黄、渤海二甲基硫化物的浓度分布与迁移转化速率研究

于2015年8-9月对黄、渤海海域进行现场调查,研究了海水中二甲基硫（DMS）、β-二甲巯基丙酸内盐（DMSP）、二甲亚砜（DMSO）的浓度分布、相互关系及影响因素,测定了DMS的生物生产与消耗、光化学氧化和海-气扩散速率,对DMS的迁移转化速率进行综合评价。结果表明:表层海水中DMS、溶解态DMSP（DMSPd）、颗粒态DMSP（DMSPp）、溶解态DMSO（DMSOd）和颗粒态DMSO（DMSOp）浓度的平均值分别为（6.12±3.01）nmol/L、（6.03±3.45）nmol/L、（19.47±9.15）nmol/L、（16.85±8.34）nmol/L和（14.37±7.47）nmol/L,整体呈现近岸高远海低,表层高底层低的趋势。DMS、DMSPd和DMSOp浓度与叶绿素（Chl a）浓度存在显著的相关性。表层海水中DMS光氧化速率顺序为:k_UVA > k_UVB > k_可见,其中UVA波段占光氧化的70.8%。夏季黄、渤海微生物消耗、光氧化及海-气扩散对DMS去除的贡献率分别为32.4%、34.5%和33.1%,表明3种去除途径作用相当。黄、渤海DMS海-气通量变化范围为0.79~48.45 μmol/（m2·d）,平均值为（11.87±11.35）μmol/（m2·d）。     

北黄海二甲基硫(DMS)的海-气释放及其对气溶胶中非海盐硫酸盐的贡献

根据2006年7～8月和2007年1月对北黄海进行的大面调查,分析研究了夏冬季表层海水中二甲基硫(DMS)的浓度分布和海-气交换通量.研究表明:表层海水以及大气中DMS浓度季节变化明显,夏季平均值分别是冬季的3.2和3.7倍.相关性分析显示,海水中DMS和Chl a浓度存在明显的相关性,说明浮游植物生物量是影响DMS浓度分布的1个重要因素.利用Liss和Merlivat公式(LM86)估算了北黄海夏冬季DMS的海-气交换通量,其平均值分别为7.31和4.98 μmol·m-2·d-1.另外,根据测定的大气中甲基磺酸盐(MSA)和非海盐硫酸盐(Nss-SO2-4)的浓度及比例,估算出夏冬季北黄海生源硫释放对气溶胶中Nss-SO2-4的贡献比例分别为10.1%和2.8%.此结果表明北黄海大气中Nss-SO2-4主要来源于人为排放.     

春秋季南黄海二甲基硫(DMS)与二甲巯基丙酸(DMSP)的浓度分布研究

Temporal distributions of dimethylsulfide(DMS) and dimethylsulfoniopropionate(DMSP) were studied in the southern Yellow Sea(SYS) during April and September 2010. The mean concentrations(range) of DMS, dissolved and particulate DMSP(DMSPd and DMSPp) in the surface waters in spring are 1.69(0.48–4.92), 3.18(0.68–6.75)and 15.81(2.82–52.33) nmol/L, respectively, and those in autumn are 2.80(1.33–5.10), 5.45(2.19–11.30) and 30.63(6.24–137.87) nmol/L. On the whole, the distributions of DMS and DMSP in spring are completely different from those in autumn. In the central part of the SYS, the concentrations of DMS and DMSP in spring are obviously higher than those in autumn, but the opposite situation is found on the south of 34°N, which can be attributed to the differences in nutrients and phytoplankton biomass and composition between spring and autumn. Besides,the seasonal variations of water column stability and the Changjiang diluted water also have significant impact on the distributions of DMS and DMSP in spring and autumn on the south of 34°N. DMS and DMSPp concentrations coincide well with chlorophyll a(Chl a) levels in the spring cruise, suggesting that phytoplankton biomass may play an important role in controlling the distributions of DMS and DMSPp in the study area. Annual DMS emission rates range from 0.015 to 0.033 Tg/a(calculated by S), respectively, using the equations of Liss and Merlivat(1986) and Wanninkhof(1992). This result implies a significant relative contribution of the SYS to the global oceanic DMS fluxes.     

