Theoretical wind wave frequency spectra in deep water——Ⅰ. Form of spectrum

In this part ot the paper theoretical wind-wave spectra nave been derived oy (I) expressing the spectrum in series composed of exponential terms; (2) assuming that the spectrum satisfies a high order linear ordinary differential equation; (3) introducing proper parameters in the spectrum; and (4) making use of some known charateristics of wind-wave spectrum, for instance, the law governing the equilibrium range. The spectrum obtained contains the zero order moment of the spectrum m0, the peak frequency ω0 and the ratio R =ω/ω0 (ω being the mean zero-crossing frequency) as parameters. The shape of the nondimensional spectrum S(ω) = ω0S(ω)/m0(ω=ω/ω0) changes with R and theoretically reduces to a Dirac delta function δ(ω-1) when R = 1. A spectrum of simplified form is given for practical uses, in which R is replaced by a peakness factor P=S(1).     

赤道大洋定常风生环流的理论模型

为了模拟以南、北赤道流、赤道逆流和赤道潜流为特征的赤道流系,从长时间平均的线性化的海水运动方程出发,考虑海水层化、保留经向摩擦作用,利用赤道太平洋中部海区经向流通量不随纬度变化的量阶估计,得到海水密度跃层对赤道风场的响应,即跃层深度的分布规律,然后应用我们已构建的改进Fourier方法求解(由于地转口效应所引入的)变系数的海水运动方程,得到适用于中部赤道太平洋的级数形式的三维流场解。     

西北冰洋表-底层碳动力学耦合作用的同位素(13C,234Th)指示

The coupling of upper ocean-benthic carbon dynamics in the ice-free western Arctic Ocean(the Chukchi Sea and the Canada Basin) was evaluated during the late July–early September 2003 using natural stable(13C) and radioactive(238U-234Th) isotope tracers. POC export flux estimated from 234Th/238 U disequilibria and dissolved CO2 concentration([CO2(aq)]) pointed out that the strengthened biological pump in the Chukchi Shelf have significantly lowered [CO2(aq)] and altered the magnitude of isotopic(12C/13C) fractionation during carbon fixation in the surface ocean. Further, d13 C signatures of surface sediments(d13Csed) are positively correlated to those of weighted d13 CPOC in upper ocean(d13Csed =13.64+1.56×d13CPOC, r2=0.73, p0.01), suggesting that the POC isotopic signals from upper ocean have been recorded in the sediments, partly due to the rapid export of particles as evidenced by low residence times of the highly particle-reactive 234 Th from the upper water column. It is suggested that there probably exists an upper ocean-benthic coupling of carbon dynamics, which likely assures the sedimentary d13 C record an indicator of paleo-CO2 in the western Arctic Ocean.     

非线性波浪时域计算的三维耦合模型

将计算区域Ω划分为内域Ω₁和外域Ω₂(Ω₂=Ω-Ω₁),外域控制方程采用改进线性频散特性的二维Boussinesq方程,用预报一校正法数值求解;结构物附近的内域控制方程为三维Navier-Stokes方程,由VOF方法数值求解。通过在外域和内域相匹配的交界面上设置合适的速度和波面边界条件,建立了三维非线性波浪时域计算的耦合模型。模拟试验表明:(1)耦合模型数值波浪水池可以产生稳定的、重复性较好的波动过程;(2)用耦合模型数值波浪水池求解较大浅水区域上的非线性波浪数值计算问题可以取得较高的计算效率,同时又能得出结构物附近的复杂流场。     

