基于小时降水资料研究广东省降水分布特征

基于2001-2018年广东省86个国家自动气象站逐小时降水资料,分析了广东省不同历时降水的时空分布特征.结果表明：1）除粤北山区外,基本符合年均降水时数越多,累积降水量越大的规律.年均小时降水强度从南部沿海向北部内陆呈减弱趋势.2）汛期降水事件以短历时为主,占全年降水事件65.3%;累积降水量上,长历时降水量占汛期56.7%.前汛期短历时降水多发生在粤西;中历时降水多发生在珠三角两侧和粤西北地区;长历时降水多发生在粤东和粤北地区.后汛期短历时降水多发生在内陆,出现频次自西北向东南递减;中历时降水分布不均;长历时降水多发生在沿海.3）汛期降水时数日变化呈双峰型变化特征,小时降水强度日变化呈单峰型变化特征.小时降水强度峰值易出现在下午的站点多分布在内陆,小时降水强度峰值易出现在下半夜至上午时段的站点则多分布在沿海、部分山区和珠三角地区.     

西藏拉萨汛期降水日变化特征

利用拉萨2005—2017年逐小时降水观测资料和1969—2017年逐3 h降水观测资料,在分析该站汛期(5—9月)降水日变化特征的基础上,揭示该站昼夜降水的长期演变特征。结果表明:(1)拉萨小时降水量和降水频次日变化呈单峰型分布,两者峰值均出现在05:00(北京时,下同),谷值出现在15:00—17:00;小时降水强度日变化呈双峰型分布,峰值出现在17:00和00:00,谷值出现在13:00—15:00。(2)拉萨汛期不同等级降水的小时降水量和降水频次日变化位相不同,其中微雨和小雨的小时降水量和降水频次日变化为单峰型,且峰值均出现在05:00,而中雨及以上小时降水量和降水频次日变化峰值出现时间较微雨和小雨略有提前。(3)近49 a拉萨汛期昼夜降水量显著增多,降水强度显著增强,而降水日数无明显趋势,降水强度增强是拉萨汛期降水量增多的主要原因。     

黄南地区汛期云和降水特征的分析

利用黄南地区尖扎、同仁、泽库、河南4站2007-2009年汛期(5-9月份)的地面观测资料,对该地区主要降水云状和降水特征进行统计分析。结果表明:混合云的降水频率最高,其次是积云,层云较低;降水特征有明显的差异,降水强度,降水次数北部明显小于南部,大降水南部多于北部;尖扎、泽库混合性降水出现频率最高,河南阵性降水最高,同仁连续性降水多,各站降水最高频数多出现在8月份,而河南则出现在6月份;降水概率各站之间有明显的差异,降水最大值多站出现在8月份,而河南则出现在7月份。低云量进入统计后,部分站出现了双峰型变化特征。     

广西前汛期暴雨专家系统的研制

一、前汛期暴雨专家系统功能 1.广西前汛期暴雨专家系统预报对象的选择 华南前汛期是指每年4—6月的华南多雨期,广西前汛期中全区性的大范围暴雨主要集中在5、6月份。其降水特点是强度大、范围广、来得快,分布不均匀。24小时雨量常可达100—200毫米,最大的可达600毫米左右,因此常常造成洪涝灾害。我们把     

1961—2010年东北地区汛期极端降水的非均匀性特征

利用东北地区91站1961—2010年逐日降水资料,讨论东北地区汛期极端降水量的非均匀性分布特征。结果表明,东北地区极端降水量呈现由南向北逐渐减少的分布特征;极端降水主要集中出现在7月,东北地区中部极端降水出现相对比较分散,东北东部、北部、西部和南部出现比较集中;东北地区汛期纬度偏低地区极端降水量偏多,极端降水发生较晚,且较为集中,纬度偏高地区则反之。汛期极端降水量与集中度存在显著的负相关关系,即汛期极端降水量越多,极端降水越集中,特别是嫩江、松花江流域。     

