厦门海域水体无机氮和活性磷酸盐含量的变化趋势

根据2003～2008年每年丰水期、枯水期和平水期于厦门海域开展的海洋环境调查的资料,研究了该海域水体无机氮和活性磷酸盐含量区域分布和时间变化趋势.结果表明,调查期间该海域水体无机氮和活性磷酸盐平均含量都较高,分别为0.50、0.031 mg/dm^3.其营养盐含量的区域分布相差较大,其中九龙江口水体无机氮含量最高,年均含量为0.52～1.37 mg/dm^3;厦门西港水体活性磷酸盐含量最高,年均含量为0.039～0.061 mg/dm^3;而大嶝海域水体无机氮和活性磷酸盐含量最低,年均含量分别为0.06～0.22、0.007～0.016 mg/dm^3.调查期间全海域水体无机氮含量呈逐年增加趋势,活性磷酸盐含量在2003～2005年间呈上升趋势,而2005～2008年则有小幅度的下降.厦门海域水体N/P原子比较高,调查期间全海域年均值为27.4～47.5,且呈逐年增加趋势.无机氮含量的明显增加趋势及越来越严重的N/P比失衡,势必对该海域海洋生态系统尤其是浮游植物群落演替产生不良影响.此外,研究还发现厦门海域水体无机氮含量与盐度呈高度负相关（r=-0.96,n=30）.这有力地证明了九龙江径流输入是厦门海域无机氮的最主要来源.     

春季刘公岛南部海域浮游生物群落特征

利用2014年4月在威海刘公岛南部毗邻海域获取的生物样品,研究了该海域叶绿素a浓度分布趋势,以及浮游生物的种类组成、丰度分布、优势种和群落多样性。结果显示,调查海域表层叶绿素a浓度平均值(9.51μg/L)高于底层(8.97μg/L),表层叶绿素a浓度分布趋势呈现为由近岸向外海逐渐增加。本次调查共记录浮游植物25属41种,其中硅藻21属36种,占浮游植物总种数的87.8%;甲藻4属5种,占总种数的12.2%。调查海域硅藻(3.16×105 cells/m3)和甲藻(0.52×105 cells/m3)的平均丰度分别占浮游植物总丰度(3.67×105cells/m3)的85.9%和14.1%。硅藻在浮游植物物种数和丰度上都占显著优势。浮游植物优势种为威氏圆筛藻(Coscinodiscus wailesii)、丹麦细柱藻(Leptocylindrus danicus)、新月菱形藻(Nitzschia closterium)、长菱形藻(N.longissima)、柔弱几内亚藻(Guinardia delicatula)和夜光藻(Noctiluca scientillans)。该海域浮游动物共记录18种、浮游幼虫7类,合计共25种。其中浮游动物成体分别隶属于刺胞动物(3种)、甲壳动物(桡足类9种,端足类3种、糠虾1种)和毛颚动物(2种)。调查海域桡足类在浮游动物种类和丰度上占优势,平均丰度占浮游动物总丰度的40.3%。浮游动物优势种为双毛纺锤水蚤(Acartia bifilosa)、腹针胸刺水蚤(Centropages abdominalis)、中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)、钩虾(Gammaridea)和长尾类幼体(Macrura larva)。     

2012年春季渤海湾天津近岸海域网采浮游植物群落结构初探

于2012年春季(5月)调查了渤海湾天津近岸海域的网采浮游植物群落,经初步分析发现网采浮游植物共2门17属28种,其中硅藻26种,占种类组成的92.9%;甲藻2种,占种类组成的7.1%。调查海域浮游植物以广温型近岸种为主,主要优势种为柔弱几内亚藻Guinardia delicatula、中华齿状藻Odontella sinensis、布氏双尾藻Ditylum brightwellii和格氏圆筛藻Coscinodiscus granii;调查海域网采浮游植物细胞丰度的分布主要由浮游硅藻的分布所决定,高值区主要分布在塘沽、大港和歧口周围海域;20个站位根据浮游植物的物种及丰度相似性可以划分为5组;浮游植物物种多样性指数在0.43～3.59之间,平均为2.15,多样性指数出现由南、北向中央逐渐缩小的趋势;水温、DO、pH值和无机氮与浮游植物种类组成和细胞丰度分布呈最大等级相关,这4个环境因子是对观察到的群落结构的最好解释。     