二甲基硫的海洋化学研究

二甲基硫（ＤＭＳ） 是海洋排放到大气中的最主要的生源硫化物。作者综述了ＤＭＳ在海洋中的分布特征、影响ＤＭＳ转化的因素、ＤＭＳ的海空扩散及其对环境的影响等。ＤＭＳ在海洋中存在很大程度的时空变化,这一变化不仅与海洋初级生产力水平有关,而且还与浮游植物的种类组成密切相关。微生物的降解、光化学的氧化以及海空扩散是ＤＭＳ在海洋中迁移变化的三个最重要的途径。ＤＭＳ的海－ 空扩散也存在较大的时空变化。ＤＭＳ的释放会对全球的气候变化和酸雨的形成产生重要的影响。本文同时就国内外的研究现状和今后的研究方向进行了分析和总结。     

秋季东海二甲基硫和二甲巯基丙酸内盐浓度分布及降解速率研究

于2013年10~11月现场测定了东海中二甲基硫(DMS)及其前体物质二甲巯基丙酸内盐(DMSP,分为溶解态DMSPd和颗粒态DMSPp)的含量,研究其水平分布特征、DMSPp的粒径分布及DMSPd的降解速率,并对DMS的海-气交换通量进行了探讨。研究结果表明,表层海水中DMS、DMSPd和DMSPp的浓度平均值分别为(4.84±0.40)、(5.84±0.93)和(13.01±0.52)nmol·L-1。海水中DMSPd的降解速率在2.59~16.36nmol·L-1·d-1之间,平均值为(6.78±0.84)nmol·L-1·d-1。调查海域范围内,小型浮游植物(20μm)是DMSPp和叶绿素a(Chl a)重要贡献者。此外,秋季东海表层海水DMS的海-气交换通量为0.66~31.73μmol·m-2·d-1,平均值为(11.63±0.71)μmol·m-2·d-1。     

格陵兰海气溶胶光学深度、海冰、浮游植物与二甲基硫的关系及其对未来气候的影响

dimethylsulphide (DMS)的海空通量是海洋生物气溶胶的主要来源之一,对气候（特别是北冰洋的气候）具有重要的辐射影响。利用卫星数据得到的气溶胶光学深度(AOD)作为气溶胶负荷的代表,在夏季和秋季表现的尤其明显。春季海冰的融化是北极气溶胶前体的重要来源。然而,早春的高浓度气溶胶可能与南方大陆污染的平流有关(北极霾)。更高的AOD通常在研究区域的南部出现。海冰浓度(SIC)和AOD呈正相关,而云盖(CLD)和AOD则呈负相关。SIC和CLD的季节性峰值均在AOD峰值的前一个月。AOD与SIC之间存在强烈的正相关关系。融冰与叶绿素（CHL)几乎在3月至9月呈正相关,但与春季和初夏的AOD呈负相关。春季和初夏较高的AOD有可能是由融冰和春季强风在该地区的结合影响。由于春季风的升高和冰的融化,在春季出现了DMS通量的峰值。从3月到五月,DMS浓度和AOD及融冰都呈正相关。早秋季升高的AOD可能与浮游植物合成的生物气溶胶的排放有关。到2100年,格陵兰海的DMS通量将增加3倍以上。生物气溶胶的显著增加可以部分抵消格陵兰海的增温现象。     

