Estimating biomass of phytoplankton in the Jiaozhou Bay Ⅰ.Phytoplankton biomass estimated from cell volume and plasma volume

Based on the data of the Jiaozbou Bay Ecosystem Dynamic Research,cell volume and surface area of 87 common phytoplankton species in China sea waters were calculated with assignment of the similar geometric form.The cell plasma volume,live weight,carbon mntent and nitrogen content were also calculated with the methods of Mullin et al.(1966),5trathmann(1967),Eppley et al.(1970),arid Taguchi(1976).After comparing these methods,we chose the method of Eppley et al.(1970) as the best method for calculating phytoplankton carbon content in China sea waters.     

浮游植物生物量研究 Ⅰ.浮游植物生物量细胞体积转化法

在海洋生态动力学研究过程中,采用浮游植物细胞数量来估算浮游植物丰度可以说是不够精确的,因为不同种的浮游植物细胞大小差别很大,只有浮游植物的生物量才能正确反映海洋生态系中的能量分布.本文以拟合浮游植物细胞相似体积方法,基于胶州湾生态动力学研究所获资料,计算了87种中国近海常见浮游植物的细胞体积、鲜重、碳含量、氮含量.     

浮游植物生物量研究 Ⅰ.浮游植物生物量细胞体积转化法

在海洋生态动力学研究过程中,采用浮游植物细胞数量来估算浮游植物丰度可以说是不够精确的,因为不同种的浮游植物细胞大小差别很大,只有浮游植物的生物量才能正确反映海洋生态系中的能量分布．本文以拟合浮游植物细胞相似体积方法,基于胶州湾生态动力学研究所获资料,计算了87种中国近海常见浮游植物的细胞体积、鲜重、碳含量、氮含量．     

浮游植物生物量研究Ⅱ.胶州湾网采浮游植物细胞体积转换生物量

基于浮游植物细胞体积转换法获得的胶州湾浮游植物细胞生物量,计算了胶州湾水体中同采浮游植物生物量,并与浮游植物细胞计数结果进行了周年变化的比较和优势种分析。研究结果表明,调查期内,浮游植物细胞数量出现两次高峰(主峰1月份,次峰9月份),转换生物量仅出现一次高峰(8月份);优势种分析表明,上述峰值期的不同,与浮游植物群落结构及不同种群细胞的个体大小密切相关。浮游植物细胞体积转换生物量不仅能较客观地反映浮游植物现存量,又能从群落、种群结构角度解释能量分布及不同种群对浮游植物生物量的各自贡献。     

长江口海水比重的直接测定

海水的比重是海水的一个重要物理性质,也是研究海水运动所必需的一个参数。关于大洋海水比重及其与氯度、盐度和电导的关系已有许多报导[3,5-9],为了制定新的国际海洋学常用表,Cox等人对世界各海洋表层海水的比重、盐度和温度的关系又进行了重新研究[3]。他们指出,除去低盐海水以外,所得结果与Knudsen水文表数据吻合较好,但Knudsen水文表的比重数据平均偏低0.006σ_t。     

SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF SEAWATER FROM ESTUARY OF CHANGJIANG RIVER

The specific gravity of 13 sea water samples at 25℃ from the estuary of the Changjiang River has been determined by the pycnometer method. The results are consistent with the values computed from chlorinity by Knudsen's tables within the experimental error of the method, and are lower on an average of about 0.02 in sigma-25 than values computed from salinity by the equation of Cox et al. (1970). The standard deviation of our measurements is estimated at ±0.01 in sigma-25.The differences between the present results and the values computed from chlorinity by the equation of Cox et al. (1970) imply that, for water of the same chlorinity, the sea water at the estuary of the Changjiang River tends to have a lower concentration of dissolved substances than that of the ocean water.Our work shows that the Knudsen's tables may apply to the sea water at the estuary of the Changjiang River and also provides an experimental evidence that the new oceanographic tables can be applied to the studies on the sea water     

A comparison of primary production models in an area of high mesoscale variability (South Shetland Islands,Antarctica)