2010-2011年深圳湾浮游植物季节变化及其与环境因子关系

2010-2011年对深圳湾水采浮游植物进行了4个航次的现场调查,共鉴定出浮游植物5门45属83种,硅藻门占总种数的83.1%,甲藻门占10.8%。种类组成以广温广盐种和暖水种为主,中肋骨条藻(skeletonema costatum)为该海域常年优势种。此次调查发现深圳湾海域浮游植物丰度年波动范围为9.63~19904.0×103/L,平均值为964.5×103/L表现为秋季最高,夏、冬季次之,春季最低。浮游植物多样性指数及均匀度指数偏低,群落结构单一,稳定性较差。春季由于受到深圳河与降水的影响,水采浮游植物丰度最低;秋季各个环境条件适宜,浮游植物丰度达到最大;冬季温度成为限制浮游植物生长的重要因子。     

2012年夏季南海西北部网采浮游植物群落结构

根据2012年8—9月在南海西北部海区的采样调查,对网采浮游植物的群落结构进行了研究。本次调查共检出浮游植物206种(包括变种及变形),隶属于4门55属,其中硅藻门40属114种,占总种数的55.3%;甲藻门10属86种,占总种数的41.7%。浮游植物平均细胞丰度为66.67×10⁴cells·m^-3,硅藻平均细胞丰度为65.79×10⁴cells·m^-3,甲藻平均细胞丰度为0.88×10⁴cells·m^-3。优势种为伏氏海线藻 Thalassionema franenfeldii、翼根管藻 Rhizosolenia alata和菱形海线藻 Halassionema nizschioides。调查海区的Shannon-Weiner多样性指数(H′)平均值为2.67,高值区位于西沙群岛和调查区东部。对比分析浮游植物细胞丰度与环境因子可知,浮游植物细胞丰度高和种类多的区域,其水体营养盐含量也高,说明营养物质与该区浮游植物细胞丰度分布和群落结构密切相关。     

链状裸甲藻赤潮消亡过程及其与休眠包囊关系的初步研究

本文对2018年6月10-14日在泉州湾海域发生的一次链状裸甲藻(Gymnodinium catenatum)赤潮的消亡过程进行研究。在现场跟踪监测,共设置4个站位,进行6个航次海洋环境及浮游植物的调查。结合本文对泉州湾海域甲藻包囊的调查研究,探索休眠包囊与赤潮生消过程的关系。研究结果显示,赤潮发生时海况良好,水温和盐度分别介于27.1～28.2℃和29.7～31.4之间,活性磷酸盐和无机氮浓度分别介于未检出至0.045 4 mg/L和0.050～0.281 mg/L之间,赤潮生物密度与营养盐浓度没有呈现显著的相关关系,大风大浪是导致赤潮消亡的重要原因;赤潮消亡过程中共鉴定出浮游植物3门48属100种,硅藻门种类最多;赤潮消亡期间浮游植物群落结构发生变化,前期链状裸甲藻占绝对优势,最高密度达(7.02±0.11)×10⁶ cells/L,后期中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)和旋链角毛藻(Chaetoceros curvisetus)代替链状裸甲藻成为优势种,且浮游植物种类数明显增加;同时在泉州湾海域共鉴定甲藻包囊5大类37种和1种未定种,平均...     