渤海模型冰运动特征的现场观测研究

Sea ice drift is mainly controlled by ocean currents, local wind, and internal ice stress. Information on sea ice motion, especially in situ synchronous observation of an ice velocity, a current velocity, and a wind speed, is of great significance to identify ice drift characteristics. A sea ice substitute, the so-called "modelled ice", which is made by polypropylene material with a density similar to Bohai Sea ice, is used to complete a free drift experiment in the open sea. The trajectories of isolated modelled ice, currents and wind in the Bohai Sea during non-frozen and frozen periods are obtained. The results show that the currents play a major role while the wind plays a minor role in the free drift of isolated modelled ice when the wind is mild in the Bohai Sea. The modelled ice drift is significantly affected by the ocean current and wind based on the ice–current–wind relationship established by a multiple linear regression. The modelled ice velocity calculated by the multiple linear regression is close to that of the in situ observation, the magnitude of the error between the calculated and observed ice velocities is less than12.05%, and the velocity direction error is less than 6.21°. Thus, the ice velocity can be estimated based on the observed current velocity and wind speed when the in situ observed ice velocity is missing. And the modelled ice of same thickness with a smaller density is more sensitive to the current velocity and the wind speed changes. In addition, the modelled ice drift characteristics are shown to be close to those of the real sea ice, which indicates that the modelled ice can be used as a good substitute of real ice for in situ observation of the free ice drift in the open sea, which helps solve time availability, safety and logistics problems related to in situ observation on real ice.     

海浪方向谱的现场观测与分析

方向谱是海浪的基本性质之一。本文在国内首次采用测波仪阵列法在渤海采油平台上成功地观测到海浪方向谱，给出了当地随波浪成长而变化的方向谱表达式。观测前采用数模和模型试验方法，对阵列的布置型式、测波仪间距和平台等对观测结果的影响，以及现有各种方向谱分析方法的精度等进行了对比分析，为提高观测精度，保证方向谱分析的质量提供了依据。     

夏季北黄海和渤海海水中几种挥发性卤代烃的分布和通量研究

本文以渤海和北黄海为研究海域,于2011年6月对其海水中4种常见的挥发性卤代烃(VHCs)的浓度分布和海-气通量进行了研究。结果表明:渤海表层海水中CHBrCl2、CH3CCl3、C2HCl3和C2Cl4的浓度分别为5.33(0.66～12.65)、17.51(0.28～69.52)、12.33(3.44～34.91)和5.20(2.12～8.88)pmol.L-1,北黄海表层海水中4种VHCs的浓度分别为5.19(0.50～56.74)、11.12(2.73～22.32)、17.22(0.57～34.10)和7.90(2.59～26.82)pmol.L-1。由于生物生产、人为输入、陆地径流等因素的共同作用,VHCs的浓度在水平方向上呈现出近岸高、远海低的分布特征。在垂直方向上,VHCs在表层和底层浓度较高,中层浓度较低。周日变化研究表明,由于受到阴雨天天气变化的影响,VHCs在傍晚和深夜浓度较大,中午浓度较低。采用Liss和Salter双层模型,估算了CHBrCl2、C2HCl3和C2Cl43种VHCs的海-气通量,在渤海其通量分别为35.06(0.90～108.72)、68.10(1.87～223.43)、26.15(0.25～110.76)nmol.m-2.d-1,在北黄海分别为34.50(-0.10～317.95)、36.70(0.06～162.3)、19.92(0.22～117.92)nmol.m-2.d-1,结果表明该海域在调查期间是大气CHBrCl2、C2HCl3和C2Cl4的源。     

北黄海海水中挥发性卤代烃的分布和海-气通量研究

用吹扫-捕集气相色谱法对北黄海常见的4种挥发性卤代烃(VHC)的研究表明,秋季北黄海表层海水中CHCl3,C2HCl3,CHBr2Cl和CHBr3的浓度和平均值分别为9.9~63.4(14.1±8.1),7.1~29.4(15.4±6.2),0.1~30.3(8.8±10.0)和4.2~56.4(21.6±12.2)pmol/dm3。这4种VHC在水平分布上呈现一定的空间变化,其浓度可能是陆地径流、人为活动和生物产生的影响程度不同造成的。VHC在垂直分布上受到地理位置和水文条件的不同影响,在不同站位有较大差异。周日变化研究表明,VHC具有一定的周日变化特征,受光照和潮汐等因素的共同影响最大值均出现在13:00—16:00。采用Liss和Slater双层模型理论对北黄海表层海水和大气之间CHCl3,C2HCl3和CHBr3的海-气通量进行估算,得到这3种物质在北黄海的海-气通量平均值和范围分别为14.8(0.2~104.4),23.2(1.8~93.0)和15.6(0.7~55.1)nmol/(m2.d)。结果表明,在秋季该研究海域是大气CHCl3,C2HCl3和CHBr3的源。     

