一种蠕虫叉红藻硫酸半乳聚糖的粘度特性研究

探讨红藻多糖在食品中的应用前景，对蠕虫叉红藻（Furcellaria lumbricalis）中1种硫酸半乳聚糖（FB）的粘度特性进行了研究。采用流变仪通过与标准k-卡拉胶（KCA）比较，分析FB在不同温度、pH、金属离子以及酪蛋白存在下粘度的变化。结果表明，在25～50℃下，FB水溶液的粘度随温度升高而迅速下降；在相同温度下，FB水溶液粘度稍受pH值大小的影响；钾离子和钙离子均能降低FB水溶液粘度，但Ca^2＋的加入能明显提高酪蛋白与FB混合水溶液体系粘度。由于FB和KCA粘度变化行为具有相似性，这为FB用作食品添加剂提供了有用数据。     

水溶液中聚合物在粘土上的吸附

水溶液中聚合物在粘土上的吸附对于聚合物污染防治和污水处理等都有重要意义。Scheutjens-Fleer理论是应用范围最广的聚合物吸附理论,适应于从单体到长链高聚物,从链无相互作用的稀溶液到纯聚合物的吸附研究。本文简要介绍了有关聚合物吸附的重要参数,包括吸附量、耦合分数或直接表面覆盖、平均层厚度和链段密度,以及相应的测定方法。文中分析了影响聚合物吸附研究发展的主要问题,指出水溶液中聚合物在粘土上的吸附研究的发展方向是综合研究吸附等温线和A/V效应、耦合分数、吸附层厚度、吸附分级现象和对粘土层间的影响,并与Scheutjens-Fleer理论计算结果进行比较。     

JZ9-3油田水质对聚合物3640C溶液黏度的影响分析

实验研究了JZ9-3油田的3种水质（水源水、污水、清污混合水）对聚合物溶液剪切前后黏度的影响。结果显示：在相同浓度条件下,清污混合水配制的聚合物溶液黏度最高,其次是污水配制的聚合物溶液,水源水配制的聚合物溶液黏度最低;聚合物溶液经WARING搅拌器（1档3 500 rpm,20 s）剪切后的黏度保留率数据显示,污水配制的聚合物溶液剪切后黏度保留率最高,当浓度大于1 000 mg/L时,保留率在90%左右;最低的是水源水配制的聚合物溶液,保留率在55%左右。分析发现二价阳离子除了对聚合物溶液的黏度存在一定的影响外,对聚合物溶液剪切后的黏度保留率影响更大。     

磁性微球吸附法研究盐藻细胞的疏水性

采用正相悬浮聚合法制备了聚苯乙烯－二乙烯苯磁性微球。由于微球表面的聚苯乙烯是疏水性材料，可用于制定微生物细胞表面的疏水性。用聚苯乙烯磁性微球吸附法测定了不同生长期盐藻细胞的表面疏水性，以及pH值、NaCl浓度、Fe^3 浓度、（NH4）2SO4浓度对盐藻细胞疏水性的影响。结果表明，盐藻细胞表面具有疏水性质， 其疏水性与细胞生长阶段及环境条件有关。     

分子印迹技术用于海洋微生物生物碱活性成分的发现

以harmine为模板分子,并以甲基丙烯酸(MAA)为功能单体,合成分子印迹聚合物(molecularly imprinted polymer,MIP).将其作为固相萃取材料,对1株海洋共栖细菌Pseudoalteromonas sp. NJ6-3-1次级代谢产物的活性成分进行选择性提取,得到harmine及与harmine结构相似的生物碱.实验结果表明,分子印迹技术是选择性分离提取海洋微生物中活性成分的有效方法.     