2000年夏季南极普里兹湾及邻近海域浮游植物研究

报道了2000年夏季(1月)在62°~69°S,70°30'~75°30'E的南极普里兹湾邻近海域浮游植物种类组成、丰度分布、叶绿素a浓度及其环境调控.结果表明,调查海区共有浮游植物4门33属65种、变种和变型.浮游植物平均细胞丰度为32.67×103个/dm3.浮游植物细胞丰度和叶绿素a浓度高值均出现在水体较稳定的近岸海湾和冰间湖及毗邻陆架,在大陆坡和深海区它们的值明显减小.浮游植物细胞丰度和叶绿素a浓度在0~50m水层最大,100m以下水层随深度的增加而减小.浮游植物丰度呈昼夜变化,在13:00丰度最高.浮游植物优势种为短菱形藻(Nitzschiacurta),占总丰度的24.8%.浮游植物种类组成和细胞丰度与浮冰和水团稳定性有关.经回归分析,浮游植物细胞丰度与水温、溶解氧成显著正相关,与无机磷(PO_{43--P)和无机氮(NO3--N)成显著负相关.}     

珠江河口咸潮期间浮游植物的群落特征

根据2007年底至2008年初珠江河口咸潮入侵期间大潮和小潮的两次调查资料, 对浮游植物的种类组成、种数和细胞密度的分布等群落特征进行了分析, 并探讨环境因素对浮游植物群落的影响。共鉴定浮游植物76种, 包括38种硅藻、18种绿藻、14种甲藻、4种蓝藻和2种裸藻。浮游植物种数分布有明显的空间变化, 一般从河口上段至下段种数减少; 大潮时浮游植物的种数低于小潮时, 并且各水层之间浮游植物种数分布不均匀。优势种以淡水硅藻为主, 如颗粒直链藻Melosira granulata、颗粒直链藻最窄变种 Melosira granulata v. angustissima、小环藻 Cyclotella sp.和海链藻Thalassiosira sp.等; 河口上段的站优势种突出, 密度分布不均匀, 均匀度值比较低。大潮和小潮期间浮游植物细胞密度的平均值分别为53.80×104个.L-1和62.21×104个.L-1, 变化范围为(1.48— 290.41)×104个-L-1和(1.52—283.62)×104个.L-1; 二者的平面分布趋势基本相同, 由河口上段至下段呈递减的格局; 硅藻类的细胞密度占明显优势。浮游植物的种类组成、种数和细胞密度的分布受盐度、营养盐等环境因子的影响, 并且具有明显的潮周期性。     

莱州湾海水中营养盐分布与富营养化的关系

根据2001年5月和9月2个航次莱州湾海区海水营养盐等的调查资料,分析了该海域海水中5项营养盐的分布特征及时空变化,评价了水质的富营养化状况。结果表明,溶解无机氮的平均浓度为9.80μmol/dm3,2个季节中溶解无机氮以NO3-N浓度为最高,平均为7.61μmol/dm3,占总无机氮的77.65%,是莱州湾海水中的无机氮主要形式;活性磷酸盐的平均浓度为0.48μmol/dm3,活性硅酸盐的平均浓度为11.31μmol/dm3。研究发现,莱州湾海水中溶解无机氮和活性磷酸盐浓度分别是12 a前的2.03倍和3.2倍。DIN∶P,Si∶P,Si∶DIN比值分别为69.5,34.2,1.4;因此,磷酸盐为限制因素。按照营养状态指数值,莱州湾海区湾顶近岸海域划分为富营养化区,秋季一旦水文气象等条件适宜有发生赤潮的可能。     

香港海域2004年浮游植物群落结构特征

根据 2004 年冬、春、夏和秋季对香港海域(东部、中部、西部和南部水域共取 7 个站位)的浮游植物进行采样调查,分析了香港海域浮游植物的种类组成、丰度、优势种、群落组成、多样性和均匀度等群落特征.2004 年香港海域的浮游植物共鉴定了 73 属 196 种(含变种和变型),其中潜在赤潮种 88 种,丰度范围在 9.17 × 103 cells / L ～ 8.56 × 106 cells / L之间,平均值为 9.51 × 105 cells / L.丰度的周年变化曲线呈单峰型,夏季高,秋冬季节低.香港海域的浮游植物种类多样性较高,以暖水性和广分布性种类为主;浮游植物群落与上世纪 70 年代相比,仍以硅藻为主导,但甲藻和微型隐藻的优势有所增加.由于海洋环境特点的不同,香港不同海域的群落组成差异显著.     

