深厚覆盖层中弱透水层对渗流影响的试验研究

我国西南、西北地区常存在强弱互层的深厚覆盖层坝基,弱透水层在深厚覆盖层坝基中对渗流影响较大,其影响规律需要深入研究。试验中将弱透水层设置在坝基的不同位置,变化垂直防渗墙的深度。试验结果表明,弱透水层处在中间位置处,其与防渗墙形成半封闭式联合防渗体系能有效降低坝基渗流量与出逸坡降;上江坝工程实例中,经半封闭式联合防渗体系降低后的渗流量及出逸坡降皆在允许范围内;从理论层面上考虑,该弱透水层若能加以利用,可大大减小防渗墙深度。此外,研究还发现,当防渗墙位置越深,其与防渗墙形成的半封闭式防渗体系越能有效减小渗流量及出逸坡降。研究成果能为类似工程提供一定的理论参考及建议,从而降低工程造价。     

Testing the suitability of geologic frameworks for extrapolating hydraulic properties across regional scales

The suitability of geologic frameworks for extrapolating hydraulic conductivity (K) to length scales commensurate with hydraulic data is difficult to assess. A novel method is presented for evaluating assumed relations between K and geologic interpretations for regional-scale groundwater modeling. The approach relies on simultaneous interpretation of multiple aquifer tests using alternative geologic frameworks of variable complexity, where each framework is incorporated as prior information that assumes homogeneous K within each model unit. This approach is tested at Pahute Mesa within the Nevada National Security Site (USA), where observed drawdowns from eight aquifer tests in complex, highly faulted volcanic rocks provide the necessary hydraulic constraints. The investigated volume encompasses 40 mi³ (167 km³) where drawdowns traversed major fault structures and were detected more than 2 mi (3.2 km) from pumping wells. Complexity of the five frameworks assessed ranges from an undifferentiated mass of rock with a single unit to 14 distinct geologic units. Results show that only four geologic units can be justified as hydraulically unique for this location. The approach qualitatively evaluates the consistency of hydraulic property estimates within extents of investigation and effects of geologic frameworks on extrapolation. Distributions of transmissivity are similar within the investigated extents irrespective of the geologic framework. In contrast, the extrapolation of hydraulic properties beyond the volume investigated with interfering aquifer tests is strongly affected by the complexity of a given framework. Testing at Pahute Mesa illustrates how this method can be employed to determine the appropriate level of geologic complexity for large-scale groundwater modeling.     

Influence of hydraulic characteristics on stability of unsaturated slope under transient seepage conditions

This paper examines the current procedure for determining the soil-water characteristic curve (SWCC) model with a particular focus on its application to slope stability analysis under transient unsaturated seepage conditions. A series of laboratory experiments was performed to determine the SWCC of different soils, ranging from high plasticity clay to silty sand, found across the Korean Peninsula. The experimental results were utilized to identify the suitable SWCC model for each soil type based on the fitting criterion. Also, this paper developed a numerical framework for infinite slope stability analysis under transient unsaturated seepage conditions. The significant advantage of the proposed framework, from the practical viewpoint, is to directly predict the timing of failure and potential failure plane based on rainfall recording. The effect of choice of SWCC models on predictability in stability analysis was evaluated by adopting the present framework along with the identified SWCC models. Furthermore, a case study of landslides after a 3-month rainfall in Pohang, Korea, was revisited to assess the performance of the proposed framework. The obtained results demonstrate the significant role of SWCC model on the results of slope stability analysis. The analysis using the SWCC model satisfying the fitting criterion could still not capture the real behavior of unsaturated soil. The comprehensive transient analysis is strongly suggested as a complementary means to the current fitting criterion for determining the suitable SWCC model for stability analysis under transient seepage conditions.     