甲壳质接枝反应的研究Ⅱ——甲壳质与丙烯腈的接枝聚合

本文首次报告了丙烯腈(AN)与甲壳质膜的接枝聚合。在水溶液25±1℃,硝酸铈铵(CAN)引发下得到接枝聚合物。结果表明最适宜条件是在AN1.50molL~(-1)CAN6×10~(-3)molL~(-1),通N_2情况下进行。接枝膜有良好的透明性和张力强度。     

2019年夏秋季温州近海海水透明胞外聚合颗粒物（TEP）的分布及影响因素分析

透明胞外聚合颗粒物（TEP）具有高黏性、低密度和高碳氮比等特性,在颗粒有机物的聚集以及食物网循环中发挥着重要作用。为了解近岸海域TEP的分布动力学规律与机制,本文对温州近海夏秋季节水体中透明胞外聚合颗粒物的分布进行调查,并结合多项环境要素的主成分分析与相关性分析,探究了浙江南部近岸海域TEP分布的影响因素。结果显示,温州近海TEP秋季平均含量明显高于夏季,夏季TEP分布变化主要受陆地径流（瓯江）作用影响,而秋季主要受闽浙沿岸流影响。受沿岸流影响,秋季TEP的主要来源可能是其他海域以及底层颗粒物再悬浮。此外,由浮游植物释放的TEP对夏季的POC贡献最大,而秋季外源性TEP对POC的贡献较夏季有所升高。     

LD10-1油田调驱效果及影响因素实验研究

LD10—1油田具有高温、高矿化度、高原油黏度和非均质性严重等特点,水驱开发效果较差,应采取技术措施提高采收率。依据矿场实际需求,采用实验和理论分析方法,研究了抗盐聚合物及高分Cr3＋聚合物凝胶的黏度特性、分子结构形态、线团尺寸（Dh）、流动特性和驱油效果,并对两种调驱剂的调驱效果进行对比和机理分析。结果表明,在LD10～1油田注入水条件下,可以形成具有以分子内交联为主要结构特征的Cr3＋聚合物凝胶。与相同浓度聚合物溶液相比较,Cr3＋聚合物凝胶分子线团尺寸（Dh）变化不大,但阻力系数和残余阻力系数明显增加,且残余阻力系数大于阻力系数,表现出独特的渗流特性。在注入时机相同和药剂费用相近条件下,与抗盐聚合物溶液相比较,高分Cr3＋聚合物凝胶调驱增油效果较好,而且调驱剂用量愈大,注入时机愈早,调驱效果愈好。     

两性聚丙烯酰胺水分散体系的絮凝性能

以自制的两性聚丙烯酰胺分散体系作为污水絮凝剂,考查对城市污水的处理能力.以絮体体积和上清液的透光率为考查参数,研究了聚合物用量、聚合物的离子度、体系pH值和样品溶解时的盐浓度对絮凝效果的影响,并与离子型絮凝剂进行了比较.研究发现,两性聚丙烯酰胺的絮凝能力比阴离子型聚合物的絮凝能力强,比阳离子型聚合物的絮凝能力略强,最佳使用量为3.0 mg·L-1.两性聚丙烯酰胺的絮凝能力受离子度的影响,离子基团越多,絮凝能力越强,但过多的离子基团可带来负面影响.两性聚丙烯酰胺对体系的pH值的适应范围较宽.两性聚丙烯酰胺在应用时需先用1%的氯化钠溶液溶解,盐浓度过低时聚合物不能充分溶解,高于此值对絮凝过程无明显影响.     

波场非匀质性对波向对变风向响应的影响

本文基于波能平衡方程，通过考虑波的传播项，即△↓［（Ｃｇ（ｆ，０）Ｅ（ｆ，０）］≠０，研究波场非匀质性对波向对变风向的响应的影响。导出的结果表明，响应的时间尺度可由３部分表示：１．匀质情形响应的贡献；２．波能分布非匀质性的影响；３．平均波向分布非匀质性的影响。在理论上，它暗示波场的非匀质性在波向响应中起着实质性的作用；在实际情况下，对匀匀和平稳风场，波场的非匀质性总是使响应时间尺度减少这一事实进行     

Adsorption of acid fuchsin onto the chitosan–montmorillonite composite

The chitosan–montmorillonite composites (CTS–MMT) were prepared by CTS in combination with Na-type montmorillonite (Na-MMT). The composites were characterized by X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The effects of initial pH value of the solution, adsorbent dose, the mass ratio of CTS to Na-MMT, the adsorption temperature, and contact time on acid fuchsin (AF) removal efficiency were investigated. The results indicated that the CTS could be successfully intercalated into the interlayers of Na-MMT. With the increase in content of CTS, some of them may be distributed on the surfaces of the clay and the AF removal efficiency can reach 80.2% using CTS–MMT as adsorbent to treatment AF wastewater (the AF concentration 20?mg/L) under the condition of pH, 5; adsorbent dose, 5?g/L; the mass ratio of CTS to Na-MMT, 0.25:1; adsorption temperature, 40°C; and contact time, 90?min. Meanwhile, it was shown that the adsorption processes were better fitted by pseudo-second-order model and the Freundlich model.     