Size-fractionated uranium isotopes in surface waters in the Jiulong Estuary in China

Surface water was collected from the Jiulong Estuary for determination of activity concentrations of uranium isotopes in different size fractions, namely, greater than 53, 10 -53, 2 - 10, 0.4 -2 μm, 10 000 u -0.4 μm and less than 10 000 u fractions by microfihration and cross-flow uhrafiltration technologies. Results indicated that most of the dissolved uranium （ 〈 0.4 μm） exis- ted in the low molecular mass fraction （ 〈 10 000 u）, and the colloidal uranium-238 （10 000 u -0.4 μm） only contributed less than 1% of the dissolved uranium-238. The fractions of colloidal uranium in the dissolved phases decreased with the increasing sa- linity. A positive linear relationship between uranium-238 activities and salinities was observed for the dissolved, colloidal and low molecular mass fractions, indicating a conservative behavior of uranium in the Jiulong Estuary. In the particulate phases （ 〉 0.4 μm）, the partitioning of uranium isotopes among different size fractions was controlled by the partitioning of particle concentrations. In the regions with salinities below 20, the partitioning of uranium-238 among different size fractions was as follows： 10 - 53 μm 〉 2 - 10 μm 〉 0.4 - 2 μm greater than above 53 μm. However, the order at the offshore station with salinities above 30 changed as follows ： 0.4 - 2 μm 〉 10 - 53 μm 〉 2 - 10 μm greater than above 53 μm. The fraction of the 0.4 - 2 μm particles increased at the offshore station, suggesting the increased contribution of the authigenic uranium. The activity ratio of uranium-234 to uranium-238 in the dissolved phases, including the low molecular mass fraction and the colloidal fraction, was larger than unity, showing the occurrence of excess uranium-234. In contrast, the activity ratio of uranium-234 to uranium-238 in all size fractions of the particulate phase was close to the equilibrium value （1.0）. The observed different values of the activity ratio of uranium-234 to uranium-238 in the dissolved phase and the partic     

夏季珠江口沉积物中营养盐剖面分布和界面交换通量

通过对夏季珠江口区域沉积物间隙水营养盐剖面分析,调查了营养盐含量分布和特征,探讨了有机物的降解特性、营养盐的底部通量估算和作用.结果表明,珠江口沉积物间隙水中营养盐以高含量铵盐为主要的存在形式,沉积物中有机物的降解反应主要在厌氧状态下进行,底部水体铵盐的增加来源于底部沉积物有机质的降解释放,而且对水体的营养盐循环有较大的贡献.     

Recent progress in submarine geosciences in China

In China submarine geosciences represents a newly established discipline of oceanography, focusing on the oceanic lithosphere, and its interface with the hydrosphere and biosphere. Recently, supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program and other high-tech development projects, significant progress has been made in the development of advanced technologies and equipment. This en- ables the scientists in China to carry out explorations of the international seabed area in the Pacific Ocean and on the Southwest Indian Ridge. In addition, they have been active in the research activities associated the mid-ocean ridges and western Pacific marginal seas. It is anticipated that this research field will continue to be highly fruitful in the near future.     