赤道太平洋沉积有机质物性、源性的地球化学及其沉积环境对比研究

对赤道中东太平洋和赤道西太平洋4个柱状样中有机碳、可溶有机质(即氯仿沥青"A")及其族组成(总烃、饱和烃、芳烃、非烃)、某些生物标志物(正构烷烃、类异戊二烯烃和萜类)分布特征进行物性和源性的地球化学对比研究,并对它们的共性和差异性进行了探讨。结果表明:它们的共性是非烃含量高,而饱和烃和芳烃含量低,饱和烃与芳烃的比值小,类异戊二烯含量高,样品的碳优势指数CPI值为0.812~1.380,Ts/Tm的比值在0.99~1.50,反映了检测出的分子化石经历了一定的成岩作用改造,具有低成熟烃特点。4个站位的有机质都处于低演化阶段,演化程度大小为WP02-1>ES0103>W2001-2>MP2001-01。由于物性、源性以及沉积环境的差异,正构烷烃的特征可以分为两类:MP2001-01柱样沉积物中正构烷烃谱图呈双峰型分布,前低碳峰群以nC17和nC18为主峰,后高碳峰群以nC₂₇和nC₂₉为主峰,nC₂₃-/nC₂₄+为0.631~0.950,表征了主要以海洋低等菌藻类和陆地高等植物两种混合来源;而W2001-2,ES0103和WP02-1三个站位的谱图呈单峰型,并以与水生大型植物有关的C₂₅为主峰(nC₂₅为主峰,nC₂₄次之,个别为nC₂₃)的中等碳链长占优势,nC₂₃-/nC₂₄+为0.081~0.234,表明正构烷烃主要来源是海洋水生大型植物,藻类对这些海域低熟烃的形成作出了巨大贡献。这3个站位Pr/Ph为0.215~0.901,反映出这些站位处于强还原、还原或少数弱氧化环境,还原环境在低熟烃形成和保存过程中发挥了重要作用。     

A study on the exchange additivity of zinc in solid mixtures in seawater——Ⅱ.Stepwise exchange in δ-MnO2/montmorrillonite mixture

In this study the zinc exchange process and the reason for the non-additive exchange of δ-MnO2/montmorrillonite have been investigated. The results suggest that with pH increasing from 2 to 8, the stepwise exchange of zinc occurs on δ-MnO. and montmorrillonite in their mixture.At low pH zinc ions are bound on δ-MnO2, while at high pH, the exchange on montmorrillonite dominates the surface interaction in the mixture. The study demonstrates that the stepwise exchange and the heterogeneity of the binding sites on δ-MnO2 surface are the reason for the non-additive exchange. It is also shown that when δ-MnO2 amounts to 5 %, zinc exchange on sea sediments is controlled by 8-MnO2.     

灰化法磷测定中不同灰化助剂的效果比较:以焦磷酸钠作为磷标样

对Na₄P₂O₇加入不同灰化助剂经不同温度(200～550℃)灼烧后磷的回收率进行了研究.所研究的灰化助剂除文献中已深入研究过的MgSO₄和Mg(NO₃)₂外,还对MgCl₂等10余种盐试剂进行了实验.结果表明,除Mg(NO₃)₂外,MgCl₂,MgAc₂,CaCl₂,Ca(NO₃)₂等均能使Na₄P₂O₇灰化后的磷完全回收(灼烧温度不低于450℃),而加入MgSO₄在任何灼烧温度下磷的回收率均低于80%,效果不佳.因此,在利用目前已被广泛应用的由Solrzno和sharp所提出的方法去分析海水中颗粒磷和总磷或有机体中的磷时,应当用MgCl₂(或MgAc₂)作为灰化助剂来取代MgSO₄.     

