Changes of serum thyroid hormone and plasma catecholamine of 16 th and 17 th Chinese Expeditioners in Antarctic environment

The serum thyroid hormone and plasma catecholamine were examined in 18 male and 2 female members of the Chinese Antarctic Expedition (who spent the 2000 or 2001 austral winter at the Great Wall Station) . The changes of serum thyroid hormone i. e. total thyroxine (TT4) and free T4 (FT4) , total triodothyronine (TT3) and freeT3 ( FT3 ) , thyroid stimulating hormone ( TSH ) and plasma catecholamine, including norepinephrine (NE) , epinephrine ( E) and dopamine ( DA ) , were investigated by Chemoluminescence Immunoassay (CLIA) and High Performance Liquid Chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-ECD) . Samples were taken at different time; (1)1 day before departure to Antarctica (16th expedition 1999/12/ 09; 17th expedition 2000/12/06). (2) 1 day after returned to China after living 54 weeks in Antarctica ( 16th expedition 2000/12/25 ; 17th expedition 2001/12/25 ). Comparing the data of before departure and returned, results showed that there was a significant decrease in the contents of TT4 (P <     

Development and Applications of Dome A-DEM in Antarctic Ice Sheet

Dome A, the highest dome of East Antarctic Ice Sheet, is being an area focused by international Antarctic community after Chinese Antarctic Expedition finally reached there in 2005, and with the ongoing International Polar Year (IPY) during August 2007. In this paper two data processing methods are used together to generate two 100-m cell size digital elevation models (DEMs) of the Dome A region (Dome A-DEM) by using Cokriging method to interpolate the ICESat GLAS data, with Ihde-DEM as a constraint. It provides fundamental data to glaciological and geophysical investigation in this area. The Dome A-DEM was applied to determining the ice-sheet surface elevations and coordinates of the south and north summits, defining boundaries of basins and ice flowlines, deducing subglacial topography, and mapping surface slope and aspect in Dome A region. The DEM shows there are two (north and south) summits in Dome A region. The coordinate and the surface elevation of the highest point (the north summit) are 80°21′29.86″S, 77°21′50.29″E and 4092.71±1.43m, respectively. The ice thickness and sub-ice bedrock elevation at north summit are 2420m and 1672m, respectively. Dome A region contains four drainage basins that meet together near the south summit. Ice flowlines, slope and aspect in detail are also derived using the DEM.     

场认知方式、性别和惯用空间语对地理空间定向能力影响的实验研究

目前人们对空间定向能力影响因素的研究多关注性别与空间定向能力的关系,较少涉及场认知方式、惯用空间语等因素对空间定向能力的影响。本文以空间认知眼动实验的方式展开研究,通过国内版镶嵌图形测验（EFT）、问卷调查等途径获取被试的场认知方式、性别和惯用空间语等基本信息,使其在控制单一环境变量的虚拟三维空间中完成不同难度的定向任务。进而构建正确率和效率2个指标来衡量空间定向能力,通过统计分析确定空间定向能力的影响因素。研究结果表明：（1）不同场认知方式和不同惯用空间语人群的定向正确率和效率差异统计结果均不显著,场认知方式和惯用空间语对空间定向能力无显著影响;（2）不同性别人群之间定向效率无显著差异而正确率存在显著差异,性别对空间定向能力具有显著影响,男性的空间定向能力较女性更强。     

Preliminary results on relationship between thermal diffusivity and porosity of sea ice in the Antarctic

The in situ sea-ice temperature, salinity and density observed from Chinese Antarctic Zhongshan Station have been applied to calculate the vertical profile of sea ice porosity. Based on numerical method, a number of schemes on sea-ice thermal diffusivity versus porosity have been accessed and one optimized scheme is identified by an optimal control model with an advanced distributing parameter system. For simplicity, the internal heating source item was neglected in the heat conduction equation during the identification procedure. In order to illustrate the applicability of this identified scheme, the vertical ice temperature profiles have been simulated and compared with measurements, respectively by using identified scheme and by classical thermodynamic formulae.The comparisons indicated that the scheme describing sea-ice thermal diffusivity and porosity is reasonable. In spite of a minor improvement of accuracy of results against in situ data, the identified scheme has a more physical meaning and could be used potentially in various applications.     