Three types of primary productivity (PP) models were evaluated in a mesoscale area around the South Shetland Islands (Antarctica). Input variables were: phytoplankton carbon biomass, Chlorophyll a, sea water temperature, daily irradiance, among others, collected in situ during an oceanographic cruise (COUPLING, January 2010). Models of the first type were based on Chl a measurements: the widely used model VGPM (Behrenfeld and Falkowski, 1997) and a derived version developed for the Western Antarctic Peninsula (Dierssen et al., 2000). The second type included two models based on phytoplankton carbon biomass: one developed for the whole Southern Ocean (Arrigo et al., 2008) and one based on the Metabolic Theory of Ecology developed by López-Urrutia et al. (2006), being the first time that a model with these features is used for Antarctic waters. The third type was an updated version of the carbon-based model CbPM (first described by Behrenfeld et al. (2005)) based on the Chl a/carbon biomass ratio modulation. The degree of agreement among the results between the different types of models turned out to be low (> 30% of difference), but high within models of the same type (< 10% of difference). Biomass-based model predictions differed the most from those estimated by the other two types. The differences in PP estimates were primarily attributed to the different ways these models treat the phytoplankton assemblage, along with the difference in input variables. Among the five models evaluated, the output from the modified version of the CbPM showed the lowest bias (0.55) being the most realistic. It made a special attempt to detect the factors controlling phytoplankton physiological state, showing a nutrient limitation towards the Drake area similar to the one observed for the in situ PP values.     

南极威德尔海春季海冰物理结构对叶绿素上限含量的影响

2006年冬末春初,在德国POLARSTERN科学考察船执行南极威德尔海西北海域考察期间,调查了考察区海冰物理和海洋生物。本文观测了航线上钻取的27支海冰冰芯的组构和71个冰晶体薄片;分析得到393组冰温数据;348组盐度、密度数据和311组叶绿素a和脱镁叶绿素含量数据;通过302组冰内相同深度孔隙率和叶绿素a含量数据分析,发现海冰物理参数影响冰内叶绿素a含量的新证据;利用收集的雪、冰厚度数据以及环境容量制约生态平衡的规律,建立了雪、冰厚度对冰底叶绿素繁荣的影响以及;确立了南极粒状冰和柱状冰内叶绿素a上限含量同卤水体积的关系。从而表达了冰晶体对卤水排泄的效应和冰物理性质对南极春季冰底和冰-水界面叶绿素a增长的贡献。此外,还得出海冰物理性质影响冰藻,并且是南极冰区水体浮游植物繁荣的关键控制因素。     

南黄海叶绿素a与初级生产力之间的相关分析

本文依据南黄海海域的调查资料,探讨了叶绿素ａ与初级生产力和真光层内叶绿素ａ积分值之间的相关关系。并对表层叶绿素ａ是否可以作为海洋中浮游植物蕴藏量的指标加以验证。验证的具体方法是分析表层叶绿素ａ（ＳＣ）;真光层内叶绿素ａ积分值（ＩＣ）和初级生产力（ＰＰ）三者之间的相关关系。分析表明：在叶绿素ａ含量高且变化梯度大的高生产力海域,ＳＣ、ＩＣ和ＰＰ之间存在着非常显著的相关性,ＳＣ可以作为某海域浮游植物现存量及其生产力的指标;而在叶绿素ａ和初级生产力低且分布均匀的海域,ＳＣ、ＩＣ和ＰＰ之间不相关。故指出利用ＳＣ作为某海域浮游植物蕴藏量和初级生产力指标时应慎重。     

Bacterioplankton and phytoplankton biomass and production during summer stratification in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea

We examined bacterioplankton biomass and heterotrophic production (BHP) during summer stratification in the northwestern Mediterranean in four successive stratification seasons (June–July of 1993–1996). Values of phytoplankton biomass and primary production were determined simultaneously so that the data sets for autotrophic and heterotrophic microbial plankton could be compared. Three standard stations were set along a transect from Barcelona to the channel between Mallorca and Menorca, representing coastally influenced shelf waters, frontal waters over the slope front, and open sea waters. Conversion factors from ³H-leucine incorporation to BHP were empirically determined and varied between 0.29 and 3.25 kg C mol^-1. Bacterial biomass values were among the lowest found in any marine environment. BHP values (between 0.02 and 2.5 μg C L^-1 d^-1) were larger than those of low nutrient low chlorophyll areas such as the Sargasso Sea and lower than those from high nutrient low chlorophyll areas such as the equatorial Pacific. Growth rates of bacterioplankton were highest at the slope front (0.20 d^-1) and lowest at the open sea station (0.04 d^-1). Phytoplankton growth rates were similar at the three stations (∼0.50 d^-1). Integrated values of bacterioplankton biomass, BHP and bacterial growth rates did not show significant differences among years, but differences between the three stations were clearly significant. Phytoplankton biomass, primary production, and phytoplankton growth rates did not show significant differences either with year or with station. As a consequence the bacterioplankton to phytoplankton biomass (BB/BPHY) and production (BHP/PP) ratios varied from the coastal to the open sea stations. The BB/BPHY ratio was 0.98 at the coast and ∼0.70 at the other two stations. These ratios are similar to those found in other oligotrophic marine environments. The BHP/PP ratio was 0.83 at the coast, 0.36 at the slope and 0.09 at the open sea station. The last value is also similar to values found in other oligotrophic marine environments. Vertical distribution of these ratios was also examined.The comparison of microbial parameters at the three stations indicates a different kind of relationship between bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in oligotrophic open sea waters and in coastal, nutrient-richer waters. According to such parameters and to the values of the BB/BPHY and BHP/PP ratios, open waters in the northwestern Mediterranean (despite their relatively short distance from the shore) were intermediate between the extremely oligotrophic waters of the eastern Mediterranean or the Sargasso Sea and the more productive waters of the equatorial Pacific.     

Ecological implications of biomass and morphotype variations of bacterioplankton: an example in a coastal zone of the Northern Adriatic Sea (Mediterranean)

This study had the objective of quantifying the variability in abundance, cell volume, morphology and C content of a natural bacterioplankton community in a coastal zone of the North Adriatic Sea during two periods (February and June) of two consequent years (1996 and 1997). We used epifluorescence microscopy with Acridine Orange staining procedures and a microphotographic technique. Low variability in bacterial abundance (range 0.3–3.1 × 10⁵ cells ml^?1) occurred between summer and winter periods. Conversely, the cell volume and the calculated carbon content changed greatly with warm and cold periods (ranges: 0.015–0.303 μm³ and 5.83–42.17 fg C cell^?1, respectively). Elongated bacteria were dominant while coccoid cells prevailed only in February 1997. Biomass showed high variability (range 0.12–10.21 μg C l^?1) whilst the abundance did not show noticeable differences among the sampling periods. As a consequence, quantification of bacterial biomass based solely on cell abundance must be considered with caution because the true biomass could depend on variability in cell volumes and morphotypes.     

胶州湾夏季异养浮游细菌的时空变化规律及影响因素

2001年夏季对胶州湾异养浮游细菌在一个潮周期内的变化规律及影响因素进行了研究。结果表明,胶州湾异养浮游细菌数量的垂直分布特征是表层大于底层,表层平均8.99×109个/L,底层平均5.23×109个/L。胶州湾水体异养浮游细菌日变化幅度在表层水体较为明显,底层相对较小,但其变化规律均为最高值在小潮期而最低值出现在大潮期。浮游动物摄食、浮游植物光合作用产生的溶解有机物及水温和日光中的紫外辐射是影响胶州湾异养浮游细菌昼夜变化的主要因素,水交换是影响其日变化的主要因素。     

Trophic Status of the South-Eastern Baltic Sea: A Comparison of Coastal and Open Areas

Primary production, nutrient concentrations, phytoplankton biomass (incl. chlorophyll a) and water transparency (Secchi depth), are important indicators of eutrophication. Earlier basin-wide primary production estimates for the Baltic Sea, a shallow shelf sea, were based mainly on open-sea data, neglecting the fundamentally different conditions in the large river plumes, which might have substantially higher production. Mean values of the period 1993–1997 of nutrient concentrations (phosphate, nitrate, ammonium and silicate), phytoplankton biomass, chlorophyll a (chl a) concentration, turbidity and primary production were calculated in the plumes of the rivers Oder, Vistula and Daugava and Klaipeda Strait as well as the open waters of the Arkona Sea, Bornholm Sea, eastern Gotland Sea and the Gulf of Riga. In the plumes, these values, except for primary production, were significantly higher than in the open waters. N:P ratios in the plumes were >16 (with some exceptions in summer and autumn), indicating potential P-limitation of phytoplankton growth, whereas they were <16 in the open Baltic Proper, indicating potential N-limitation. On the basis of in situ phytoplankton primary production, phytoplankton biomass and nutrient concentrations, the large river plumes and the Gulf of Riga could be characterized as eutrophic and the outer parts of the coastal waters and the open sea as mesotrophic. Using salinity to define the border of the plumes, their mean extension was calculated by means of a circulation model. Taking into account the contribution of coastal waters, the primary production in the Baltic Proper and the Gulf of Riga was 42·6 and 4·3×10⁶ t C yr⁻¹, respectively. Hence, an annual phytoplankton primary production in the whole Baltic Sea was estimated at 62×10⁶ t C yr⁻¹. The separate consideration of the plumes had only a minor effect on the estimation of total primary production in comparison with an estimate based on open sea data only. There is evidence for a doubling of primary production in the last two decades. Moreover, a replacement of diatoms by dinoflagellates during the spring bloom was noticed in the open sea but not in the coastal waters. A scheme for trophic classification of the Baltic Sea, based on phytoplankton primary production and biomass, chl a and nutrient concentrations, is proposed.     

