集中程度函数及其初步应用

提出集中程度函数用于标定要素场时空分布的集中特性.该函数的特性及其可应用性得到了论证.从它在海洋和大气科学的初步应用中,可以发现一些有趣的现象.比如,各海域风暴的发生都有明显的季节集中性,风暴频繁发生的时间(盛行月)与地理位置有很好的对应,即,一年中,该盛行月所在位置在热带海域沿逆时针方向转一周.SST廓线和云在一年中的集中特性很相似.风暴发生越频繁,SST廓线和云越集中(越可能出现洪水).也许表明SST及其分布对云的形成起重要的作用;而且风暴的产生有利于云的集中.     

全球热带风暴时空分布特点

对全球三大洋热带风暴的统计分析表明,全球热带风暴在时空分布上具有明显的统计特性.各海域热带风暴都具有季节集中性.在太平洋和印度洋,风暴发生频繁的时间在地理位置上有沿逆时针移动的分布.全球风暴总数在8月、9月份明显偏多,在4月、5月份明显偏少.北半球风暴扩展范围和分布密度大于南半球,并以东北太平洋和西北太平洋风暴分布密度为最大.各海域热带风暴发生频数在统计长度(33a)内都表现年际和10年际“振荡”,不同程度地存在2～3a,6～7a,11～12a及21～23a的重复性变化.较强的风暴,往往寿命也较长.在月份之间比较,风暴在多发月份,一般平均寿命较长,强度也较大;而在年度之间比较,风暴在多发年度,平均寿命却往往较短,强度也较小.风暴在大尺度环境中较好地沿反气旋路径向高纬度运动.     

气候模式中海洋数据同化对热带降水偏差的影响

本文采用海洋卫星观测海表温度(SST)和海面高度异常(SLA)数据,对国家海洋局第一海洋研究所地球系统模式FIO-ESM(First Institute of Oceanography Earth System Model version 1.0)中海洋模式分量进行了集合调整卡尔曼滤波(EAKF)同化,对比分析了大气环流、湿度和云量对海洋数据同化的响应,探讨了海洋同化对热带降水模拟偏差的影响。结果表明:海洋数据同化能有效改善海表温度和上层海洋热含量的模拟,30°S~30°N纬度带内年平均SST的绝均差降低60%。同化后大气模式模拟的赤道两侧信风得到明显改善,上升气流在赤道以北热带地区增强而在赤道以南热带地区减弱,热带降水模拟的动力结构更为合理,水汽和云量分布也更切合实际。热带年平均降水的空间分布和强度在同化后均得到改善,赤道以南的纬向年平均降水峰值显著降低,降水偏差明显减小,同化后30°S~30°N纬度带内年平均降水绝均差降低35%。     

基于GIS的南海海温时空过程分析研究

海温是海洋环境影响因子之一,对于海洋生态环境、海水养殖业等尤为重要。本文以Argo数据提取的南海海洋温度场数据为例,结合GIS(GeographicInformationSystem)技术,研究南海海温点过程、面过程可视化表达的方法。利用GIS作为可视化框架提供南海海温场的可视化显示,包括放大、缩小和拖动等基本功能,绘制多种形式的数值图像并进行空间分析,包括海温数据曲线绘制、海温值查询、空间插值、等值线等。基于Argo数据可视化表达的结果,从南海海温年变化、随纬度的变化、垂向变化、季节分布特征四方面对南海的海温时空特征进行了分析,结果表明:(1)南海海表温度高温的持续时间比较长,升温过程比降温过程相对要短一些;(2)随着纬度的降低,温度整体升高,温度的年变化幅度越来越小。夏秋两季随着纬度的变化,温度变化不大,春冬两季的温度变化较大;(3)在0~30 m温度变化很小,在深度为30m处温度开始逐渐下降,到达500m以下,海温一年四季都比较接近;(4)冬季海温总体最低,夏季海温总体最高。冬季和秋季,在南海西南方向等值线呈现西北—东南向,等值线比较密集。海温的时空变化研究可以对海洋温跃层、海洋温度锋,海水不同层次的结构的研究提供一定参考。     