GRACE估计南极冰川质量变化的泄露影响及其改正

利用2003-01～2013-12期间GRACE数据反演得到地球表面质量变化,使用全球正向建模恢复法改正泄露影响,获得南极冰盖质量变化。比较GRACE直接估计和泄露影响改正后的结果发现,南极冰盖在2003～2013年质量变化信号衰减20.3%,西南极有26.4%的质量消融信号泄露到了周边,东南极的泄露影响更高达70%。改正后的结果表明,南极冰盖绝大部分质量消融发生在西南极和南极半岛,质量积累发生在东南极的Ronne冰架和Amery冰架;西南极冰盖质量变化速度达到-152.47±2.00 Gt/a,基本上等同于南极全岛的质量消融速度,而南极半岛的冰盖融化速度为-27.44±0.75 Gt/a,基本与东南极的冰盖质量积累速度27.27±5.12Gt/a抵消;南极全岛冰川整体质量以-152.64±7.00 Gt/a速度消失,并以-18.85±4.87 Gt/a2的加速度加速融化,导致海平面以0.41 mm/a的速度上升。     

Features and spatial distribution of circumpolar deep water in the southern Indian Ocean and the effects of Antarctic circum polar current

The data from the Southern Ocean observations of World Ocean Circulation Experiment(WOCE) are used for analysis and illustration of the features and spatial distributions of Circumpolar Deep Water(CDW) in the southern Indian Ocean.It is learnt from the comparison among the vertical distributions of temperature/salinity/oxygen along the 30°E,90°E and 145°E sections respectively that some different features of CDW and the fronts can be found at those longitudes,and those differences can be attributed to the zonal transoceanic flow and the merizonal movement in the Circumpolar Deep Water.In fact,the zonal transoceanic flow is the main dynamic factor for the water exchange between the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean or between the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean,and for the effects on the spatial distributions of the physical properties in CDW.     

Elemental and Isotopic Signatures in the Sediments Influenced by Seal Excrement on Antarctic Fildes Peninsula and Their Po- tential Paleoecological Applications

The elemental and isotopic signatures in the sediments influenced by seal excrement on Antarctic Fildes Peninsula are examined for their potential palaeoecologlcal applications. The seal hair abundance in sediments exhibits remarkable fluctuation versus depth, indicating similar changes in historical populations of the seals visiting the marine terrace. The combination of δ^13 C, total organic carbon concentration （TOC）, total nitrogen concentration （TN） and atomic C/N ratio shows that the organic matters in sediments with numerous seal hairs have a marine origin and are predominantly derived from seal excrements. The large δ15 N values in sediments are attributed to trophic enrichment and NH3 vollatilization processes. The large variations in the δ^15 N values and the negative correlation between the δ15 N values and the seal hair abundances seem to be the results of changes in the paleoclimates and the volatilization rates of the ammonia produced in the seal excrements. The 87 Sr/86 Sr ratios in the acid-soluble fraction of sediments are interpreted as a mixture of the ones from the seal excrements （30%-50%） and the chemically weathered local bedrocks （70%-50%）. The calculated proportion of seal-derived Sr based on the ^87 Sr/^86 Sr ratios has a significant correlation with seal hair abundances in sediments. These results suggest that δ15 N values and the ^87 Sr/^86 Sr ratios in the acid-soluble fraction of sediments were influenced by seal excrements, similar to seal halt numbers, and thus can potentially be used to estimate the historical seal population in the Antarctic region.     

Spatial variability of chemical tracers in surface snow along the traverse route from the coast to 1000 km inland at east Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica

1　IntroductionAntarcticicesheetisaburialgroundforatmosphericdeposition .Sincethereiscon tinuousinteractionbetweentheicesheetandtheatmosphere,variousatmosphericsub stancesareinjectedtotheicesheetsequentiallyintimeandspace.Therefore,verticalanalysesoftheicesheetprovideuswithinformationaboutpastclimaticchange (Delmas1 992 ;LegrandandMayewski 1 997)andhorizontalanalysesoftheicesheetprovideuswithknowledgeregardinglong rangetransportofairbornematerials (Kamiyamaetal.1 989;KreutzandMayewski 1 999)…     