冬季南海北部海域微型浮游动物及其对浮游植物摄食压力研究

2009年1月在南海北部海域的5个站位,采用稀释法和显微分析技术研究了浮游植物生长率及微型浮游动物对浮游植物的摄食压力,同时测定了微型浮游动物的丰度及类群组成.结果表明:南海北部微型浮游动物类群主要以无壳纤毛虫为主,南海北部微型浮游动物类群细胞丰度为33～529个/dm3.南海北部浮游植物生长率为0.45～1.83 d-1,微型浮游动物摄食率为0.44～1.76 d-1,摄食压力占浮游植物现存量的42.6%～82.8%,占初级生产力的97.3%～225.1%.近岸区摄食压力比陆架区高,表明冬季南海近岸区微型浮游动物摄食能够有效的控制浮游植物的生长,而陆架区浮游植物生长率大于摄食率,浮游植物存在着现存量的积累,微型浮游动物并不能完全控制浮游植物的生长.     

海洋浮游植物初级生产力及碳生物量的检测技术研究进展

浮游植物是海洋生态系统中的主要初级生产者，构建海洋食物网、生物泵和元素循环（包括碳循环、氮循环和硅循环等）的基石。因此，海洋生态系统中的元素循环和能量流动均与浮游植物的生长和代谢息息相关。海洋碳循环是全球碳循环的关键环节，也是全球生态系统中生物地化循环的重要组成部分。尽管浮游植物在海洋碳循环中起着至关重要的作用，但是直接测定浮游植物的初级生产力和碳生物量依旧受到传统技术和方法的限制。本文详细介绍了有关浮游植物初级生产力和碳生物量检测的各种技术和方法，列举了其各自的优缺点。目前，测定海洋浮游植物初级生产力的主要方法有黑白瓶法、遥感估算法、碳同位素测定、快速重复率荧光法；测定海洋浮游植物碳生物量的主要方法有细胞体积转换法、流式细胞术、电子探针X射线显微分析、分位数回归模型估算法。通过对比分析发现碳同位素与快速重复率荧光法相结合可以更高效测定出初级生产力，而最具优势与应用前景的碳生物量检测方法是基于分位数回归模型估算法。其中，基于分位数回归模型估算法具有拟合异常值、测定结果准确等优势，能够实现现场浮游植物群落以及各个功能群碳生物量的估算，并能够与卫星遥感技术手段相结合，可以应用于大尺度和长时间序列的海洋浮游植物碳生物量估算。通过本文的综述，一方面为海洋浮游植物初级生产力和碳含量的研究提供一个基本和系统的认识，另一方面为深入研究浮游植物在海洋碳循环以及全球碳循环中的作用提供参考。     

一个可用于实时计算的太阳辐射模型

拓展了Smith等(1984)关于海面辐照度的数值算法,给出了一个可实时计算海面和海水中太阳辐射强度的模型,通过计算1998年9月24日—10月7日以及1999年4月28日—5月11日渤海表面太阳辐射量(两个时间段内的辐照总量误差分别为0.27%和6.67%),显示出该模型与实测结果良好的适应性。另外,模型还揭示在不考虑其它限制因素的前提下,当浮游植物生物量处于较小的状态时,海水中的太阳辐射能促进浮游植物的快速生长,但是当浮游植物的生物量增大到一定程度时,由于对太阳辐射的遮蔽作用增强,浮游植物的生长明显受到抑制。     