低信噪比、复杂地质条件下地震成像因素分析

在低信噪比、复杂地质条件下,影响地震资料成像效果的因素包括:能量均衡、资料的信噪比、面元覆盖次数、速度模型。本文对各要素分析后并阐述了处理中相应的解决方法以及方法的适用条件、局限性。     

黑龙江省翠宏山矽卡岩型铁多金属矿床的成矿地质条件

黑龙江省翠宏山铁多金属矿床为接触交代矽卡岩型矿床,金属矿物以磁铁矿为主,其它具有工业意义的金属有铁、钼、钨、锌、铅、铜、锡。文章描述了该矿床的矿体、矿石特征,矽卡岩划分成不同的带,阐明了控矿因素,确定了矿床的成因。     

地质构造对煤层复杂性影响的定量评价方法

定量分析地质构造条件对煤层复杂性的影响,进行煤层复杂性的定量评价,对于不同复杂度煤层开采方法的选择等具有重要意义。经过分析和确定煤层复杂性的影响因素,提出\     

第四系深厚洪积物内成洞条件工程地质研究

经过对不同时期洪积物的成因、物质组成、结构、构造等的分析,以及对第一期洪积物内能否成洞的试验性模拟开挖、观察、分析,并在大量室内外物理力学性质试验的基础上,分析、量化出洪积物内成洞工程地质特性参数。在精心设计和施工下,深厚洪积物内开挖大跨度洞室顺利成功。     

原位非饱和黄土渗透系数研究

非饱和渗透系数为非饱和黄土分析中的关键参数,是基质吸力或体积含水率的函数,具体为何种函数关系尚难有定论,且非饱和渗透系数测定较为困难,运用土-水特征曲线间接推导具有较大随机性,稳态法及室内瞬态剖面法需考虑土体扰动影响。为此用原位瞬态剖面法处理黄土地区降雨入渗监测数据,得到黄土的非饱和渗透系数与体积含水率之间的关系,同时引入了田间测定非饱和渗透系数的θ法,二者计算结果具有较高的吻合度,证明了θ法的适用性。此外,基于不同时间体积含水率对深度的变化,提出用对数曲线拟合体积含水率与深度的关系,并应用到瞬态剖面法数据处理中,用此关系对θ法的一个基本假定进行了修正,得到了更接近实际的结果。     

Spatial averaging of hydraulic conductivity under radial flow conditions

Steady-state radial flow in three-dimensional heterogeneous media is investigated using a geostatistical approach. The goal of the study is to develop a model of the relationship between corescale hydraulic conductivities measured at the wellbore and the conductivity of the surrounding drainage region as measured by a larger scale flow experiment such as a pump test. Conductivity at the point or core-scale is modeled as a stationary and multivariate lognormal spatial random function. Conductivity of the drainage region is obtained by a weighted nonlinear spatial average over the point-scale values within. This empirical spatial averaging process is shown to yield excellent approximations of true effective drainage region conductivities calculated using a numerical flow model. The geostatistical model for point-scale conductivity and the spatial averaging process are used to determine the first and second order ensemble moments of drainage region conductivity. In particular, an expression is derived for the conditional expectation of drainage region conductivity given point-scale values measured at the wellbore. The results are illustrated in a case study of a well from a sandstone oil reservoir where both core and transient-test conductivity data from the same interval are available for comparison.     

基于滑坡风险评价的卡拉水电站坝址比选研究

以雅砻江卡拉水电站为例,针对滑坡群风险在水电工程坝址比选时的量化评价问题,在考虑滑坡体危险性分析和易损性分析的基础上,引入滑坡体工程影响系数、重要性系数、距离模数、滑坡体状况系数4个指标参数,综合考虑滑坡体客观情况与人类活动的影响,建立以年期望损失为指标的水电工程滑坡风险评价体系。在以坝址安全风险指标、堵江引起发电量损失指标与清淤损失指标和涌浪破坏损失指标为标准的综合评价方法中,运用安全与经济相平衡原则,得出基于滑坡风险评价的坝址比选结果。经实例计算,采用改进后的评价方法可得同一量纲下的计算分析比常规方法更具可比性,综合考虑可为坝址比选提供依据。