邹城地区矿震、爆破和(天然)地震事件的特征分析

采用FSS-3DBH型井下地震计,测量山东省邹城市区域发生的矿震、爆破和天然地震相关事件信息,通过波形分析与波谱分析,对比研究不同类型地震事件特征.结果表明,该区域发生的矿震、爆破和天然地震的波形、幅值及频率等特征指标存在明显差异.通过实时监测该区域地震事件和进行相关的特征分析,可以为研究区域地震的基本规律提供客观数据和科学依据.     

山西运城振动事件S变换时频分析

基于S变换,对2005年以来山西南部运城及其附近地区的振动事件波形进行时频分析,并与山西南部地区的天然地震、爆破和塌陷地震波谱特征进行对比分析。结果表明：天然地震一般S波携带能量较大,衰减较慢,震相高低频成分呈现均匀分布;一般近台记录的人工爆破P波比S波发育,能量衰减较快,震相急促短暂;塌陷地震波列能量随时间和频率的展布相对集中,一般分布在频率较低区域;振动事件震相简单,被不同台站记录的波形能量优势分布及频率分布范围差异较大,衰减特征不明显。据此,基本可以排除山西南部及附近区域的振动事件为天然地震、爆破和塌陷事件的可能。     

内蒙古地区非天然地震的特征与识别

基于2014年以来内蒙古测震台网观测报告,对所记录的非天然地震事件进行统计分析。提出了区分天然地震与非天然地震的一般方法。从地震事件的三要素、波形、频谱等方面对比分析内蒙古地区非天然地震与天然地震间的差异发现,内蒙古地区非天然地震具有发震时刻与发震位置较固定与集中、震级M_L<3.5、面波较发育、能量衰减较快、优势频率主要集中在1—6 Hz等特征。并通过对比内蒙古不同地区典型震例,进一步总结出内蒙古地区非天然地震的地方性特征。研究结果有利于提高内蒙古地区非天然地震的识别能力,可为今后开展该区非天然地震自动识别研究提供基础资料。     

昭通巡龙强夯土非天然地震记录特征及识别研究

通过分析昭通巡龙2022年11月—2023年5月多次重型地面平整机施工和小震级天然地震事件的记录特征及差异后认为：昭通巡龙强夯土事件的P波初动向下、持续时间短、衰减快、P波与S波最大振幅小于天然地震,强夯土事件波形记录的频谱特征与天然地震差异较大,天然地震P波与S波震相明显,强夯土事件震相不明显。可以利用Pg/Sg谱比、交叉Pg/Sg谱比实现强夯土非天然地震和天然地震事件的分类识别。分类结果表明：当频率大于5 Hz时,Pg/Sg谱比判据基本实现天然地震和强夯土事件分类;交叉Pg/Sg谱比判据对应的分类识别正确率为天然地震事件91.3%,强夯土事件90.7%。交叉Pg/Sg谱比判据比单一频带谱比判据能更好地反映天然地震和强夯土事件的特征差异。     

区域矿震与地震的定量识别方法及其应用

选取Morlet小波作为基函数，提出了一种定量识别矿震和地震的时频能量衰减因子(α)的方法，研究了辽宁省抚顺和北镇台记录的矿震和地震的α值变化特征及其随震级的变化特点，得到了不同类型波的α值对震级的依赖关系。研究结果表明：(1)一般情况下，同等震级水平的矿震与地震的α值具有明显差异，其变化范围相互不存在重叠现象；(2)随震级增高，α值呈现下降特点且矿震α值随震级增高而下降的速率比地震大；(3)根据事件震级并结合α值与震级的统计关系，我们可以对已发生的事件类型作出正确判断；(4)区域矿震和地震破裂机制的差异是使α值具有明显差异的主要原因；(5)同一地区的矿震或地震的α值具有稳定的变化规律，不同地区的α值变化规律有差异性。这对天然地震事件的快速定位和识别及基于固定台站研究强震前地震的α值的异常变化具有启发意义。     

矿山地震能量极值分布的研究及其应用

将冈贝尔I型极值分布应用于矿山地震能量分布规律的研究，结合前人的研究成果，推导了能量极值分布函数的表达式，给出了其参数确定方法。在简要介绍老虎台矿矿山地震活动的构造及物理背景后，结合老虎台矿矿震实际，介绍了如何将能量极值分布用于强矿山地震事件的预测。结果表明，用这种方法预测的月最大矿震能量的概率分布与实际记录的矿震月最大能量分布一致。最后应用该法预测了老虎台矿未来几年内强矿震事件发生的概率。     

矿山地震研究述评

就采矿引起的诱发地震活动,即矿山地震的国际研究动态进行评述.重点介绍矿山地震的命名、早期观测与研究、几个主要矿震国家的情况、矿震的分类、矿震的震源机制、矿震震源参数与定标率等问题.还就利用矿山作为天然地震的预报实验场和作为地震技术的推广市场问题进行探讨.     