A-HIGHERS—The System to Produce the High Spatial Resolution Sea Surface Temperature Maps of the Western North Pacific Using the AVHRR/NOAA

To study on the oceanic variations in the western North Pacific, we developed a system to produce a high spatial resolution sea surface temperature (SST) map from the data obtained by the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) aboard the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) satellites. As the system has been improved on the HIGHERS (Sakaida and Kawamura, 1996), it is called the Advanced-HIGHERS (A-HIGHERS). The A-HIGHERS has been developed on the super computer in the Tohoku University, which is favorable for handling of a large volume of data. Mainly because of improvements in the cloud detection algorithm, the A-HIGHERS can deal with the data obtained at dawn and dusk around the year, and at daytime in summer more effectively. The A-HIGHERS are used to produce SST maps spanning from (60°N, 120°E) to (20°N, 160°E) with a grid size of 0.01 degree.     

Seasonal Variation of Space/Time Statistics of Short-Term Sea Surface Temperature Variability in the Kuroshio Region

Spatial and temporal scales of sea surface temperature (SST) variations in the Kuroshio region have been investigated using a satellite-based one-year merged SST product. Targeting short-term variations with temporal scales of less than a year, decorrelation scales, which are defined as the e-folding scale of SST variability, have been derived as functions of regional positions and calendar months. We assumed that the autocorrelation function of SST has anisotropic Gaussian characteristics in the space-time domain. Resultant spatial and temporal decorrelation scales range from 1 to 3° and 2 to 3 days, respectively. They are strongly inhomogeneous, anisotropic and time-dependent. These characteristics are attributed to the oceanic and atmospheric disturbances. Spatial decorrelation scales are determined mainly by strong atmospheric forcing in the study region. In the area with dominant atmospheric forcing, the spatial scales are larger than those in the other regions. Those in the regions with dynamical oceanographic disturbances are as small as 1°. Signal-to-noise ratios are also large where the atmospheric forcing is strong, while they are small where the oceanic signals are active.     

基于DINEOF的风云极轨气象卫星海表温度重构方法研究

海表温度是表征海洋表层热力状况的重要海洋参数,日均全天候覆盖的海温观测数据可为服务台风监测及其他海洋灾害时空演变的精细化预报提供数据支撑。可见光红外扫描辐射计和中分辨率光谱成像仪反演的海温产品具有较高的空间分辨率,但是红外遥感反演的海温产品受到云、雾和霾的影响,在云下存在大面积、无规律的缺值;微波辐射计反演的海温产品空间分辨率低,但可穿透云层,实现全天候海温观测。本文基于风云三号B、C、D三颗极轨气象卫星红外和微波遥感仪器反演的海温资料,利用经验正交函数插值法(DINEOF)重构得到全球海表温度产品。与全球分析场日平均海温OISST数据进行比较可知：原始海温资料的均方根误差为0.59~0.70℃,DINEOF重构后海温资料均方根误差降至0.10~0.34℃;相关系数从0.33~0.48提升到0.78~0.98。多传感器重构海温数据空间分布上连续可信,能够监测不同季节的海温变化特征及暖池空间模态。风云三号气象卫星微波遥感的加入显著提升了重构海温的空间连续覆盖率和时间分辨率。     

Importance of tropical cyclone heat potential for tropical cyclone intensity and intensification in the Western North Pacific