1961-2010年东北地区汛期极端降水的非均匀性特征

利用东北地区91站1961-2010年逐日降水资料,讨论东北地区汛期极端降水量的非均匀性分布特征。结果表明,东北地区极端降水量呈现由南向北逐渐减少的分布特征;极端降水主要集中出现在7月,东北地区中部极端降水出现相对比较分散,东北东部、北部、西部和南部出现比较集中;东北地区汛期纬度偏低地区极端降水量偏多,极端降水发生较晚,且较为集中,纬度偏高地区则反之。汛期极端降水量与集中度存在显著的负相关关系,即汛期极端降水量越多,极端降水越集中,特别是嫩江、松花江流域。     

河南省汛期降水的日变化特征

利用1971—2010年汛期河南省111个观测站的逐小时降水资料,分析了河南省汛期降水的日变化特征。结果表明:河南省汛期降水量和降水频率日峰值均从南向北递减;黄河流域降水量日峰值明显小于淮河流域,南阳盆地的降水量日峰值大多出现在凌晨,豫西山地大多出现在傍晚,豫南大部分地区则出现在下午;豫南地区的降水频率日峰值最大,南阳盆地和豫西山地次之,全省大部分地区降水频率日峰值出现时间集中在上午;降水量、降水频率和降水强度的日变化呈双峰值特征,均在凌晨和傍晚出现峰值,凌晨的峰值最大;长持续性降水对河南省汛期降水量的贡献大于短时降水。     

基于小时资料的珠海市降水特征分析

利用珠海市2010—2018年21个自动气象站的逐时降水资料,采用经验正交函数分解(EOF)方法,分析珠海市年际降水量的时空分布、强降水和降水日变化等的特征。结果表明:(1)珠海市年降水量存在3个大值中心,分别在西部沿海、西北地区东部和西南地区南部;(2)年际降水量的主要型态为“全市一致型”和“西部东-西、东部南-北分布型”;(3)短时强降水(≥20 mm/h)多发生在西部地区,东部和南部沿海地区极端小时降水可达100 mm以上;(4)前汛期(4—6月)与后汛期(7—9月)相比,日降水概率偏高、峰值时段偏早;(5)前汛期日降水概率峰值时刻分布具有北部较南部偏晚特征,后汛期此特征只在西部地区呈现。     

ENSO与秦巴山区汛期降水的相关分析

利用秦巴山区安康市十个地面观测站1963-2015年共计52年时间的汛期(5-10月)逐月降水量数据、汛期暴雨日数据及美国气候预测中心(CPC)的海温资料,研究安康汛期降水和暴雨与ENSO之间的关系。结果表明:NINO3.4区海温与安康汛期降水6月份呈负相关,7月份呈正相关;El Ni? o衰减年对安康汛期降水异常影响显著,特别是6月安康降水异常偏少,7月、8月、10月安康降水异常偏多;La Ni? a发展年,安康6月降水异常偏少,7月、9月和10月较常年略偏多;在El Ni?o衰减年和La Ni? a发展年,安康出现暴雨的概率较大,同时也容易产生极端偏多的暴雨事件。     

江门高温和降水的概率分布及极端事件重现水平

利用1961—2015年江门6个气象观测站逐年最高气温、汛期降水、最大日降水资料,采用线性倾向估计、广义极值分布(GEV)等统计方法,研究了江门年最高气温、汛期降水、最大日降水的概率分布及其极端事件的重现水平。结果表明:1)各站年最高气温概率均属Weibull分布,概率密度峰值对应气温恩平最大、上川岛最小;变化幅度恩平最大、台山最小。较低重现期(20年或以内)时,极端高温事件阈值恩平最高;重现期超过50年时,鹤山最高。2)各站汛期降水概率均属Weibull分布,概率密度峰值对应雨量及变化幅度恩平最大、鹤山最小;不同重现期,恩平极端降水事件阈值均显著高于其它台站,鹤山最低。3)鹤山、恩平和上川岛最大日降水概率属Frechet分布,开平和台山属Weibull分布,新会属Gumbel分布;各站日降水峰值概率比汛期降水峰值概率大一个量级。不同重现期,上川岛极端日降水事件阈值均显著高于其它台站。     