渤、黄海颗粒有机碳空间分布及交换通量的季节性变化

海洋是地球上最大的碳库,对大气中的CO2起着调控作用,在减缓全球变暖过程中起着重要作用。渤、黄海是典型的封闭-半封闭型陆架海,深入探讨渤、黄海颗粒有机碳（POC）变化特征和输运通量,对区域碳循环和海洋碳通量研究具有重要意义。通过2010年春秋两季、2016年夏季和2012年冬季渤、黄海的大面积实测数据,结合MODIS卫星遥感影像反演的叶绿素a（Chl-a）,探讨了渤、黄海POC空间分布、影响因素、碳库及交换通量的季节性差异。结果表明：春季POC浓度最高,平均浓度0.34 mg/L;夏季次之,平均浓度0.30 mg/L;秋季平均浓度0.27 mg/L;冬季最低,平均浓度0.17 mg/L。不同季节POC空间分布基本一致,整体呈现“近岸高、离岸低,表层低、底层高”的特点,高值区主要位于黄河三角洲、山东半岛东侧和苏北浅滩-长江口北附近水域,低值区主要集中在南黄海中部深水区。不同季节影响POC分布的因素不同,春、秋两季受径流输入、沉积物再悬浮和浮游植物共同影响,夏季主要受控于浮游植物初级生产,沉积物再悬浮是影响冬季POC分布的主要原因。渤、黄海POC碳库呈明显的季节性变化,春季碳库最高,渤海与黄海分别为1.32×106 t和6.71×106 t;冬季碳库最低,渤海与黄海分别为7.21×105 t和3.39×106 t。约有6.55×105 t/a POC通过渤海海峡由渤海进入黄海,POC输运主要集中在夏季。     

渤海南部沿岸水运移及渤黄海水体交换的季节变化

针对渤海及附近海区的曲折岸线变化以及水文资料时空分布不均匀性的特点,使用四维客观分析LOESS方法得到逐月气候态盐度场。结果表明:渤海南部沿岸水扩展和运移受季风影响显著。冬季沿岸水向渤海湾和莱州湾堆积,形成沿山东半岛龙口海岸东向爬行的水舌,该水舌在蓬莱水域向东扩展;夏季沿岸水向渤海中部冲溢,特别是在黄河口附近,其核心区厚度可达8 m,可扩展到119°30′E处,同时莱州湾内的沿岸水向湾内西部收缩。冬季渤海海峡呈现显著北进南出水交换态势;夏季渤海海峡定常流方式的水交换特征不明显。     

黄东海沉积物中的还原无机硫

Cold diffusion methods are used to separate and quantify the three reduced inorganic sulfur species into acid volatile sulfide(AVS), pyrite–S and element sulfur(ES) in the sediments of the Yellow and East China Seas. The results show that up to 25.02 μmol/g of AVS, 113.1 μmol/g of pyrite–S and 44.4 μmol/g of ES are observed in the sediments of the Yellow Sea and East China Sea. Pyrite–S is the predominant sulfide mineral in the sediments, while the concentration of AVS is quite low at most stations in the study area. The amounts and reactivity of organic matter are the primary limited factor for the sulfide formation, while an iron limitation and a sulfate limitation are not observed in the sediments of the Yellow Sea and East China Sea. The irregular profiles of the three reduced inorganic sulfur species also reflected the comprehensive influence of sediment composition and sedimentation rates.     