Which is more important for tropical cyclone (TC) intensity and intensification, sea surface temperature (SST) or tropical cyclone heat potential (TCHP)? Investigations using best-track TC central pressures, TRMM/TMI three-day mean SST data, and an estimated TCHP based on oceanic reanalysis data from 1998 to 2004, show that the central pressure is more closely related to TCHP accumulated from TC formation to its mature stages than to the accumulated SST and its duration. From an oceanic environmental viewpoint, a rapid deepening of TC central pressure occurs when TCHP is relatively high on a basin scale, while composite distributions of TCHP, vertical wind shear, lower tropospheric relative humidity, and wind speed occurring in cases of rapid intensification are different for each TC season. In order to explore the influence of TCHP on TC intensity and intensification, analyses using both oceanic reanalysis data and the results of numerical simulations based on an ocean general circulation model are performed for the cases of Typhoons Chaba (2004) and Songda (2004), which took similar tracks. The decrease in TCHP due to the passage of Chaba led to the suppression of Songda’s intensity at the mature stage, while Songda maintained its intensity for a relatively long time because induced near-inertial currents due to the passage of Chaba reproduced anticyclonic warm eddies appearing on the leftside of Chaba’s track before Songda passed by. This type of intensity-sustenance process caused by the passage of a preceding TC is often found in El Niño years. These results suggest that TCHP, but not SST, plays an important role in TC intensity and its intensification.     

基于海色融合数据的东海黑潮锋面检测研究

海洋锋是典型的海洋中尺度现象之一。目前卫星遥感主要利用海表温度数据分析海洋锋,但由于西北太平洋海域夏季海表温度的趋同特性,不能进行有效的锋面监测;而不同水团所具有的生物光学特性往往是不同的,且不具有太阳辐射引起的显著性季节变化,因此海色资料也成为检测海洋锋的有效数据源。文中以东海黑潮为例,详细说明了基于叶绿素a浓度融合数据,采用梯度法进行海洋锋面检测的过程,通过比较不同季节不同梯度阈值得到的东海黑潮锋结果,从保持锋面的完整性及对零碎锋区的剔除效应方面,选取了不同季节较优的梯度阈值。总体来说,文中检测出的东海黑潮区域海色锋与海流黑潮强流区较吻合,12月至4月东海黑潮海色锋检测结果不如海温锋,而5-11月东海黑潮海色锋检测结果优于海温锋,特别是台湾以东黑潮区域,不论什么季节海温锋都没有体现,而海色锋始终很明显。利用文中提出的海洋锋检测算法、分析方法及选择的梯度阈值可以有效地检测东海黑潮区域的海洋锋面,结合海色锋和海温锋,可以监测分析东海黑潮强流区的时空变化。     

北太平洋冬季大气年代际振荡及其相关的SST变化

20世纪60年代， Namias(1969)就发现北太平洋海平面气压(SLP)存在10a以上长周期的变化，这种变化与北美冬季气温异常密切相关。70年代以后，又有人(White et al.，1972； Trenberth，1990； Trenberth et al.，1994)对上述变化作了进一步的验证，并指出1976年以后北太平洋的SLP异常偏低，即阿留申低压异常偏强。以阿留申低压为主要活动中心的大气年代际振荡被称为北太平洋涛动(NPDO)，它与北大西洋涛动(NAO)一起构成年代际气候变动最重要的观测依据，北太平洋年代际振荡的机制也引起了人们的广泛兴趣。作为大气运动的缓变下垫面强迫之一的海表面温度(SST)，它的异常变化对年际气候的显著影响已被公认(Wallace et al.，1981，1998)，由此推断，其对年代际时间尺度气候变化的影响可能也不可忽视。众所周知，SST年际变化最显著区位于赤道中东太平洋(如Nino 3区)，而与北太平洋年代际振荡显著相关的SST变化(时间变化和空间分布)又如何呢?作者就这一问题，分析了北太平洋大气环流年代际振荡的时、空变化特征，并揭示了与之相关的SST变化的时间变化和空间分布。     