基于卫星观测的2003-2013年北极海冰体积变化估算

北极海冰正处于快速减退时期,北极海冰体积变化是全球气候变化的重要指示因子。本文利用两种卫星高度计数据（ICESat和CryoSat-2）反演得到的海冰厚度数据,结合星载辐射计提取的海冰密集度数据以及海冰年龄数据,估算了近期的北极海冰体积以及一年冰和多年冰体积变化。CryoSat-2观测时段（2011-2013年）与ICESat观测时段（2003-2008年）相比,北极海冰体积在秋季（10-11月）和冬季（2-3月）分别减少了1 426 km3和412 km3。其中,秋季和冬季的一年冰的体积增加了702 km3和2 975 km3。相反,多年冰分别减少了2 108 km3和3 206 km3。多年冰的大量流失是造成北极海冰净储量下降的主要原因。     

广东沿岸不同海洋功能区秋季浮游植物群落结构比较研究

2003年10月对广东沿岸浮游植物群落结构及相关环境因子进行了调查。设调查站位39个,根据营养盐数据分析表明,珠江对于陆源营养物质输入南海起着重要作用,其营养盐浓度明显高于广东沿岸其它海区。海域浮游植物隶属于62属118种(含变种和变型),其中硅藻门38属83种、甲藻门16属25种、蓝藻门3属4种、绿藻门2属2种、金藻门2属2种及针胞藻纲1属2种,硅藻在种类和生物量上均占主导地位。叶绿素a含量变化较大,测值范围为0.157～18.761mg/m3,最大值出现在珠江口水域GD089站。浮游植物的粒级结构存在明显的地域特点,珠江口及其毗邻海域以微型浮游植物为主,其他海域基本以小型浮游植物为主。     

基于浮游植物吸收光谱提取粒径参数

在南海北部、大亚湾及珠江口3个不同水体生物-光学数据的基础上, 研究了浮游植物粒径结构的变化特征, 建立了基于浮游植物吸收光谱提取的浮游植物粒径参数(S<f>)的混合光谱模型。南海海区不同的水体环境下浮游植物的粒级结构有着很大的差异: 在河口和沿岸水体小型浮游植物占优势, 在外海水体微微型浮游植物占优势。浮游植物粒径参数随小型浮游植物增多而减少, 随微微型浮游植物增多而增大。叶绿素a浓度从外海到沿岸逐渐增大, 浮游植物粒径参数随叶绿素a浓度的增大而减小, 它们之间呈幂函数关系。结果表明, 利用混合光谱模型得到的浮游植物粒径参数与南海海区不同水体的生物-光学特征(粒级结构Rpico和Rmicro、粒级指数SI、叶绿素a浓度)有一定的相关性。具体的相关性表示为: S<f>与粒级结构(Rpico和Rmicro)存在一定的关系, 与小型浮游植物和微微型浮游植物之间的线性相关系数分别是0.55和0.65; S<f>与浮游植物粒级指数(SI)有较好的线性关系, 相关系数是0.57; S<f>与叶绿素a浓度呈幂函数关系, 相关系数是0.64。这个混合光谱模型为从光学参数反演浮游植物种群的生态学信息提供了有效的手段, 同时又可用于分析浮游植物优势粒径结构对光学特性的影响。     

The Functions of China Marginal Sea Sediments in the Cycle of Biogenic Elements

The contents of biogenic elements in China marginal sea sediments are related to their grain sizes, river transport, et al. In general, the finer the grain size is, the higher the contents of organic matter and OC, N, P are, the lower the contents of S and Si are. The biogeochemical environments of sediments are related to Eh, pH, temperature content of OC,Fe3 /Fe2 radio, water dynamics condition, grain size of sediment, S system in sediment interstitial waters, et al., and they influence the early diageneses and cycle of biogenic elements in sediments. In most regions of China marginal sea, the flux directions of S2-, HS-,3- NH4 H4SiO4, PO4 , across the sediment-water interface are from sediment to the overlying seawater, the flux directions of SO42-, HCO3-, NO3-, NO2- across the sediment-water interface are from the overlying seawater to sediment. The irrigation of living things is important in the cycle of the biogenic elements across sediment-water interfaces.