基于经验模态分解和小波分解估算海气通量涡相关计算中的截断时间尺度

基于时长38天的海表风场实测数据,应用经验模态分解(EmpiricalModeDecomposition,EMD)和小波分解(Wavelet Decomposition, WD)这两种数据处理方法首先对涡相关法中的截断时间尺度(CutoffTimescale,CTS)进行估算,结果显示:基于EMD与WD方法估算出的CTS一般都在40秒左右(EMD的结果略小),远远小于传统涡相关法中CTS的取值(固定为10分钟),且EMD和WD的使用使得每一段数据都能够根据自身的湍流特点而获得合适的CTS; EMD方法和WD方法有效的去除了计算结果中的非湍部分,且对通量传输方向的刻画也更加合理,极大提高了通量的计算精度,所得通量与传统方法计算的通量偏差平均值高达45%;研究还对EMD和WD的优缺点进行了对比分析,结果表明EMD相比于WD有更高的自主性,而WD对信号的分离程度则更高。     

两性聚丙烯酰胺水分散体系的制备及结构表征

以硫酸铵水溶液为反应介质,以丙烯酰胺(AM)为主要单体,以甲基丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵(DMC)和丙烯酸(AA)为离子单体,以DMC均聚物(PDMC)为稳定剂,以2,2′-偶氮二[2-(2-咪唑啉-2-代)丙烷]二氢氯化物(V-50)为引发剂,采用水分散聚合技术,合成了流动性好、具有良好稳定性的两性聚丙烯酰胺分散体系。NMR1H谱表明,聚合物中DMC单元的含量与原料中所占的比例相近。所制备的两性聚电解质具有明显的反聚电解质效应。硫酸铵浓度、稳定剂浓度、引发剂浓度和pH值对分散体系的粒子形貌和聚合物的特性黏数都有较大的影响。最佳合成条件为:硫酸铵浓度31%~33%、分散剂用量为0.46 g·g-1、引发剂用量400 mg·kg-1和pH值为5~6。     

海气通量涡相关法计算中的时间尺度分析

基于黄海上连续14 d 的浮标观测资料, 采用多尺度分解法确定了海气通量涡相关法计算中的截断时间尺度, 并分析了该截断时间尺度的特征及其对感热通量计算的影响。研究结果是： 由多尺度分解法获得的湍通量截断时间尺度可将总通量中湍通量和中尺度通量分离开来, 截断时间尺度随着湍流强度或水平风速的增加而增加, 且感热通量的截断时...     

Response of the soft coral Heteroxenia fuscescens to ultraviolet radiation regimes as reflected by mycosporine-like amino acid biosynthesis

The variation in mycosporine‐like amino acid (MAA) concentration in the soft coral Heteroxenia fuscescens in relation to changes in ultraviolet radiation (UVR) regimes was investigated at the Gulf of Eilat, northern Red Sea. Solar radiation (300–700 nm) was measured for different depths and seasons. The UVR irradiance was measured to a depth of 25 m on the reef. The mean attenuation coefficient for UV‐B measured in winter was twofold that of the summer value. Separation of H. fuscescens extracts by reverse‐phase isocratic high‐performance liquid chromatography revealed a single MAA compound, palythine (λ_max = 320 nm). Possible seasonal changes in MAAs in colonies of H. fuscescens along a depth gradient were examined on different dates. Palythine concentrations in the colonies were significantly higher in summer than in the other seasons particularly in shallow water. Possible changes in MAA content in colonies of H. fuscescens as a result of UVR protection, were determined by experiments conducted for periods of 1 week, 1 month and 3 months, at a depth of 5 m. In these experiments colonies were removed from the natural substrate and placed underwater, protected from UVR by a PVC filter. Significant differences between UV‐exposed and protected colonies of H. fuscescens were found only in the 3‐month experiment conducted during the summer. These findings demonstrate that UVR is an important environmental factor regulating MAA biosynthesis in the soft coral H. fuscescens.     