北太平洋环流振荡形成机理的数值研究

利用大洋环流模式,探讨海洋对大气强迫的响应及北太平洋环流振荡模态(NPGO)形成的直接原因。对控制试验模拟的海表温度异常(SSTA)进行经验正交函数(EOF)分解,发现第二模态类似于经典NPGO 模态,说明采用该模式研究海洋对大气强迫的响应是可行的。在控制试验基础上,通过改变大气强迫场设计了一系列敏感试验,发现大气强迫场为NPGO 模态正强年的合成场时,所得SST异常场能较好再现NPGO 空间特征,说明海洋状态强烈依赖于大气强迫,大气强迫是造成NPGO 的直接原因;对大气强迫场中的动力强迫、热力强迫等物理量进行不同配置进行试验,发现风场动力强迫对NPGO 的影响最大,是形成NPGO 的关键强迫,其中又以纬向风应力的影响居首。     

Spatial and Temporal Scale Variations of Sea Surface Temperature in the East Sea Using NOAA/AVHRR Data

Sea surface temperature fields in the East Sea are composed of various spatial structures such as eddies, fronts, filaments, turbulent-like features and other mesoscale variations associated with the oceanic circulations of the East Sea. These complex SST structures have many spatial scales and evole with time. Semi-monthly averaged SST distributions based on extensive satellite observations of SSTs from 1990 through 1995 were constructed to examine the characteristics of their spatial and temporal scale variations by using statistical methods of multi-dimensional autocorrelation functions and spectral analysis. Two-dimensional autocorrelation functions in the central part of the East Sea revealed that most of the spatial SST structures are anisotropic in the shape of ellipsoids with minor axes of about 90–290 km and major axes of 100–400 km. Two dimensional spatial scale analysis demonstrated a consistent pattern of seasonal variation that the scales appear small in winter and spring, increase gradually to summer, and then decrease again until the spring of the next year. These structures also show great spatial inhomogeneity and rapid temporal change on time scales as short as a semi-month in some cases. The slopes in spectral energy density spectra of SSTs show characteristics quite similar to horizontal and geostrophic turbulence. Temporal spectra at each latitude are demonstrated by predominant peaks of one and two cycles per year in all regions of the East Sea, implying that SSTs present very strong annual and semi-annual variations. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Seasonal variation of atmospheric coupling with oceanic mesoscale eddies in the North Pacific Subtropical Countercurrent

This study investigated the seasonal variation in the atmospheric response to oceanic mesoscale eddies in the North Pacific Subtropical Countercurrent (STCC) and its mechanism, based on satellite altimetric and reanalysis datasets. Although mesoscale eddy in the study area is more active in summer, the sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly associated with mesoscale eddies is more intense and dipolar in winter, which is largely due to the larger background SST gradient. Similarly, the impact of the oceanic eddy on sea surface wind speed and heat flux is strongest in winter, whereas its effect on precipitation rate is more significant in summer. The study revealed that the SST gradient in STCC could impact the atmosphere layer by up to 800 hPa (900 hPa) in boreal winter (summer) through the dominant vertical mixing mechanism. Moreover, the intensity of the SST gradient causes such seasonal variation in mesoscale air-sea coupling in the study region. In brief, a stronger (weaker) background SST gradient field in wintertime (summertime) leads to a larger (smaller) eddy-induced SST anomaly, thus differently impacting atmosphere instability and transitional kinetic energy flux over oceanic eddies, leading to seasonal variation in mesoscale air-sea coupling intensity.     

SST对黄海、渤海登陆热带气旋路径和强度的影响

利用中国气象局整编的1949~2003年的热带气旋资料和美国国家环境预报中心的海表温度(SST)最优插值资料,应用EOF分解和概率分析等方法,分析了黄海、渤海登陆热带气旋个例所处环境场中的海温的空间和时间分布规律,计算得到该类热带气旋在黄海、渤海区达到最大可能强度(MPI)的概率分布。结果显示,在黄海、渤海海区的较强的(>1℃)SST正距平中心和渤海北部海域的SST正距平区是黄海、渤海登陆TC出现北行路径必要条件。所有TC个例过程发生之前均有一个黄海、渤海关键区SST距平上升过程,只有30%的TC达到MPI一半,只有1%的TC可能达到MPI的4/5。     

