental subduction and postorogenic relaxational taphrogenesis or extension; the minerogenetic series are associated with intermediate-acid magmatism and terrestrial volcanism.

Gold is one of the most important ore-forming commodities in the Qinling orogen. Over 80% of those gold deposits were formed in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic and are related genetically to magmatism, terrestrial volcanism, and alluvial sedimentation. Most gold deposits in the Qinling orogenic belt are of hydrothermal origin. The Dashui-type gold deposits may be a new category of high-sulfi-dation epithermal gold deposits hosted by carbonate rocks of the Upper Paleozoic and Triassic in the southwestern part of the Qinling orogen. Shuangwangtype gold deposits in the middle of the Qinling orogen are characterized by low-grade (but large in terms of tonnage) ores hosted by brecciated and banded albitites, which are thought to have been formed by Yanshanian (late Mesozoic) magmatic-hydrothermal fluids injected into the Devonian sedimentary rocks. Carlin-type, quartz vein-type, and placer-type deposits also are important in this continental orogenic belt and adjacent areas.     

云南省勐野井式钾盐矿找矿模型及预测

勐野井钾盐矿产于新生代环扬子地块西缘兰坪-思茅双向弧后-前陆盆地勐野井组棕红色、杂色盐溶泥砾岩建造中。成矿具有明显的蒸发沉积韵律,钾盐矿层的产出受地层、岩相、构造等因素的控制。将其厘定为新生代（湖相）沉积型钾盐矿的典型矿床-勐野井式钾盐矿。并将成矿条件与之类似的兰坪-云龙、镇源-景谷、江城-勐腊3个地区作为预测工作区,...     

松辽盆地上古生界深层系展布特征——来自综合地球物理资料的依据

松辽盆地及外围石炭纪—二叠纪地层分布广、厚度大,油气资源前景备受关注,但松辽盆地深部的石炭－二叠系尚待系统而精细的研究,目前得到的相关深层系信息尚不能清晰刻画上古生界地层的残留特征. 基于盆地内相关二维深反射地震剖面、重力资料,通过强约束“剥皮”技术、地震资料精细解释和测井数据多信息融合反演等方法,获得了相关目的层系分布与产出特征,以及经历多期次构造叠加石炭－二叠系的保存状况. 研究表明,上古生界地层可大致划分为北带、中带和南带;现今的石炭－二叠系仍然保留了受古亚洲洋板块影响形成的东西向隆拗褶皱构造;中生代时期盆地的南北部受太平洋板块的影响存在差异;盆地断陷发育区石炭－二叠系埋藏较深,地层较厚,盖层厚度大,保存较好.     

DRILLING SUPER-DEEP HOLES IN THE CENTRAL PART OF THE NEAR-CASPIAN DEPRESSION

The Near-Caspian Depression is a deeply subsided southeastern block of the Russian platform consisting of Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic sedimentary rocks as thick as 15, 000 m. Most geologists hold, under the salt complex, there are pre-Kungurian Paleozoic sediments of platform type composing upwarpings and downwarpings (anteclises and syneclises). The'outlook for, oil and gas in the Near-Caspian is very good; it is especially true of the complex overlying the salt and the Emba district where oil was found; the Paleozoic deposits below the salt are also promising.

Prospecting for oil and gas here is possible only with the use of super-deep drilling, and of special importance is drilling of two test super-deep boreholes (to 7, 000 m). First of all it is necessary to select such areas within which deposits below the salt could be struck at a depth not more than 5 or 6 km and where a Paleozoic section from 1, 000 to 2, 000 meters thick can be found. It is necessary as well to carry out seismic surveys within the Ural-Volga Depression and the eastern monocline in order, to find a most favorable environment. Super-deep drilling is part of a program including base and parameter borehole drilling and regional seismic profiles.—Auth. English summ.     

浙东沿海震旦系的发现

浙东沿海中生代火山岩系十分发育 ,分布极广 ,在大片火山岩系覆盖的永嘉市枫林镇附近出露一套浅变质沉积地层 ,由于缺乏生物化石依据 ,其地层时代长期被定为上侏罗统诸几组 a段 (J3za)或茶湾组 (J3c) ,抑或下白垩统馆头组 (K1 g)等。“九·五”期间 ,笔者在这套浅变质地层中首次发现了极其丰富的微古植物化石。微古植物化石中的大多数属种见于我国浙西、赣东北、皖南、鲁东北等地区震旦纪地层中和俄罗斯陆台与西伯利亚陆台上里菲及文德系中。据此 ,这套产微古植物化石地层的时代应该属于震旦纪而不是中生代