塔里木盆地塔东2井寒武系稠油地球化学特征与成藏

剖析塔东2井稠油的地球化学特征与形成过程,对深化塔里木盆地海相原油的成藏特征具有重要的意义。综合运用碳同位素、色谱、色谱—质谱等技术手段研究了塔东2井寒武系稠油的特征,研究结果揭示塔东2井寒武系稠油具高伽马蜡烷、高C28甾烷、低重排甾烷和高C27 三芳甾烷的特征,与寒武系—下奥陶统烃源岩的分子特征类似,说明塔东2井寒武系原油源自寒武系—下奥陶统烃源岩;塔东2井稠油中检出高丰度的稠环化合物（荧蒽、芘、苯并\[a\]蒽、屈、苯并荧蒽、苯并芘）,及全油的碳同位素值明显偏重,揭示了原油烃类经热蚀变发生稠化;流体包裹体均一化温度和埋藏—热演化史分析确定了塔东2井原油的成藏期为450~440 Ma。     

塔里木盆地寒武-奥陶系烃源岩的分子地球化学特征

对塔里木盆地下古生界样品的地球化学分析表明,上奥陶统良里塔格组、中上奥陶统却尔却克群烃源岩与其他烃源岩具有明显的差异,具有低的C28甾烷、24-降胆甾烷、甲藻甾烷、甲藻三芳甾烷与伽马蜡烷含量以及高的C24四环萜烷、重排甾烷含量等特点。柯坪地区中上奥陶统萨尔干组、印干组页岩伽马蜡烷、C28甾烷相对含量与寒武系、中下奥陶统黑土凹组烃源岩具有相似性。萨尔干组、印干组烃源岩中生物标志物的绝对含量很低。柯坪地区寒武系玉尔吐斯组、中上奥陶统萨尔干组、上奥陶统印干组、满东地区中下奥陶统黑土凹组等较强沉积环境的泥质烃源岩伽马蜡烷、C28甾烷、特殊甾烷的相对含量与海相原油主体有较大差异。上奥陶统印干组烃源岩较高含量的三芳甲藻甾烷、24-降重排胆甾烷和24-降胆甾烷化合物的检出表明,断代生物标志物的提法值得商榷。     

盐城凹陷凝析油地球化学特征

运用碳同位素、气相色谱、色谱—质谱、流体包裹体技术，研究了盐城凹陷凝析油地球化学特征，并与永安凹陷永7井凝析油、下扬子海相原油进行了对比。该凝析油碳同位素为-28．8‰—30．5‰，全油色谱中含有一定的长使正构烷烃，Pr/Ph为1．56，三环菇烷含量高，伽玛蜡烷含量低，重排甾烷含量高，C29甾烷＞＞C27甾烷＞C28甾烷。石蜡指数、庚烷值表明原油为高成熟凝析油，甲基菲指数MPI表明原油为未熟—低藏原油，C29甾烷20S／(20S 20R)值表明原油为成熟原油。这种成熟度的差异可能与不同成熟度原油的混合作用有关。油气主要充注时间为6—15Ma。凝析油的主体可能源于泰州组烃源岩，凝析油的形成与蒸发分信作用密不可分。     

溱潼凹陷红庄油田凝析油的油源及成藏期

根据原油和烃源岩中三芳甾烷及甲基三芳甾烷组成特征,结合稳定碳同位素值,分析了苏北盆地溱潼凹陷红庄油田古近系凝析油的油源特征。结果表明,红庄油田凝析油主要来源于溱潼凹陷深部烃源岩,而并非来自于古近系烃源岩。应用储层岩石流体包裹体测试技术,根据油气包裹体特征及盐水包裹体均一化温度,结合地层埋藏史,分析了红庄油田S245井戴一段砂岩储层流体成藏期次。研究表明,与烃类包裹体共生的盐水包裹体均一化温度分布范围主要介于80～110℃,油气充注时期为新近纪中新世晚期,开始充注的时间大约为6 Ma。     