布拜图对PACMANUS热液区Si-Fe-Mn-羟基氧化物沉淀条件的指示

Utilizing Si, Fe and Mn concentrations within the end-member PACMANUS hydrothermal fluid, Si-Fe-MnH_2 O Pourbaix diagrams were constructed at 300°C and 25°C. The Pourbaix diagrams show that the main Si, Fe and Mn oxides species precipitating from the hydrothermal fluid were Si O_2, Fe(OH)_3, Fe_3(OH)_8, Mn_3O_4, and Mn_2O_3 at 25°C. During mixing of hydrothermal fluid with seawater, Si O_2 precipitated earlier than FeMn-oxyhydroxides because of the lower stability boundary. Then Fe(OH)_2 precipitated first, followed by Fe_3(OH)_8 and Fe(OH)_3, and last, small amounts of Mn_3O_4 and Mn_2O_3 precipitated. Fe(OH)_3 was readily deposited in alkaline solution with little influence by Eh. There were many Si-Fe-Mn-concentric particles in the polished sections of the massive precipitates collected from PACMANUS. In the concentric nucleus and ellipsoid, Si oxides precipitated first before the hydrothermal fluid had mixed with seawater. In the concentric nucleus, after the precipitation of Si oxides, the increase of p H and Eh promoted the precipitation of Mn oxides around the Si oxides. In the large ellipsoid, the precipitation of Fe was divided into two periods. In the early period, increase of p H value of hydrothermal fluid produced by low-temperature convection and an input of a small volume of seawater promoted a small amount of Fe(OH)_3 to precipitate in the Si-rich core. In the late period, after complete mixing with seawater and the resultant fluid was close to neutral or slightly alkaline in p H, Fe(OH)_3 was easily precipitated from the solution and distributed around the Si-rich core.     

Transformation of Lambert Conic Conformal Coordinates from a Global Datum to a Local Datum

This paper treats the problem of how to transform from global datum, for example, from the International Terrestrial Reference System (ITRS), to a local datum, for example, regional or national, for the practical case of the Lambert projection of the sphere or the ellipsoid-of-revolution to the cone. We design the two projection constants n(ϕ₁, ϕ₂) and m(ϕ₁) for the Universal Lambert Conic projection of the ellipsoid-of-revolution. The task to transform from a global datum with respect to the ellipsoid-of-revolution E_A,B² to local datum with respect to the alternative ellipsoid-of-revolution E_a,b², without local ellipsoidal height, is solved by an extended numerical example. Ideas in this paper could be of interest to those working with maps and coordinates transformation from global geodetic datum to local geodetic datum and vice versa, under the Universal Lambert Conic projection, and applicable to precise positioning and navigation, boundary demarcation and determination in the marine environment.     

南太平洋南极中层水的中尺度特征

The Argo float observations are used to investigate the mesoscale characteristics of the Antarctic Intermediate Water(AAIW) in the South Pacific in this paper. It is shown that a subsurface mesoscale phenomenon is probably touched by an Argo float during the float's ascent-descent cycles and is identified by the horizontal salinity gradient between the vertical temperature-salinity profiles. This shows that the transportation of the AAIW may be accompanied with the rich mesoscale characteristics. To derive the spatial length, time, and propagation characteristics of the mesoscale variability of the AAIW, the gridded temperature-salinity dataset ENACT/ENSEMBLE Version 3 constructed on the in-situ observations in the South Pacific since 2005 is used. The Empirical Mode Decomposition method is applied to decompose the isopycnal-averaged salinity anomaly from26.8 σθ–27.4 σθ, where the AAIW mainly resides, into the basin scale and two mesoscale modes. It is found that the first mesoscale mode with the length scale on the order of 1 000 km explains nearly 50% variability of the mesoscale characteristics of the AAIW. Its westward-propagation speeds are slower in the mid-latitude(around 1cm/s) and faster in the low latitude(around 6 cm/s), but with an increasing in the latitude band on 25°–30°S. The second mesoscale mode is of the length scale on the order of 500 km, explaining about 30% variability of the mesoscale characteristics of the AAIW. Its westward-propagation speed keeps nearly unchanged(around 0.5cm/s). These results presented the stronger turbulent motion of the subsurface ocean on the spatial scale, and also described the significant role of Argo program for the better understanding of the deep ocean.     

