厦门筼筜湖污染疏浚物中铜在海水的释放动力学

本工作模拟研究了厦门筼筜污染疏浚物中的Cu 在海水中的释放动力学。Cu 在海水中的释放比较缓慢,在一周内才基本达到平衡.平衡溶出率约10%,平衡时Cu 的质量浓度达13μg/dm~3。溶出过程可用交换吸附动力学模式描述。测得溶出速率常数k_2为0.04～0.20d~(-1),表现活化能E_2≈121kJ/mol,表明Cu 与疏浚物主要以化学作用形式相互结合。本研究结果为疏浚物海上倾倒的环境评估和预测提供定量依据。     

厦门东渡港和筼筜湖疏浚物海洋倾废后镉化学行为模拟研究

本文报道了在实验室条件,对厦门东渡港和筼筜湖疏浚物海洋倾废后Cd的溶出,及已达溶出平衡的疏浚物对天然海水中Cd再吸附的模拟研究的结果,讨论了溶出与再吸附过程所遵循的动力学规律。     

盐度对厦门筼筜湖疏浚物-海水界面上镉交换作用的影响

本文报道了厦门筼筜湖疏浚物在不同盐度的天然海水中镉的溶出和被吸附的模拟研究结果。在相同条件下释放量(释放率)随介质盐度升高而增大,而被吸附能力降低。讨论了盐度的影响及溶出与再吸附所遵循的动力学规律。     

海水pH对疏浚物中重金属释放的影响

对厦门员当湖污染疏浚物中的Ｃｄ，Ｃｕ和Ｐｂ在不同ｐＨ的天然海水中溶出的模拟研究结果表明：在ｐＨ为５．０，６．５，８．３条件下，疏浚物中的Ｃｄ，Ｃｕ，Ｐｂ的释放率分别为８０％－９４％，４％－９％和１．０％－２．２％；在相同条件下，Ｃｄ，Ｃｕ，Ｐｂ的释放量（释放量）均随ｐＨ值增大而减少，释放量的顺序为Ｃｄ＞Ｃｕ＞Ｐｂ。讨论了ｐＨ对释放作用的影响及释放过程所遵循的动力学规律。     

港湾疏浚倾废物重金属溶出研究 Ⅰ.厦门筼筜港污染疏浚物的溶出试验

随着港湾开发、航道疏浚、疏浚物的倾倒量急剧增加,据不完全统计,仅1979年世界疏浚物挖掘总量达6×10~8t,占全球倾废总量的大部分.因此疏浚物的倾废已成为全球性关注的环境问题,海上倾废目前仍是最经济最有效的倾弃方式.由于工业、城市排污的影响,港湾航道疏浚物往往不同程度地被毒物沾污,大量疏浚物排入海洋之后,所含毒物的行为和环境影响必须进行科学的评价和预测,以便防止对海洋环境的破坏.因此疏浚物中有毒物质在海水中的溶出过程研究正在引起普遍重视.70年代以来,Kudo、James。Reece、Delaune及李锦霞等都在针对特定河流港湾的环境问题陆续进行过这方面的研究工作,我国这方面工作正处在初步的探索性阶段.     

我国疏浚物倾废研究现状──物理过程及有关问题

我国是依据法制管理疏浚物海洋倾废的国家。几年来,疏浚物海洋倾废研究也相应发展到一定水平。实践经验和理论研究表明:从疏浚物排海时刻起到污染物的最后归宿止,它所经历的物理、化学、生物过程是十分复杂的过程。其中,物理过程是最基本的过程,亦即海洋自净研究的核心内容是其沉降、扩散和输运。因此,本文旨在对疏浚物海洋倾废研究现状进行概述,内容涉及基线研究,环境质量现状评价,疏浚物沉降过程实验和数值分析,声学追踪试验,同位素技术应用,流场数值分析,标识质点漂移数值跟踪试验,抛泥运移数值模拟以及环境影响预测等。最后介绍一种“疏浚物倾倒区选划模式”并对今后疏浚物海洋倾废研究提出一点建议供参考。     

厦门篔筜湖疏浚沉积物对海水中铅铜镉吸附的动力学

为了解疏浚沉积物倾弃入海洋后的化学行为,本文研究了在海水中已达溶出平衡的篔筜湖疏浚沉积物,对再外加入的Pb,Cu,Cd的吸附行为,给出了吸附动力学数据,并用作者先前提出的重金属固液界面吸附动力学模式作了理论处理。     

椒江沉积物的重金属分布特征及环境评价

沉积物对水体中的重金属具有源和汇的双重作用。河流沉积物中重金属含量与相态分析是研究流域重金属元素循环,评价其生态危害性的基本方法。采用1mol/L的盐酸对椒江悬浮物和河漫滩沉积物进行淋滤,研究重金属(Zn、Pb、Cr、Cu和Cd)在酸溶相和酸不溶相中的分布特征,分析并揭示其主要来源和生态效应。椒江沉积物中Zn、Pb、Cu、Cd的含量明显高于浙东地区土壤背景值,酸淋出率60%,当环境条件发生变化时,酸溶相中的重金属易释放到水体中,具有较高的生态风险。相关性和主成分分析揭示,酸溶相中的重金属主要吸附、络合于有机质和铁锰氧化物中,其来源受工业、农业排放的控制。富集因子分析和潜在生态危害评价表明,椒江沉积物中Cd的富集程度最高,尤其在上游永安溪河段,Cd达到显著富集。而Zn、Pb、Cr、Cu均为轻度—中度富集。     

河口污染沉积物中重金属释放与迁移的围隔生态系研究

利用围隔式生态实验装置研究了加拿大False河口污染沉积物中重金属Pb、Zn、Cd、Cu在海水环境中的行为。实验模拟了 4种环境条件 :( 1)高生产力 ;( 2 )低生产力 ;( 3 )高悬浮物含量 ;( 4 )还原环境。结果表明 ,污染沉积物中重金属在海水环境中的行为既取决于元素自身性质 ,亦受外界环境条件制约。还原环境能抑制重金属的释放 ,有助于体系中原有的重金属清除出水柱。低生产力条件下 ,Pb、Zn表现出释放行为 ,而高生产力和高悬浮物含量条件下 ,Pb、Zn表现出先释放后迁移 ,而Cd、Cu则呈现出相反的图象。研究了实验期间 4种重金属释放与迁移的净通量 ,表明氧化条件下Cu、Zn净释放通量比Cd、Pb高 1～ 2个量级。研究表明 ,添加粘土及向还原环境倾倒均有助于减轻污染沉积物倾倒后重金属的二次污染     

清洁疏浚物掩埋对菲律宾蛤仔成体的存活影响

为评价不同粒度、不同掩埋深度的疏浚物对于底栖生物潜在影响,采用长江口疏浚物模拟不同粒度、不同深度掩埋 菲律宾蛤仔,并研究其存活情况。结果表明,菲律宾蛤仔掩埋后为了生存表现出垂直迁移行为,粒度在0.125~0.063 mm 时 菲律宾蛤仔表现出较强的迁移能力,存活率大大的提高,掩埋深度在4 cm以下时菲律宾蛤仔全部迁移至疏浚物的表面存活; 不同粒度疏浚物掩埋深度在一定范围内与菲律宾蛤仔的死亡率之间有显著的正相关关系。粒度为0.125~0.063 mm 时其半致 死深度最大,8d-LC50 为8.4 cm （95 %置信区间5.3~11.6 cm）。实验表明,疏浚物处置后的粒度、沉积厚度对于底栖生物种 群的存亡具有重要的作用。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.