中—上奥陶统:塔里木盆地的主要油源层

塔里木盆地下古生界存在中—下寒武统和中—上奥陶统两套有效烃源层。前者 R。已达2.0％以上,只能作为有效气源岩;后者成熟度适中且有一定分布范围,是塔里木盆地最现实的烃源层,可分为三段,其中以上奥陶统中部的印干组和良里塔格组最具重要意义。对盆地中海相原油与寒武系和奥陶系岩石抽提物中甲基甾垸、三芳甲基甾烷及降胆甾烷的分布进行直观对比,表明原油与中—上奥陶统存在亲缘关系,而与寒武系无明显相关。全盆地所有钻遇的寒武系岩样,C_(27)—C_(28)—C_(29)甾烷碳数分布呈“斜线”型或反“L”型,而绝大部分中一上奥陶统岩样则呈不对称“V”字型分布。所分析的储层沥青的甾烷碳数分布与上述寒武系岩样一致,说明寒武系生油岩在地质历史上确曾生过油。包括塔中4、轮南、桑塔木和东河塘等在内的工业性油田产出的油,其甾烷碳数都呈不对称“V”字型分布,只有极少数的油样呈“斜线”或反“L”型分布,因此塔里木盆地的原油主要与中—上奥陶统相关,而与寒武系相关极少。运用C_7温度参数评价原油成熟度,结果为塔里木盆地主要油区原油的形成温度在117～133℃之间,对应的 R。值为0.78％～0.92％,只相当于中等成熟阶段,可以推断它们不可能源于寒武系,只能源于奥陶系。     

中一上奥陶统：塔里木盆地的主要油源层

塔里木盆地下古生界存在中一下寒武统和中一上奥陶统两套有效烃源层。前者R。已达2．0％以上,只能作为有效气源岩;后者成熟度适中且有一定分布范围,是塔里木盆地最现实的烃源层,可分为三段,其中以上奥陶统中部的印干组和良里塔格组最具重要意义。对盆地中海相原油与寒武系和奥陶系岩石抽提物中甲基甾烷、三芳甲基甾烷及降胆甾烷的分布进行直观对比,表明原油与中—上奥陶统存在亲缘关系,而与寒武系无明显相关。全盆地所有钻遇的寒武系岩样,C27—C28—C2。甾烷碳数分布呈“斜线”型或反“L”型,而绝大部分中—上奥陶统岩样则呈不对称“V”字型分布。所分析的储层沥青的甾烷碳数分布与上述寒武系岩样一致,说明寒武系生油岩在地质历史上确曾生过油。包括塔中4、轮南、桑塔木和东河塘等在内的工业性油田产出的油,其甾烷碳数都呈不对称“V”字型分布,只有极少数的油样呈“斜线”或反“L”型分布,因此塔里木盆地的原油主要与中—上奥陶统相关,而与寒武系相关极少。运用G温度参数评价原油成熟度,结果为塔里木盆地主要油区原油的形成温度在117～133℃之间,对应的R。值为0．78％～0．92％,只相当干中等成熟阶段,可以推断它们不可能源干寒武系,只能源干奥陶系。     

麦盖提斜坡玛南构造带鹰山组包裹体古流体压力特征

储层中流体古压力特征对刻画油气充注状态具有指示意义,流体包裹体PVTx热动力学模拟应用包裹体组分、均一温度和气液比,结合模拟软件可以恢复包裹体被捕获时的古流体压力,以塔里木盆地麦盖提斜坡玛南构造带鹰山组为例,首先应用激光共聚焦扫描显微镜测量油包裹体气液比,然后通过冷热台显微测温获得流体包裹体均一温度,最后通过荧光光谱仪,研究原油成熟度,综合划分了油气充注幕次并恢复了各幕次流体古压力,该应用有效区分了不同幕次流体古压力值。研究结果表明:玛南构造带鹰山组存在2期油气充注,第1期发生在海西中晚期,主要充注发橙色荧光的原油,其油包裹体均一温度范围43~59.2℃,伴生的同期盐水包裹体均一温度范围58.1~85.3℃,古流体压力为13.63~14.78 MPa,依据油包裹体荧光光谱参数判断该期原油为低成熟原油;第2期发生在喜山期晚期,主要充注发黄绿色、蓝绿色、蓝白色荧光颜色的原油,其油包裹体均一温度范围66~142.3℃,伴生的同期盐水包裹体均一温度范围95.4~189.2℃,古流体压力为20.09~33.52 Mpa,该期原油为中—高成熟度。研究结果有助于深化勘探区油气成藏规律的认识。     