夏季长江口无机氮的加入与转移 偏移理论稀释曲线的解释

利用2006年夏季长江口调查数据分析了长江口海域硝酸盐(NO3-)、亚硝酸盐(NO2-)、铵盐(NH4+)大面分布,NO3-浓度呈近岸高、外海低的特征,NO2-和NH4+浓度在上海市排污口位置有高值区并向外扩散。NO3-,NH4+浓度总体上符合咸淡水混合之稀释效应,与盐度的相关系数(r2)分别为0.815,0.255,呈保守行为,而NO2-浓度与盐度的相关性系数为0.074,呈非保守行为。在确定了淡水端元和咸水端元的基础上,做出理论稀释曲线TDL(theoretical dilution line),由于上海市污染物的输入,淡水端元NO3-,NO2-,NH4+浓度不同程度地正偏于TDL,在外海深层水范围内有机颗粒矿化再生亦呈加入态势。对应高溶解氧的盐度羽状峰处,由于真光层初级生产较强,表层NO3-浓度负偏于TDL约1~19μmol/dm3,NO2-,NH4+浓度也存在不同程度的减小。在长江口最大浑浊带附近,由于高浓度悬浮物吸附NH4+而呈现明显的迁出机制。外海表层海水三氮营养盐浓度数据点偏离TDL程度较小,但在底层由于来自上层的有机颗粒耗氧分解而再生出营养盐,使NO3-,NO2-,NH4+浓度数据一般在TDL之上。     

Theoretical analysis of equatorial near-inertial solitary waves under complete Coriolis parameters

An investigation of equatorial near-inertial wave dynamics under complete Coriolis parameters is performed in this paper. Starting from the basic model equations of oceanic motions, a Korteweg de Vries equation is derived to simulate the evolution of equatorial nonlinear near-inertial waves by using methods of scaling analysis and perturbation expansions under the equatorial beta plane approximation. Theoretical dynamic analysis is finished based on the obtained Korteweg de Vries equation, and t...     

赤道深层射流对深层浮力源响应解之特征的分析

基于赤道深层射流动力模型，研究赤道深层射流对深层浮力源的响应特征，指出线性、连续层化海洋中浮力源驱动下的单一垂直模态建立深层环流的过程等介于线性浅水系统中深水源驱动的深层环流的建立过程。分析赤道深层射流对深层浮力源响应解的某些特征，结果表明，在给定确定波数量值的诸参数下，浮力源在纬向上范围的大小对赤道深层的射流     

2017年春季季风间期南海中北部浮游植物生长与微型浮游动物摄食

Phytoplankton growth rates and mortality rates were experimentally examined at 21 stations during the 2017 spring intermonsoon(April to early May) in the northern and central South China Sea(SCS) using the dilution technique, with emphasis on a comparison between the northern and central SCS areas which had different environmental factors. There had been higher temperature but lower nutrients and chlorophyll a concentrations in the central SCS than those in the northern SCS. The mean rates of phytoplankton growth(μ_0) and microzooplankton grazing(m) were(0.88±0.33) d~(–1) and(0.55±0.22) d~(–1) in the central SCS, and both higher than those in the northern SCS with the values of μ_0((0.81±0.16) d~(–1)) and m((0.30±0.09) d~(–1)), respectively.Phytoplankton growth and microzooplankton grazing rates were significantly coupled in both areas. The microzooplankton grazing impact(m/μ_0) on phytoplankton was also higher in the central SCS(0.63±0.12) than that in the northern SCS(0.37±0.06). The microzooplankton abundance was significantly correlated with temperature in the surface. Temperature might more effectively promote the microzooplankton grazing rate than phytoplankton growth rate, which might contribute to higher m and m/μ_0 in the central SCS. Compared with temperature, nutrients mainly affected the growth rate of phytoplankton. In the nutrient enrichment treatment,the phytoplankton growth rate(μn) was higher than μ_0 in the central SCS, suggesting phytoplankton growth in the central SCS was nutrient limited. The ratio of μ_0/μn was significantly correlated with nutrients concentrations in the both areas, indicating the limitation of nutrients was related to the concentrations of background nutrients in the study stations.     