渤、黄海海冰的变化和预报结果分析

利用1951—2000年的渤、黄海的海冰资料，用小波分析和最优气候均态法对渤、黄海的海冰冰级进行分析和预测。小波分析结果较好地反映了渤、黄海海冰的变化规律，使对海冰的研究更符合实际情况。这必将有助于研究海冰变化的机理和不同尺度变化的相互作用。最优气候均态法较好地实现了对渤、黄海海冰的预测。此方法在海冰预报中不失为一种可用的方法。     

渤海及黄海北部冰情长期变化趋势分析

统计分析上世纪50年代—2010年渤海及黄海北部海冰资料,对其年代际变化特征进行分析。上世纪50年代—90年代冰情总体呈缓解的趋势,2000年以来冰情略有加重。研究发现太阳活动与渤海及黄海北部冰情变化关系密切,太阳活动可能是渤海及黄海北部冰情长期变化重要影响因素。如果太阳黑子的周期长度比上一个周期长,那么周期内冰情较上一个周期严重。反之亦然。     

Field Observation and Analysis of Wave-Current-Sediment Movement in Caofeidian Sea Area in the Bohai Bay, China

In order to study the mechanism of flow-sediment movement, it is essential to obtain measured data of water hydrodynamic and sediment concentration process with high spatial and temporal resolution in the bottom boundary layer (BBL). Field observations were carried out in the northwest Caofeidian sea area in the Bohai Bay. Near 2 m isobath (under the lowest tidal level), a tripod system was installed with AWAC (Acoustic Wave And Current), ADCP (Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers), OBS-3A (Optical Backscatter Point Sensor), ADV (Acoustic Doppler Velocimeters), etc. The accurate measurement of the bottom boundary layer during a single tidal period was carried out, together with a long-term sediment concentration measurement under different hydrological conditions. All the measured data were used to analyze the characteristics of wave-current-sediment movement and the BBL. Analysis was performed on flow structure, shear stress, roughness, eddy viscosity and other parameters of the BBL. Two major findings were made. Firstly, from the measured data, the three-layer distribution model of the velocity profiles and eddy viscosities in the wave-current BBL are proposed in the observed sea area; secondly, the sediment movement is related closely to wind-waves in the muddy coast area where sediment is clayey silt: 1) The observed suspended sediment concentration under light wind conditions is very low, with the peak value generally smaller than 0.1 kg/m3 and the average value being 0.03 kg/m3; 2) The sediment concentration increases continuously under the gales over 6-7 in Beaufort scale, under a sustained wind action. The measured peak sediment concentration at 0.4 m above the seabed is 0.15-0.32 kg/m3, and the average sediment concentration during wind-wave action is 0.08-0.18 kg/m3, which is about 3-6 times the value under light wind conditions. The critical wave height signaling remarkable changes of sediment concentration is 0.5 m. The results show that the suspended load sediment concentration is mainly influenced by wave-induced sediment suspension.     

Field observation and analysis of wave-current-sediment movement in Caofeidian Sea area in the Bohai Bay,China

In order to study the mechanism of flow-sediment movement, it is essential to obtain measured data of water hydrodynamic and sediment concentration process with high spatial and temporal resolution in the bottom boundary layer （BBL）. Field observations were carried out in the northwest Caofeidian sea area in the Bohai Bay. Near 2 m isobath （under the lowest tidal level）, a tripod system was installed with AWAC （Acoustic Wave And Current）, ADCP （Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers）, OBS-3A （Optical Backscatter Point Sensor）, ADV （Acoustic Doppler Velocimeters）, etc. The accurate measurement of the bottom boundary layer during a single tidal period was carried out, together with a long-term sediment concentration measurement under different hydrological conditions. All the measured data were used to analyze the characteristics of wave-current-sediment movement and the BBL. Analysis was performed on flow structure, shear stress, roughness, eddy viscosity and other parameters of the BBL. Two major findings were made. Firstly, from the measured data, the three-layer distribution model of the velocity profiles and eddy viscosities in the wave-current BBL are proposed in the observed sea area; secondly, the sediment movement is related closely to wind-waves in the muddy coast area where sediment is clayey silt： 1） The observed suspended sediment concentration under light wind conditions is very low, with the peak value generally smaller than 0.1 kg/m^3 and the average value being 0.03 kg/m^3; 2） The sediment concentration increases continuously under the gales over 6-7 in Beaufort scale, under a sustained wind action. The measured peak sediment concentration at 0.4 m above the seabed is 0.15-0.32 kg/m^3, and the average sediment concentration during wind-wave action is 0.08-0.18 kg/m^3, which is about 3-6 times the value under light wind conditions. The critical wave height signaling remarkable changes of sediment concentration is 0.5 m. The results show that the suspended load sediment concentration is mainly influenced by wave-induced sediment suspension.     