Variation in sunscreen compounds (mycosporine‐like amino acids) for marine species along a gradient of ultraviolet radiation transmission within doubtful sound,New Zealand

We examined the response of four species of New Zealand marine algae (Ecklonia radiata, Apophlaea lyallii, Rhodymenia spp., Ulva lactuca) and a sea urchin (Evechinus chloroticus) to spatial variation in ultraviolet radiation (UV‐R) by examining the concentration of UV‐R absorbing compounds known as mycosporine‐like amino acids (MAAs). The purpose was to understand how, and the degree to which, local marine species could potentially respond to any future increases in incident UV‐R in the New Zealand marine environment. The research was undertaken in Doubtful Sound, where we observed a gradient of water column UV‐R transmission along the 40 km length of the fiord. We examined spatial differences in MAAs along the UV‐B gradient in the macrophytes and temporal changes in MAAs in sea urchin gonads. Among the algae, thallus MAA concentrations (nmol mg^–1 protein) ranged from 12.5 to 87.8 in E. radiata, from 433.1 to 1446.4 in A. lyallii, 12.7 to 103.4 in Rhodymenia spp., but were not detected in U. lactuca. For E. chloroticus, gonadal MAA concentrations ranged from 83.9 to 224.3 nmol mg^–1 protein spatially, and over the year from 1.85 to 14.12 nmol mg^–1 dry weight (DW) depending on site and gametogenic cycle. Laboratory manipulations indicated that concentrations of MAAs in E. chloroticus gonads and eggs are influenced by diet. MAA concentration could be correlated with UV‐B intensities in two of the algal species. E. chloroticus MAA concentrations could also be correlated with UV‐B transmission, which we concluded was a reflection of the greater ingestion and accumulation of MAA‐rich macrophytes at those sites where higher ambient UV‐R induced greater MAA concentrations to occur in the algae. Given this, we suggest that one response of marine species to increases in UV‐B would be an increase in the synthesis and/or accumulation of MAAs for photoautotrophs and a dietary accumulation of those MAAs in E. chloroticus, an important herbivore in this system.     

水/离子液体界面聚合法制备聚苯胺微/纳米纤维

没有外加质子酸的条件下,以过硫酸铵作氧化剂,水和离子液体作为两相,采用"界面聚合法"成功制备出导电聚苯胺纳米纤维(d=100～190 nm),界面体系所使用的溶剂都为绿色溶剂,对环境无污染,实现了对传统界面聚合的改进.发现[APS]/[An]的比例,去离子水的加入以及搅拌时间对产物的形貌有重要影响.通过FTIR,UV-Vis,XRD进行了结构表征,证实所得的聚苯胺纳米纤维为掺杂态.     

Probing molecular-level transformations of dissolved organic matter: insights on photochemical degradation and protozoan modification of DOM from electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry

Molecular-level characterization of natural organic matter (NOM) has been elusive due to the inherent complexity of natural organic mixtures and to the fact that individual components are often polar and macromolecular. Electrospray ionization (ESI) is a “soft” ionization technique that ionizes polar compounds from aqueous solution prior to injection into a mass spectrometer. The highest resolution and mass accuracy of compounds within NOM have been achieved when ESI is combined with an ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometer such as the Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer (FT-ICR MS). With this technique, individual molecules within a variety of natural organic mixtures can be detected and their elemental composition can be determined. At low mass-to-charge (m/z) ratio, the resolution is high enough to assign exact molecular formulas allowing specific components of these mixtures to be identified. In addition to molecular identification, we can now use ESI FT-ICR MS to examine molecular-level changes in different organic mixtures as a function of relevant geo-processes, such as microbial alterations and photochemistry. Here we present the results from the application of ESI FT-ICR MS to two geochemical questions: (1) the effect of photoirradiation on the molecular composition of fulvic acids and (2) the role of protozoan grazers in the modification of DOM in aquatic systems.