塔中古生界储层中流体包裹体成分分析及其意义

对塔中地区30个储层包裹体样品进行了MCI(包裹体成分)与单体烃同位素分析.观察到包裹油与储层油既有区别又有联系.共有6个包裹体特别是下奥陶统样品显示C28-甾烷丰度相对较高、甾烷异构化程度相对较低、低分子量甾萜类化合物丰度相对较高等寒武系的成因特征,指示寒武系源岩对塔中地区有成烃贡献.多数分析包裹油显示中上奥陶统成因生物标志物特征,以及介于寒武系与中上奥陶统成因原油之间的单体正构烷烃同位素特征,个别包裹油显示与中上奥陶统完全一致的单体同位素与生物标志物特征,指示中上奥陶统对塔中地区也具有成烃贡献.塔中部分包裹油与储层油间、包裹油间显著的地球化学性质差异,指示该区具明显的多期成藏特征.塔中储层包裹体成分分析可有效地用于识别端员油、多期充注与混源聚集、恢复生物降解、气侵等次生改造原油面貌.流体包裹体成分分析对于叠合盆地的油气成因与成藏过程研究有重要意义.     

江苏句容-黄桥地区有机包裹体形成期次和捕获温度、压力的PVTsim模拟计算

据流体包裹体显微镜观测和石油包裹体群的气体色谱和全烃色谱、色谱-质谱分析结果，句容和黄桥地区三叠系和下二叠系地层中的石油包裹体明显不同，句容地区三叠系灰岩储层中的石油包裹体的个体较大，在透光下为黄色一棕黄色，荧光显微镜下发亮黄色荧光，包裹体中气态烃的C1／C2-5，比值较低，液态烃中三环萜炕、五环三萜烷和规则甾烷系列的生物标志物化合物含量比较丰富，而句容和黄桥地区下二叠系石油包裹体比较细小，发黄色-黄绿色荧光，包裹体中气态烃的C1／C2-5。比值较高，液态烃中均难检测到甾萜烷系列的生物标志物。由流体包裹体均一温度等观测资料与捕获温度、捕获压力的PVTsim的模拟计算结果：句容地区三叠系储层的石油包裹体捕获温度Tr=107．9℃，捕获压力Pr=289bar，约相当于白垩纪晚期（90～83Ma）充注成藏。句容地区下二叠深灰色灰岩中分布的油包裹体的捕获温度Tr=123℃，捕获压力Pr=305．95bar，反映白垩系晚期还有一期温度比较高的含烃流体充注的现象。黄桥地区在含CO2气藏的下二叠系存在有交切关系的，黄色和黄绿色两种荧光性质不同的石油包裹体，前者模拟计算的捕获温度Tr=97．3℃，捕获压力Pr=184．75bar，后者模拟计算的捕获温度Tr=145．5℃，捕获压力Pr=220．05bar，分别相当于白垩纪晚期（95～90Ma）和白垩纪末期（65～60Ma）有合烃流体运聚现象。但是，由于在白垩纪末-第三纪的抬升作用阶段，油气大量散失，因此在喜山期大量无机CO2充注成藏时期，储层中已不合烃类流体。     

塔里木盆地于奇西地区奥陶系原油特征及油气充注过程

塔里木盆地沙雅隆起北部于奇西地区奥陶系为重质油勘探区,但于奇西1井（YQX1）奥陶系钻遇中-轻质油.为探求其油气来源,通过沙雅隆起52件原油样品的金刚烷化合物分析,于奇西地区奥陶系131件岩心样品的岩石学观察、流体包裹体系统分析测试和同一期次油包裹体的气相色谱（GC）分析及色谱-质谱（GC-MS）分析,运用流体包裹体均一温度、单井埋藏史-热史图确定油气充注年龄,结合研究区断裂特征和盖层分布特征总结其油气成藏模式.结果表明,研究区原油普遍遭受生物降解作用并局部存在稠油与轻质油混合现象,同时奥陶系发育2~3期油气充注,分别为加里东晚期（452.5~420.5 Ma）、燕山期（150.2~100.6 Ma）和喜山期（20.1~2.1 Ma）;早期油气藏中原油因构造抬升发生生物降解而稠油化,晚期轻质油沿基底和寒武-奥陶系NW、NNE向走滑断裂垂向充注对早期油气藏进行混合改造,形成一定范围的中-轻质油藏.      

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861