贵州省铜仁市雨季开始期演变特征及环流分析

通过1961—2012年铜仁市各站的逐日降雨量统计出雨季开始期,利用EOF和小波分析方法,得出铜仁市雨季开始期的空间分布特征及时间演变特点:铜仁雨季开始期主要是各地一致偏早(晚)型,其次是西北部与东南部雨季开始期呈反位相变化;雨季开始期偏晚年份为1975、1976、1986、1988、1995、1996、2005、2007、2011年,偏早年份为1961、1977、1989、1990、1993、2002、2008年;1985年之后,雨季开始期2～4 a变化周期显著。同时,利用NCEP/NCAR月平均北半球500 hPa环流资料,分析铜仁雨季开始期偏早年与偏晚年的3—5月之间的环流差异,让政府决策部门和公众对铜仁市雨季开始期时空演变特征有较为清晰的认识,也为更好预测雨季开始期奠定基础。     

中国雨季的一种客观定量划分

从客观分析角度出发,利用有序样本最优分割法对中国610个台站的气候平均（1961—2010年）候降水序列进行有序分割,给出中国不同区域的雨季定量划分。根据中国13个区域候降水量的气候平均值分布特征,并基于有序样本最优分割法的划分结果需同时满足分割段内波动小、段间差异大的要求,确定了各区域的合理分割数,通过制定3种雨季划分方案,对中国区域雨季进行了细致的定量划分。第1种方案将全年降水划分为雨季和旱季,结果表明,雨、旱两季差异明显的地区出现在华南西部沿海和新疆邻近区域;第2种方案将全年降水划分为雨季相对干期、雨季相对湿期和旱季3个降水阶段,这种特征出现的区域为华南大部分地区、江南地区、长江中下游地区、西南地区东部和南部,以及西北地区中东部;第3种方案将全年降水划分为春雨季、主雨季、秋雨季和旱季,出现这种特征的区域为长三角及淮河流域、黄淮和华北地区、东北地区、西北地区中部、内蒙古地区西部、青藏高原中东部及其以东地区。与已有的中国不同区域降水特征研究结果的比较表明,有序样本最优分割法不仅对中国雨季的划分客观有效,且其划分结果合理并具有明确的气象意义。     

Distribution of seasonal rainfall in the East Asian monsoon region

Summary ?This study deals with the climatological aspect of seasonal rainfall distribution in the East Asian monsoon region, which includes China, Korea and Japan. Rainfall patterns in these three countries have been investigated, but little attention has been paid to the linkages between them. This paper has contributed to the understanding of the inter-linkage of various sub-regions. Three datasets are used. One consists of several hundred gauges from China and South Korea. The second is based on the Climate Prediction Center (CPC) Merged Analysis of Precipitation (CMAP). The two sources of precipitation information are found to be consistent. The third dataset is the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis 850-hPa winds. The CMAP precipitation shows that the seasonal transition over East Asia from the boreal winter to the boreal summer monsoon component occurs abruptly in mid-May. From late March to early May, the spring rainy season usually appears over South China and the East China Sea, but it is not so pronounced in Japan. The summer monsoon rainy season over East Asia commonly begins from mid-May to late May along longitudes of eastern China, the Korean Peninsula, and Japan. A strong quasi-20-day sub-seasonal oscillation in the precipitation appears to be dominant during this rainy season. The end date of the summer monsoon rainy season in eastern China and Japan occurs in late July, while the end date in the Korean Peninsula is around early August. The autumn rainy season in the Korean Peninsula has a major range from mid-August to mid-September. In southern China, the autumn rainy season prevails from late August to mid-October but a short autumn rainy season from late August to early September is noted in the lower part of the Yangtze River. In Japan, the autumn rainy season is relatively longer from mid-September to late October. The sub-seasonal rainfall oscillation in Korea, eastern China and Japan are explained by, and comparable to, the 850-hPa circulation. The strong westerly frontal zone can control the location of the Meiyu, the Changma, and the Baiu in East Asia. The reason that the seasonal sea surface temperature change in the northwestern Pacific plays a critical role in the northward advance of the onset of the summer monsoon rainfall over East Asia is also discussed. Received October 5, 2001; revised April 23, 2002; accepted May 11, 2002     