湄洲湾夏季的初级生产力

湄洲湾１９９２年夏季的叶绿素ａ，三磷酸腺苷，碳比积累速率，初级生产力的变化范围和均值分别为０．４５－４．７２，１．４９ｍｇ／ｍ＾３；０．１２－１．０７，０．３１μｇ／ｄｍ＾３；０．０６－０．５８，０．３４ｄ＾－１；０．０７－０．３４，０．２１ｍ／（ｍ＾２．ｄ）。叶绿素ａ与三磷酸腺苷之间。初级生产力与碳比积累速率之间均呈正相关关系。叶绿素ａ三磷本能腺苷的比值为４．８，湄洲湾夏季浮游植物的生长受氮不足     

Challenges in cross-sectoral marine protection in Europe

Marine environment protection in Europe faces a number of challenges. One is the coordination of relevant sectoral policies — such as agricultural and fisheries policies — with regard to marine protection objectives. The question in the following is on how marine protection issues can be more closely integrated in sectoral policies under the conditions prevailing at present. In particular the strength and weaknesses of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) as the key instrument for marine environment protection in Europe are analyzed in this context. In particular, the MSFD does not adequately address all sectors and policies which are relevant to marine environment protection. One possible means of giving the MSFD greater influences on other policies of relevance to marine waters is to integrate the objectives established under the MSFD in the European maritime policy. The aim should be to require the further development of sectoral policies to take unrestricted account of the objectives of the MSFD implementation process. But also other instruments of marine policy such as maritime spatial planning and marine protected areas are crucial to advance the protection of European seas.     

Recent advances in marine technology in Canada

Much of the recent Canadian activity in marine technology has focused on development of capabilities in Arctic waters, and on the update and replacement of naval vessels. This paper describes some of the significant projects and programs now under way, and suggests future research and development requirements.     

一氧化氮在浮游植物中的研究进展

对一氧化氮在浮游植物中的研究进展进行了归纳,总结了一氧化氮对浮游植物生长的影响,探讨了浮游植物中一氧化氮的产生机制,并对今后的研究重点提出展望。     

Seasonality in nutrient concentrations in Galveston Bay

In order to investigate factors controlling nutrient cycling in the shallow and turbid coastal ecosystem of Galveston Bay, data from: (1) the Texas Water Commission (TWC) database 1980–1989, and (2) salinity transects in 1989 and 1993 are presented and analyzed. Statistical regression and time-series analysis were carried out on data acquired by TWC between 1980 and 1989, in an attempt to establish seasonally of nutrient and chlorophyll-a (chl.-a.) concentrations in the bay and to determine factors which regulate these concentrations.A strong seasonality was found for phosphorus and chl.-a. in the upper and mid-bay stations. A recurring maximum for phosphate occurred in September and a chl.-a. maximum occurred regularly in March–April. It is hypothesized that benthic regeneration of phosphorus at the end of summer is responsible for the phosphate maximum. The inverse correlation of the partition coefficient (K_d) for phosphate with the concentration of suspended particulate matter (SPM), coupled to a strong enrichment of phosphate in suspended particles at low SPM concentrations, indicates additional control by geochemical and physical processes such as particle sorting and/or particle-colloid interactions. Nitrate is inversely correlated with salinity at the upper and mid-bay stations, indicating the Trinity River is a major source.Nutrient concentrations in the lower bay (East and West Bay stations) are considerably lower and less predictable, as they are not correlated with salinity or temperature. Data from the 1989 and 1993 transects confirm the yearly maximum in phosphate concentration in late summer months, with peak concentrations in the upper Trinity Bay. It is concluded that despite possible phosphate buffering by physical and geochemical mechanisms, relatively large concentration maxima recur regularly every year during the summer, possibly caused by a benthic source of phosphate.     

中国海洋腹足类分类学研究进展——纪念中国科学院海洋研究所建所70周年

中国科学院海洋研究所建所70年来,在海洋贝类分类学研究领域取得了长足发展与进步,做出一系列开创性研究成果。本文综述了建所以来我所海洋腹足类分类学研究方面的主要进展,概述了取得的主要科研成果,分析了现代腹足类分类学研究的发展趋势以及面临的挑战,并对今后的发展提出了相应对策和建议。