中国近海生态动力学模型参数敏感性研究

In order to develop a coupled basin scale model of ocean circulation and biogeochemical cycling,we present a biogeochemical model including 12 components to study the ecosystem in the China coastal seas(CCS).The formulation of phytoplankton mortality and zooplankton growth are modified according to biological characteristics of CCS.The four sensitivity biological parameters,zooplankton assimilation efficiency rate(ZooAE_N),zooplankton basal metabolism rate(ZooBM),maximum specific growth rate of zooplankton(μ_(20)) and maximum chlorophyll to carbon ratio(Chl2C_m) are obtained in sensitivity experiments for the phytoplankton,and experiments about the parameter μ_(20'),half-saturation for phytoplankton NO_3 uptake(K_(NO_3)) and remineralization rate of small detritusN(SDeRRN) are conducted.The results demonstrate that the biogeochemical model is quite sensitive to the zooplankton grazing parameter when it ranges from 0.1 to 1.2 d~(-1).The K_(NO_3) and SDeRRN also play an important role in determining the nitrogen cycle within certain ranges.The sensitive interval of KNO_3 is from 0.1 to 1.5(mmol/m~3)~(-1),and interval of SEdRRN is from 0.01 and 0.1 d~(-1).The observational data from September 1998 to July 2000 obtained at SEATS station are used to validate the performance of biological model after parameters optimization.The results show that the modified model has a good capacity to reveal the biological process features,and the sensitivity analysis can save computational resources greatly during the model simulation.     

热带印度-太平洋浮游有孔虫Pulleniatina obliquiloculata的B/Ca和Cd/Ca指标：次表层海水碳化学参数计算的应用

Pulleniatina obliquiloculata shells from 16 core-top samples from the tropical Indo-Pacific Oceans are analyzed for the ratios of boron and cadmium to calcium(B/Ca and Cd/Ca). The B/Ca ratios show a very weak positive relationship with [B(OH)_4~-] and the dissolved carbonate species at the apparent calcification depth of P.obliquiloculata. The boron partition coefficients(K_D) between P. obliquiloculata B/Ca and seawater[B(OH)_4~-]/[HCO_3~-] distribute around 1.1×10~(-3)-1.3×10~(-3) with a mean value of(1.19±0.12)×10~(-3),and are significantly related to the nutrient concentration, especially phosphate. The lack of any clear correlation between the P. obliquiloculata B/Ca and seawater carbonate chemical parameters suggests that the physiochemical controls on boron incorporation are masked by the complexity of natural seawater condition. But the significant dependence of Ku on nutrient may likely be explained by a nutrient related growth-rate effect. Cd/Ca of P.obliquiloculata shows significant correlation with seawater phosphate concentration, and its partition coefficients(D_(cd)) are significantly related to temperature. A first-principle methodology of P. obliquiloculata B/Ca is applied;with the aid of Cd/Ca as a phosphate proxy and a constraint on K_D, to estimating sea water carbonate chemistry(e.g., pH). The results are fairly promising and allow us to propose the possibility to apply the combination of B/Ca and Cd/Ca proxies(and also Mg/Ca and δ~(18)O for estimating temperature and salinity) for the paleoreconstruction of seawater carbonate chemistry.     