云南雨季的时空特征及与大气环流变化的关系

为了系统了解和认识云南雨季变化的气候特征、年际特征及其影响因子,利用云南116个气象观测站1961—2015年20时—20时的逐日降水资料,根据新定义的西南雨季单站标准,系统分析云南雨季变化的时空特征以及相应的大气环流特征。结果表明:（1）对于1981—2010年的气候平均,云南全省平均雨季的开始和结束日期分别为5月22日和10月15日,雨季变化的空间差异较大,雨季开始大致表现为从东南向西北推进,结束则从西北和东南逐渐向西南推进,由此导致云南雨季长度和雨季总降水量变化由南至北逐渐减小;（2）云南雨季变化的年际差异显著,全省平均雨季开始日期最早在5月8日,最晚在6月8日,结束日期最早在9月30日,最晚在11月2日,早晚相差近1个月;（3）云南雨季开始日期主要受西南季风和中纬度冷空气活动的共同影响,季风建立偏早和中纬度冷空气活动频繁有利于雨季开始早,反之有利于雨季开始晚;而雨季结束日期主要受热带季风环流变化的影响,夏季风向冬季风季节转换早则云南雨季结束早,反之雨季结束晚。      

1981~2017年雅砻江流域面雨量变化特征分析

利用1981～2017年雅砻江流域18个气象站的逐日降水资料,采用算术平均、滑动平均、线性回归等方法,分析了流域面雨量、雨季的时空分布特征。结果表明:雅砻江流域面雨量随月份起伏明显,年内变化呈单峰型。流域春季面雨量呈增加趋势,夏季面雨量中上游呈稳定趋势,下游呈减少趋势,秋季中游和下游呈减少趋势,冬季变化不明显。流域年平均面雨量由北向南逐渐增多,上游和中游呈上升趋势,下游呈下降趋势。雅砻江流域雨季开始期呈提前趋势,雨季结束期上游和下游有推迟趋势,中游变化趋势不明显。流域强降水主要出现在6～9月,面雨量最大值出现在7月,最小值在1月。流域上游的强降水与中游、下游的基本没有关联度;下游强降水和中游关联度为23.3%。      

The significant increase of summer rainfall occurring in Korea from 1998

Using the techniques of empirical orthogonal function analysis and the change-point analysis to total summer rainfall from 60 weather observation stations, it was found that total summer (from June to September) rainfall in Korea has increased greatly since 1998. The increase level was higher in the season between Changma and late summer rainy season (from the end of July to early August) and in the season after late summer rainy season (after the early September). Among the reasons for increase of summer rainfall in Korea since 1998, the north-high and south-low pressure pattern formed around Korea drew attention. As northeasterlies and southeasterlies derived from these two pressure systems converged in Korea, rainfall and moisture convergence increased most in Korea of the East Asia regions (0–60°, 100–180° E). In addition, the atmosphere above Korea revealed that there were strong ascents from the ground to 200-hPa level with the warm air to 500-hPa level.     