南海北部191柱状沉积物主元素特征及其古环境意义

应用XRF法对南海北部陆坡191柱状沉积物中主元素进行分析,结果显示,全柱沉积物中SiO₂含量最高,其次是CaCO₃,Al₂O₃和CaO。在垂向分布上CaCO₃和CaO含量分布基本一致,SiO₂,Al₂O₃,Fe₂O₃,K₂O,MgO含量变化相似。结合AMS碳-14测年,可将191柱状样划分为5个地球化学层,主元素和MgO与Al₂O₃含量比值在垂向上的旋回变化反映了南海北部氧同位素3期以来末次冰盛期、冰后期、晚冰期的气候变化、海平面波动及陆源物质供应的变化,并对Heinrich事件、格陵兰高频气候振荡(D/O)旋回、新仙女木事件以及普林斜氏虫低值事件等全球性短周期气候事件有很好的对应关系,但受区域影响,在时间上有所滞后。氧同位素3期以来的沉积速率并未显示出南海普遍存在的间冰期比冰期、暖期比冷期的沉积速率低的规律,而是逐渐减小的,这可能是氧同位素3期频繁的冷热干湿气候振荡导致岩石易于风化破碎受侵蚀后被洪水搬运的缘故。     

Analyses of the long-term salinity variability in the Bohai Sea and the northern Huanghai(Yellow) Sea

Based on the comprehensive collection of the field observed salinity of the Bohai Sea (BHS) and the northern Huanghai Sea (NHS) from the 1950s to the present,the patterns of 10-years-averaged salinity at the different layers in the recent five decades (the 1950s,the 1960s,the 1970s,the 1980s and the 1990s) are obtained by the spatial-temporal interpolation technique with the scrupulous data quality control in this study.Then,by combining the spatial-temporal interpolation technique with successive correction method,the annual distributions of salinity both in the BHS and in the NHS are obtained as well.The data analyses indicate that the overall salinity in the BHS and the NHS increases from the 1960s till the present,with the increase of annual mean salinity of 0.04 psu from the 1950s,and the maximum increase rate of salinity is about 0.14 psu/a in the Bohai Bay.The high salinity tongue extended significantly from the NHS into the BHS.The intensified eastern wind field is related to the western intrusion of the NHS warm current,which probably leads to the moving forward of the high salinity water mass into the BHS.However,it is rather different from the salinity distribution characteristics between the 1950s and the 1960s.The extensive precipitation in the 1960s could lead to an increase in the discharge of the Huanghe River,which might result in the decrease of salinity in the BHS.But the salinity isoline of 32 in the NHS still extended significantly into the BHS in the 1960s.Since the 1980s,the patterns of salinity distribution have changed thoroughly.The salinity in the central area of the BHS was low,while the salinity in the Bohai Bay and the Liaodong Bay was higher than the other regions with its horizontal salinity gradient decreasing in the 1980s.The Empirical Orthogonal Function Analysis (EOF) is also conducted to study the interannual salinity variability of the BHS and the NHS.The correlation coefficient between the time coefficient series of the main mode and the Huanghe River discharge can reach -64.57%.It can be concluded that salinity variation of the BHS and the NHS has strong negative correlation with the Huanghe River discharge.