英汉语“水”的认知语义分析

从认知语言学的角度,以隐喻和转喻为手段,运用英汉语料,对英汉语"水"的语义认知进行分析和比较,可将投射的范围大致归纳为3个方面:1)自然/环境域,2)情感/态度域,3)社会/事物关系域。通过隐喻或转喻,"水"的概念向外实现了语义扩展。"水"语词认知语义结构的共性和差异,一方面表明人类最初对客观世界的认知基本相同,另一方面不同民族对同一事物的不同的透视角度使"水"的认知产生不同语义,带有鲜明的民族性,从而揭示其语义投射不仅应从认知角度,还应从社会文化角度着手进行研究。     

关于空间数据与空间数据模型的思考--中国GIS协会理论与方法研讨会(北京,2004)总结与分析

空间数据和空间数据模型是GIS理论与方法的核心内容。本文总结中国GIS协会理论与方法研讨会(北京,2004)的成果,围绕GIS研究与发展的新动向,分析了空间数据组织、集成、质量、不确定性与数据挖掘及3维空间数据建模、空间关系与可视化等方面的理论问题与发展趋势,并思考和讨论了空间认知学与本体论在GIS理论与方法研究中的作用。     

Study on the distribution,abundance and growth condition of Antarctic Krill(Euphausia superba)in the Prydz Bay region,Antarctica during the Austral summer of 1999/2000

Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) were collected from the Prydz Bay region during the austral summer of 1999/2000. The sample - collection was made at 15 sites in 3 longitudinal transects. Although krill were encountered at 14 sites, the abundance was comparatively low in general. The main component of the krill population was of post -larval stages. The mean numerical and weight density of krill integrated for all sampling stations in the survey area were 16. 17 ind. 1000 m -3and 12.02 g 1000 m -3 , respectively. In the survey area, stations with larger krill density are mainly located in the slope zone, except that the largest sample was collected in the open sea zone. No krill occurred in the only station of the shelf zone during our investigation. Krill collected from the slope zone were under better growth condition than those from the open sea zone, but when the survey area is considered as a whole, the growth condition is normal. The results of the comprehensive analysis of the environmental fa     

教学环境、认知语境、元语用意识与语用失误

国内一些学者虽已对语用失误的原因进行过相当多的剖析,中国学生作为学习外语的一个群体,在语用失误的原因上有着更深层的原因,即宏观上的中国外语教学环境、微观上的认知语境误导、元语用意识干扰。对语用失误的深层研究将有助于培养中国学生的语用能力和推动我国外语教学的发展。     

LBS中多尺度空间方位的自然语言描述

位置服务是地理信息系统(GIS)应用的重要领域,GIS提供关于空间位置的坐标描述,但这不符合人们的认知和日常习惯。地理空间中人们日常的交流通常使用方位描述。基于自然语言的空间方位的描述对移动目标(如驾驶员)是十分重要的,通过规范的地点描述语言进行快速的地理定位,可提高人的空间反应和处理能力。本文依据人的多尺度空间认知,分析空间参考和定位习惯,结合自然语言描述知识,利用GIS分析功能,给出多尺度环境下空间方位的自然语言描述。     

基于多源兴趣点的模糊地名空间范围划分方法

由于人类对现实世界进行认知和概念化的过程存在模糊性,许多人们在日常生活中使用的地名往往是没有明确边界范围的模糊区域。大数据时代的开启,为模糊地名空间范围的确定与表达提供了新思路。本文提出由k最邻近(k NN)离群点检测算法结合高斯混合模型(GMM)的方法,基于多源兴趣点(POI)数据获取模糊地名空间范围边界。该方法具有能有效识别离群点数据、参数敏感度低的特点。最后,分析了多源POI数据的应用对结果的影响。     

Industrial and agricultural effects on water environment and its optimization in heavily polluted area in Taihu Lake Basin, China