Caribbean Sea rainfall variability during the rainy season and relationship to the equatorial Pacific and tropical Atlantic SST

The present study investigates the Caribbean Sea rainfall variability during the early and late rainy seasons and its association with sea surface temperature (SST) and air?Csea interaction based on observational estimates, the NCEP Climate Forecast System (CFS) and Global Forecast System (GFS) simulations, and the CFS retrospective forecasts. Analysis of the observational estimates indicates that air?Csea interaction is important over the Caribbean Sea, whereas the atmospheric forcing of SST dominates over the Gulf of Mexico. The CFS simulation captures the basic elements of this observed air?Csea relationship. The GFS simulation produces spurious SST forcing of the atmosphere over the Gulf of Mexico largely due to prescribing SST. The CFS forecasts capture the air?Csea relationship in the late rainy season (August?COctober), but cannot reproduce the SST forcing of atmosphere over the Caribbean Sea in the early rainy season (May?CJuly). An empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis indicates that the leading modes of percent anomalies of the rainy season precipitation have the largest loading in the southern Caribbean Sea in observations. The model simulations and forecasts skillfully reproduce the spatial pattern, but not the temporal evolution. The Caribbean Sea rainfall variability in the early rainy season is mainly due to the tropical North Atlantic (TNA) SST anomalies in observations, is contributed by both the TNA and eastern equatorial Pacific (EEP) SST anomalies in the CFS simulation, and has an overly large impact from the EEP SST anomalies in the GFS simulation and the CFS forecasts. The observed Caribbean Sea rainfall variability in the late rainy season has a leading impact from the EEP SST anomalies, with a secondary contribution from the TNA SST anomalies. In comparison, the model simulations and forecasts overestimate the impacts of the EEP SST anomalies due to an earlier development and longer duration of the El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation in the CFS compared to observations.     

Identification of historic shifts in daily rainfall regime,Wenchi, Ghana

The characteristics of rainfall regime and its variability in the sub-humid region of mid-Ghana is analyzed using daily rainfall data from the Wenchi, 1950–2000. Prior research in the area, suggests that climatic variability occurs at lower frequencies than the typical ENSO signal and may be more closely related to noted shifts in global climatic patterns. Fifty-six possible starting dates encompassing the traditional growing season, extending from late January to early November, at 5 day increments, are used to define temporal units of varying lengths, variable temporal units (VTUs). Rainfall characteristics in each unit are described by two variables: total rainfall and number of rainy days. Given the widely noted global climatic shift in the 1970s and the results of regional analyses, the 50 year record is sub-divided into two 20 year periods, 1950–1969 (period 1) and 1980–2000 (period 2). The means and variances of the two variables in each VTU are compared to identify any times when the changes in rainfall characteristics are most noticeable within the rainfall regime between periods. Both variables yield results consistent with the main rainy season and the long dry season being relatively unchanged, however the short dry spell is becoming wetter and the minor rainy season (September/October) has become significantly drier and shorter. The observations are consistent with the general north–south erosion of the bi-modal regime in West African which is associated with the southward shift of the ITCZ and the monsoonal system. This phenomenon is believed to be ongoing for the last 10,000 years in step with the hypothesized shift of the perihelion into the boreal winter. The use of independent arbitrary starting dates and durations (VTU) advances the understanding of temporal variability of rainfall, at a scale appropriate to agricultural practices in the study area.     

广州气溶胶质量谱与水溶性成分谱的年变化特征

广州气溶胶质量谱与水溶性成分谱的年变化特征吴兑，陈位超（广州热带海洋气象研究所，广州，５１００８０）近年来，我们曾在粤、桂、琼三省华南广大地区采集并分析了大气气溶胶分级样品，从气溶胶参与雨水酸化过程，吸湿性气溶胶作为凝结核的作用，以及海岸地带吸湿性粒...     

Variability of factors and their possible application to climatic studies

Summary The seek for variability of factors is suggested in detecting variabilities that could not have been detected in other ways. The proposed methodology may be appropriate to evaluate the rainfall distribution during wetter or drier periods or regions. Tested on rainfall data from Israel, the present method detected a seasonal cycle in the dependence of rainfall totals on daily rainfall (P) and on the Number of Rain Days (NRD). At the beginning and at the end of the rainy season and in the drier parts of the country, there is a greater dependence of the total rainfall on P. During the main rainy season, and in the wetter parts of the country, variations in the total monthly rainfall (RAIN) from year to year, are caused mainly by variations in values of NRD rather by variations in P.With 6 Figures