吕宋海峡西部深海盆内孤立波潜标观测研究

Using a net surface heat flux （Qnet） product obtained from the objectively analyzed air-sea fluxes （OAFlux） project and the international satellite cloud climatology project （ISCCP）, and temperature from the simple ocean data assimilation （SODA）, the seasonal variations of the air-sea heat fluxes in the northwestern Pa cific marginal seas （NPMS） and their roles in sea surface temperature （SST） seasonality are studied. The seasonal variations of Qnet, which is generally determined by the seasonal cycle of latent heat flux （LH）, are in response to the advection-induced changes of SST over the Kuroshio and its extension. Two dynamic regimes are identified in the NPMS： one is the area along the Kuroshio and its extension, and the other is the area outside the Kuroshio. The oceanic thermal advection dominates the variations of SST and hence the sea-air humidity plays a primary role and explains the maximum heat losing along the Kuroshio. The heat transported by the Kuroshio leads to a longer period of heat losing over the Kuroshio and its Extension. Positive anomaly of heat content corresponds with the maximum heat loss along the Kuroshio. The oceanic advection controls the variations of heat content and hence the surface heat flux. This study will help us understand the mechanism controlling variations of the coupled ocean-atmosphere system in the NPMS. In the Kuroshio region, the ocean current controls the ocean temperature along the main stream of the Ku roshio, and at the same time, forces the air-sea fluxes.     

Highers—The AVHRR-based higher spatial resolution sea surface temperature data set intended for studying the ocean south of Japan

For the study of the ocean south of Japan, the HIGHER spatial resolution Sea surface temperature (HIGHERS) data have been produced from the AVHRR/NOAA data. The grid size is 0.075 degree and is much smaller than that of the usual sea surface temperature (SST) analysis field, which is gridded at most in 1 degree. In order to calculate accurate SST, the split-window Multi-Channel SST method is applied to cloudless pixels, which are detected with a cloud detection algorithm. The accuracy of the HIGHERS data is checked in comparison with the in-situ observation data.     

Dynamic of ENSO towards upwelling and thermal front zone in the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia

The El Ni?o Southern Oscillation(ENSO) is a natural phenomenon that relates to the fluctuation of temperatures over the Pacific Ocean. The ENSO significantly affects the ocean dynamics including upwelling event and coastal front. A recent study discovered the seasonal upwelling in the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia(ECPM), which is significant to the fishery industry in this region. Thus, it is vital to have a better understanding of the influence of ENSO towards the coastal upwelling and thermal front in the ECPM. The sea surface temperature(SST) data achieved from moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer(MODIS) aboard Aqua satellite are used in this study to observe the SST changes from 2005 to 2015. However, due to cloud cover issue, a reconstruction of data set is applied to MODIS data using the data interpolating empirical orthogonal function(DINEOF) to fill in the missing gap in the dataset based on spatial and temporal available data. Besides, a wavelet transformation analysis is done to determine the temperature fluctuation throughout the time series. The DINEOF results show the coastal upwelling in the ECPM develops in July and reaches its peak in August with a clear cold water patch off the coast. There is also a significant change of SST distribution during the El Ni?o years which weaken the coastal upwelling event along the ECPM. The wavelet transformation analysis shows the highest temperature fluctuation is in 2009–2010 which indicates the strongest El Ni?o throughout the time period. It is suggested that the El Ni?o is favourable for the stratification in water column thus it is weakening the upwelling and thermal frontal zone formation in ECPM waters.     