The deteriorating water quality in the Taihu Lake Basin has attracted widespread attention for many years, and is correlated with a sharp increase in the quantity of pollutant discharge such as agricultural fertilizers and industrial wastewater. In this study, several factors were selected for evaluating and regionalizing the water environmental capacity by ArcGIS spatial analysis, including geomorphologic characteristics, water quality goals, water body accessibility, water-dilution channels, and current water quality. Then, the spatial optimization of agriculture and industry was adjusted through overlay analysis, based on the balance between industrial space and water environmental capacity. The results show that the water environmental capacity gradually decreases from the west to the east, in contrast, the pollution caused by industrial and agricultural clustering is distributes along Taihu Lake, Gehu Lake and urban districts. The analysis of the agricultural space focuses on optimizing key protected areas of the Taihu Lake Basin, and the shores of Gehu Lake, optimally adjusting the second protected areas of the Taihu Lake Basin, and generally adjusting the urban areas of Changzhou and Wuxi cities. The analysis of industrial space focuses on optimizing the downtowns of Changzhou and Wuxi cities, optimally adjusting key protected areas and second protected areas of the Taihu Lake Basin, and generally adjusting the south and southwest of Gehu Lake. Lastly, some schemes of industrial and agricultural layouts and policies for the direction of industrial and agricultural development were proposed, reflecting a correlation between industry and agriculture and the water environment.     

面向室内导航的分层认知路网优化方法

随着室内空间应用规模的增加以及室内定位技术的发展,面向大型场馆等室内空间的应急救援与导航成为室内GIS应用的研究热点,而室内路网构建是室内应急导航服务得以实现的关键技术。本文面向室内导航寻径的这一现实问题,以室内路网动态构建与优化作为研究对象,基于室内空间感知规律以及分层认知的方式,提出和构建了室内单元认知分层编码方法：① 将建筑物室内路网分为街道-建筑物、建筑物-楼层、楼层-区块、区块-房间等4个层次;② 为了满足语义分析的需求,在分析室内单元功能的基础上,引入“虚拟房间单元”,将室内封闭性空间和联系性空间统一剖分为房间单元;③ 依据室内建筑认知分层模型以及室内单元剖分结果,按照建筑物-楼层-分区-房间单元的顺序,从高级到低级的顺序进行连续分层编码。以国内某商业中心为例构建了室内分层认知路网,每一个层次都可以减少参与运算的结点和弧段数,简化了计算网络,从而提高了运算的效率,同楼层寻径时间约为55 ms,跨楼层的寻径时间约为100 ms左右。结果表明,该分层认知编码模型符合人们对室内路网的经验性层次认知,能够很好地刻画路网层次特征,能满足寻径计算的精度和效率的要求,为面向导航的室内应用奠定了基础。     

面要素空间信息量的度量方法研究

 地图是空间信息的载体,地图空间信息的度量是地图信息传输理论的一个基础问题。地图空间信息主要包括地图要素的空间信息和要素分布的空间信息。地图空间信息是由要素的几何形态结构来体现,即要素的空间信息通过其几何形态特征描述。为此,本文以面要素为研究对象,提出一种以几何形态结构特征的面要素空间信息量度量方法。首先,从空间认知角度对面要素结构进行凸包分解,构建凸包树的面要素表达方法。然后,采用层次化策略,分别从结点的元素、邻域和整体三个层次来描述面要素几何形态结构,将面要素空间信息分解为几何形态信息和分布结构信息,结合面要素空间信息量的认知分析,给出了几何形态和分布结构特征的定量描述指标,并发展了基于几何形态结构特征的面要素空间信息量计算模型。最后,通过一组实验计算,进行了案例验证分析。     

Characteristics of water transformation and its effects on environment in the arid region

The characteristics of water balance in arid regions is that the streams are formed in mountain area and continuously evaporates and infiltrates in the process of flowing to plain area, streams finally disappear in the desert or flow into the lakes, which are the low reaches of the rivers. But the distribution and transformation of water in Xinjiang, China have changed under the influences of human activities. The influences of human activities take place in a short time and regionally, especially in arid land where water is the key factor of environment. Water inside of oasis has increased, and water out of oasis or at the lower reaches of the river has decreased. Human activities have caused the environment changes in both positive and negative aspects by changing the circulation and distribution of water. Under the influence of human activities, oases in Xinjiang have expanded, meanwhile some lakes have contracted desertification is serious, natural vegetation has declined and natural environment out of oasis has degenrated. Foundation item: Under the auspices of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(49771009). Biography: LI Xin(1940 -), male, a native of Anhui Province, professor. His research interest includes water resources.     

Long-term study of at-sea distribution of seabirds and marine mammals in the Scotia Sea,Antarctica

The Scotia Sea is one of the most biologically rich regions of Antarctica, and it hosts a large community of upper trophic-level predators. Long-term at-sea monitoring provides valuable information on ...