京西矿震活动特征及其与天然地震关系初探

该文介绍了门头沟矿震的概况;对门头沟矿震与天然地震进行了相关分析,认为门头沟煤矿矿震活动可作为一种较好的监视首都圈中西部强震的中尺度监测手段;论证了门头沟煤矿矿震活动作为首都圈地应力变化监测哨的地质依据,并初步建立了矿震作为地震前兆的力学模型;提供了矿震预测天然地震的地质依据。     

湖北秭归罗圈荒微震群的成因及其类型鉴别

2007年9月22日至10月18日在湖北秭归罗圈荒地区发生了一次微震群活动,其中最大为10月7日的ML2.9地震.震群的宏观震中位于郭家坝镇黄泥滩一带,极震区较小、地震波衰减较快,反映出该微震群的浅源特点.对该区及附近的天然地震和水库地震的波形、波谱特征以及拐角频率等进行对比分析,发现罗圈荒微震群与天然地震及水库地震有较明显差异,综合判定该微震群为矿震.     

鹤岗地区地震活动与矿山瓦斯异常涌出的相关性研究

以大尺度的地震监测台网数据结合鹤岗小区域的矿山地震监测台网监测数据为证据,通过数据统计的规律来找出天然地震和矿震活动之间的关系,找出地震活动与煤矿瓦斯异常涌出的相关性研究。经过分析可知天然地震与矿震、煤矿瓦斯爆炸之间存在某些关联,即地震波的传播会导致煤矿瓦斯的异常涌出,这是矿山安全生产的最大威胁之一。探讨了天然地震、矿震及煤矿瓦斯异常涌出的相关性,为矿山的安全开采提供预警的可能。     

三峡重点监视区构造地震与矿震时频谱特征分析

基于三峡数字遥测地震台网记录的数字化波形资料,利用谱图时频分析方法,研究了三峡地区构造地震和矿震波谱的时频特征,发现二者的时频谱特征存在着明显的差异:1)构造地震波主频高于矿震;2)构造地震波的频率成分比矿震丰富,能量密度频谱随频率轴展布较宽,前者带宽是后者的4倍;3)矿震能量强度的峰值在整个波列中出现的时间较构造地震早,且能量衰减较快     

Features of different types of seismic events in China’s Capital Region

Seismic records produced by different seismic sources vary. In this study, we compared the waveform records and time-frequency characteristics of tectonic earthquakes, artificial explosions, and mine collapses in China’s Capital Region. The results show that tectonic earthquakes are characterized by stronger S-wave energy than P-wave energy, obvious high-frequency components, and wide frequency bands of P and S waves. Artificial explosions are characterized by greater P-wave amplitude than S-wave amplitude and near-station surface wave development. Mine collapses are characterized by lower overall frequency, more obvious surface waves, and longer duration. We extracted quantitative discriminants based on the analysis of different event records, with 31 feature values in 7 categories (P/S maximum amplitude ratio, high/low frequency energy ratio, P/S spectral ratio, corner frequency, duration, the second-order moment of spectrum, and energy strongest point). A comparison of the ability of these feature values to recognize distinct events showed that the 6–17 Hz P/S spectral ratio was able to completely distinguish artificial explosions from the other two types of events. The S-wave corner frequency performed relatively well in identifying all three types of events, with an accuracy of over 90%. Additionally, a support vector machine was used to comprehensively distinguish multiple features, with an accuracy for all three types of events reaching up to 100%.     