风应力桥梁作用下热带太平洋和热带印度洋相互作用的数值试验

利用中等复杂程度全球热带大气和热带海洋模式的数值试验,模拟分析了热带太平洋和热带印度洋通过风应力桥梁的相互作用过程.利用NCEP再分析的1958～1998年SST强迫大气模式得到的风应力与NCEP再分析的同期热通量共同驱动海洋模式,作为控制试验;和控制试验平行,但强迫大气模式的SST在某一海盆取为多年气候平均值的试验作为敏感性试验.比较控制试验与敏感性试验模拟的SST变率,揭示了热带某海盆SST异常通过风应力桥梁作用对其他海盆SST的影响及其过程.数值试验结果表明:热带某海盆SST暖(冷)异常一般总是引起该海盆上空西部西(东)风异常和东部东(西)风异常;热带太平洋SST暖(冷)异常导致年际尺度上印度洋上空东(西)风异常和年代际尺度上热带印度洋风场辐散(合),该风应力导致热带印度洋年际SST暖(冷)异常以及年代际SST冷(暖)异常,但这种异常均较弱;热带印度洋SST暖(冷)异常导致热带太平洋上空东(西)风异常,该风应力异常在年际和年代际尺度上均导致热带太平洋SST冷(暖)异常,但年代际尺度上异常更明显.考虑到热带印度洋SSTA受热带太平洋SSTA影响大,并且热带太平洋SST暖(冷)异常主要通过表面热通量导致热带印度洋SST变暖(冷)的观测事实,文中揭示的热带印度洋SST暖(冷)异常通过风应力桥梁作用导致热带太平洋SST冷(暖)异常的结果表明,热带印度洋SSTA对于热带太平洋SSTA主要起着一种负反馈作用,并且这种负反馈作用在年代际尺度上更为明显.     

北太平洋柔鱼不同阶段角质颚微量元素含量差异及洄游路径推测的应用

大洋性鱿鱼的洄游路径能够给我们重要的信息,帮助我们了解其时空分布的变化。标记-重捕和电子标记方法在施行过程中仍存在一些问题。头足类的硬组织,如角质颚,有着稳定的形态特征和类似耳石的连续生长纹,同时包含丰富的生态信息,可以为我们研究物种的时空分布提供相关信息。本研究中,我们以北太平洋柔鱼为研究对象,基于不同角质颚生长阶段进行取样来重建鱿鱼的洄游路径。研究结果认为,通过电感耦合等离子质谱仪（LA-ICP-MS）取样,发现角质颚的喙端矢状平面（RSS）检测到9种微量元素。针对上述几种元素,发现不同生长阶段的磷（P）、铜（Cu）和锌（Zn）存在显著差异。利用钠（Na）、磷和锌与海表面温度（SST）建立线性回归模型。基于贝叶斯模型,计算出不同时期柔鱼出现的较高概率的海域。结合不同时期的高概率分布海域,建立起柔鱼的洄游路径,该结果与前人研究结果一致。本研究也证实了角质颚可以为研究大洋性柔鱼的洄游路径提供有效的信息。     

南印度洋热带气旋快速增强事件气候特征及其年际变率

利用美国联合台风预警中心的热带气旋最佳路径数据集、美国国家海洋和大气管理局的扩展重构海表温度数据、全球海洋数据同化系统的温度、盐度数据及美国国家环境预报中心/国家大气研究中心的再分析资料, 分析了1981—2019年南印度洋热带气旋快速增强事件的气候特征和年际变率。结果表明, 南印度洋热带气旋快速增强事件产生频率呈现单峰分布, 主要产生在每年的12月至次年4月。南印度洋热带气旋增强事件的产生位置呈带状分布, 其中3个高值中心分别位于马达加斯加岛东北海域、南印度洋中部海域和澳大利亚西北海域, 这主要是由于热带气旋热潜和垂直风切变两个大尺度环境变量决定的。年际变率方面, 厄尔尼诺-南方涛动对南印度洋热带气旋增强事件产生频率的调制作用是不对称的, 厄尔尼诺年与拉尼娜年南印度洋热带气旋快速增强事件均减少, 但使其减少的物理机制不同。厄尔尼诺年, 热带气旋快速增强事件减少主要是较高的垂直风切变造成的; 拉尼娜年, 热带气旋快速增强事件减少主要是由于热带气旋热潜的降低, 而海表温度、垂直风切变和相对湿度也存在一定贡献。