莫桑比克海峡及其邻近海区正压潮流数值模拟与能量收支分析

莫桑比克海峡及其邻近海区是全球海洋潮流和潮能耗散最强的海区之一。文章利用高分辨率通用环流模式对该海区的正压潮流进行模拟, 并对该海区潮能通量和潮能耗散特征进行分析。结果表明, 莫桑比克海峡及其邻近海区的潮波主要是半日分潮占主导地位, 全日分潮可忽略不计, M₂分潮形成1个左旋潮波系统和1个右旋潮波系统, S₂分潮形成1个左旋潮波系统。莫桑比克海峡和马达加斯加岛南部等绝大数区域的M₂和S₂半日潮流是逆时针旋转, 在马达加斯加岛顶部等局部区域是顺时针旋转, 而且在海峡通道等复杂地形处潮流流速量级较大。潮能通量矢量主要来自东边界, 大部分潮能通量沿马达加斯岛北部传入莫桑比克海峡区域, 其中经过马达加斯加岛北部和进入莫桑比克海峡的M₂ (S₂)分潮的潮能通量分别为156.86GW (40.53GW)和148.07GW (36.05GW), S₂分潮潮能通量的量级大约为M₂分潮的1/5~1/4。底摩擦耗散主要发生莫桑比克海峡和马达加斯加岛南北部, 其中莫桑比克海峡M₂ (S₂)分潮的底摩擦耗散为1.762GW (0.460GW), 占其底部总耗散的43.74% (39.72%)。     

南极普里兹湾及其邻近海域悬浮颗粒有机物的碳同位素组成及其影响因素

依托中国第29次南极科学考察航次开展了南大洋普里兹湾及其邻近海域悬浮颗粒有机物碳同位素组成(δ13CPOC)的研究,结合温度、盐度、营养盐和溶解CO_2的数据,揭示了影响研究海域颗粒有机物碳同位素组成的主控因素,计算出混合层中浮游植物吸收无机碳过程的碳同位素分馏因子。结果表明,普里兹湾及其邻近海域的δ13CPOC介于-28.5‰~-21.1‰,平均值为-24.6‰,表现出湾内大于湾外的特征。浮游植物同化吸收CO_2过程的碳同位素分馏是影响研究海域混合层δ13 CPOC的主要因素,根据δ13CPOC和1/[CO_2(aq)]的线性拟合关系,计算出浮游植物同化吸收CO2过程的碳同位素分馏因子εp为23.4‰。δ13CPOC的垂直分布随深度增加而增大,反映出颗粒有机物垂向输送过程中颗粒有机物再矿化过程同位素分馏作用的影响。     

2013年赤道波动调制下的东印度洋春季Wyrtki急流季节内变化研究

A strong spring Wyrtki jet(WJ) presents in May 2013 in the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean. The entire buildup and retreat processes of the spring WJ were well captured by two adjacent Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers mounted on the mooring systems. The observed zonal jet behaved as one intraseasonal event with the significant features of abrupt emergence as well as slow disappearance. Further research illustrate that the pronounced surface westerly wind burst during late-April to mid-May, associated with the active phase of a robust eastwardpropagating Madden–Julian oscillation in the tropical Indian Ocean, was the dominant reason for the rapid acceleration of surface WJ. In contrasting, the governing mechanism for the jet termination was equatorial wave dynamics rather than wind forcing. The decomposition analysis of equatorial waves and the corresponding changes in the ocean thermocline demonstrated that strong WJ was produced rapidly by the wind-generated oceanic downwelling equatorial Kelvin wave and was terminated subsequently by the westward-propagating equatorial Rossby wave reflecting from eastern boundaries of the Indian Ocean.     

河口硅酸盐物理化学过程研究——Ⅱ 河口活性硅转移机理的实验室模拟研究—氢氧化铁与氢氧化铝胶体沉淀对海水中活性硅的吸附

河口活性硅酸盐除了被稀释和被吸收外,有没有进行明显的无机化学转移?一直到最近几年,仍然是国际上争论的问题[1-6]。我们已在本研究第Ⅰ篇[1]报导了河口活性硅含量分布;河水与无硅海水人工混合后活性硅含量变化;电解质浓度和pH值对硅酸盐溶液中活性硅含量的影响以及吸附剂影响的初步实验;证实了河水和海水混合后活性硅含量的变化主要决定于悬浮物、电解质、pH值三个因素的同时作用。