Observations of mine seismicity in the eastern Wasatch Plateau,Utah, U.S.A.: A possible case of implosional failure

In the summer of 1984, a three-dimensional, high-resolution microearthquake network was operated in the vicinity of two coal mines beneath Gentry Mountain in the eastern Wasatch Plateau, Utah. During a six-week period, approximately 3,000 seismic events were observed of which the majority were impulsive, higher frequency (>10 Hz), short duration (<2–3 sec) events probably associated with the caving of the roof from a longwall operation. In contrast, 234 of the largest located events appeared to occur predominantlybeneath the mines to a depth of 2 to 3 km consistent with previous studies. The magnitudes of these events ranged from less thanM _c 0 to 1.6. In addition to the unusual depths of these latter events, an anomalous aspect displayed by the events was an apparent dilatational focal mechanism suggesting a non-double-couple, possibly implosional source. Implosional events have been observed in other studies of mine seismicity; however, the generally inadequate instrumental coverage of the focal sphere has cast some doubt on the validity of such mechanisms. Previously suggested source mechanisms for such implosional events have included tensional failure through strata collapse, and a shear-implosional displacement mechanism. Shear failure must be involved in the failure process of the Gentry Mountain implosional events as evidenced by well-defined shear waves in the observed seismograms. Simultaneous monitoring in the East Mountain coal mining area to the south by the University of Utah revealed typical shear failure events mixed with implosional events. The observed double-couple, reverse focal mechanisms at East Mountain were similar to mechanisms determined in previous studies and a composite focal mechanism determined in this study for a sequence outside the mining areas. This suggested that the shear events within the mining areas are being influenced by the regional tectonic stress field. Thus in addition to the seismic events associated with caving of the roof from the longwall operation, there appear to be at least two other types of mining-induced seismic events occurring in the eastern Wasatch Plateau, both submine in origin: (1) events characterized by apparent non-double-couple possibly implosional focal mechanisms and well-defined shear waves; and (2) shear events, which are indistinguishable from tectonic earthquakes and may be considered mining triggered earthquakes. The small mining-induced stress changes that occur beyond a few hundred meters from the mine workings suggest both types of seismic events are occurring on critically stressed, pre-existing zones of weakness. Topography, overburden, method of mining, and mine configuration also appear to be significant factors influencing the occurrence of the implosional submine events.     

天山中段地区重复地震时空特征研究

基于2009—2017年新疆区域数字地震台网记录的地震波形数据,利用波形互相关技术及主事件定位方法识别并重新定位了新疆天山中段及其周缘的重复地震。以波形互相关系数0.9作为阈值来确定研究区的重复地震事件,统计结果显示3万零181个事件中的1万1 618个为重复地震事件,这些重复地震事件组成了2395组重复地震对和重复地震丛,占总事件数的38.5%。根据重复地震重定位前后地震对之间距离的统计结果推测,该区域的系统定位误差约为5—10 km。进一步结合该区域最新的震源分类结果对不同震源类型重复地震的时空分布特征予以分析,结果显示:重复矿山爆破事件在空间上呈丛集性分布,且其中的93.6%发生于白天,同时呈现季节性发生模式,即爆破多发生于夏季,而冬季较少;而重复构造地震在空间上大多沿断层分布,24小时内呈随机分布的特征,且研究时段内每个月的活动水平相对平稳;重复诱发地震成丛分布于靠近油气田和水库的区域,但其中部分诱发地震的位置与构造地震重叠,发震时间特征与构造地震相似,为随机分布。      

首都圈地区爆破、矿塌和天然地震的识别研究

选取首都圈地区2008年8月——2009年9月ML在2.0——2.2范围内的爆破、矿塌和天然地震数据资料,从时间域和频率域进行分析对比,总结出识别爆破、矿塌和天然地震的依据．在时域方面,爆破的初动方向向上,矿塌向下,天然地震的初动方向依赖于台站的分布情况;爆破和矿塌的面波比较发育;天然地震的S波与P波最大振幅比(AS/AP)大于爆破和矿塌,同时,爆破和矿塌的能量衰减比天然地震快．在频域方面,高频成分的能量衰减快于低频;天然地震的拐角频率较高,爆破次之,矿塌的最小;在震中距200 km范围内,爆破的顶峰频率主要分布在5——7 Hz,矿塌分布在2——4 Hz,天然地震的顶峰频率较大,在10——18 Hz范围内.另外,天然地震的频率域较宽,其次为爆破、矿塌．      

岩体裂隙充水后对拐角频率的影响

2002年在浙江温州的珊溪水库发生了一系列水库诱发地震，其拐角频率明显小于同震级的构造地震。本从二相介质理论出发，讨论了水库岩体在扩容、流体渗入饱和和强度弱化过程中波速和波速比的变化以及对拐角频率的影响。根据实验结果，当孔隙度为0．15，岩体弹性模量减小23％时，拐角频率可以减小约29％。由此解释了水库诱发地震拐角频率偏小主要是由裂隙发育和库水渗透扩散使地壳浅部岩体强度弱化引起的。因此拐角频率可以作为区别两的一个依据。     

Spectral characteristics of natural and artificial seismic events in the Lop Nor test site, China

Seismic discriminants based on the spectral seismogram and spectral magnitude techniques have been tested to discriminate between three events; a nuclear explosion which took place in Lop Nor, China with m _b 6.1 and two earthquakes from the closest area with m _b 5.5 and 5.3, respectively. The spectral seismogram of the three events shows that the frequency content of the nuclear explosion differs from that of the earthquakes where the P wave is richier in high frequency content in the nuclear explosion than the corresponding earthquakes. It is also observed that the energy decays more rapidly for the nuclear explosion than for the earthquakes. Furthermore, the spectral magnitudes reveal significant differences in the spectra between the nuclear explosion and the two earthquakes. The observed differences appear to be quite enough to provide a reliable discriminant. The estimated stress drop from the magnitude spectra indicates a higher stress drop of the nuclear explosion relative to the earthquakes of the same tectonic region.     

张北地震地下流体异常场的研究

对比研究了张北M_S 6. 2和MS5. 6地震前地下流体异常时空演化特征。结合二次地震前的地震活动图像及其迁移规律, 二次地震所产生的地表宏观裂度与地震的震源机制解, 研究结果认为: 地下流体趋势异常空间分布受区域构造格局控制; 短期异常具有重复性, 可能受震源机制影响; 短期异常的强度、临震异常形态的差异性以及地震宏观破裂的差异性与地震强度和交替活动的构造有关; M_S 5. 6地震应为M_S 6. 2地震后该地区能量的进一步释放, 并且是NE向构造带与近EW向构造带交替活动的结果; 二次地震前的短期异常主要沿着近EW向张家口-渤海构造带分布, 可能说明近EW 向张家口-渤海构造带活动水平高于N E向山西构造带。     

Seismicity in the vicinity of Ross Island, Antarctica

Earthquakes in the Ross Sea, Antarctica, are of two types: volcanic, and those which appear to be of tectonic origin. Volcanic events in the vicinity of Ross Island are associated exclusively with Mount Erebus, Ross Island; this volcano erupts regularly, generating several earthquakes per day whose characteristics are quite distinct from non-volcanic events. These nonvolcanic earthquakes are recognizable by their distinct P- and S-wave arrivals, and a lack of the high frequency, often monochromatic character typical of Erebus events.One hundred fifty-seven tectonic microearthquakes (M < 2.0) were recorded in 1983 and 1984 by the ten station network on Ross Island; these events were located using the least-squares routine, HYPOELLIPSE. Of these events, 106 have RMS residual traveltime errors of less than or equal to 0.6 seconds; they are clustered in the vicinity of Ross Island, but are not restricted to it. There is a linear trend of epicenters cutting across the island and continuing northward. Most activity seems to center beneath Mount Terra Nova, between Mount Erebus and Mount Terror. Mean depth for events is 8.2 km; however, depths are rather evenly distributed over a range of 0 to 25 km.Modelling based on Bouger gravity anomalies and seismic refraction studies indicates a depth to the Moho of about 40 km beneath the continent, shallowing to 27 km beneath the Ross Sea. This 27 km depth is approximately equal to the lower limit of the tectonic seismicity detected by the Erebus network; hence, events are of crustal origin. These data suggest, with the rift-type geochemistry of Erebus' magma, that the Ross Sea is a site of active crustal extension and rifting.     

高斯线调频连续小波变换的时频能量衰减因子方法及其应用

本文基于高斯线调频连续小波变换，提出了能够反映震源区或近场区小地震波形在震源深度、震源尺度、震源破裂机制、地震波传播途径、地震波衰减等方面的差异特征信息的特征指标，即小波变换的时频能量衰减因子方法。为了验证该方法的有效性，选取了震源破裂机制有明显差异特性的天然地震、爆破或塌方资料以及非强地震孕震区同一地点发生的多次小震资料。研究结果表明，天然地震与爆破或塌方记录的连续小波变换时频能量衰减因子有明显区别；正常地震活动背景下地震记录的连续小波变换时频能量衰减因子变化比较稳定；利用该方法，通过对某一地区的连续观测，可望为强震预测提供有效判据。