How changes of groundwater level affect the desert riparian forest ecosystem in the Ejina Oasis,Northwest China

Groundwater is a key factor controlling the growth of vegetation in desert riparian systems. It is important to recognise how groundwater changes affect the riparian forest ecosystem. This information will not only help us to understand the ecological and hydrological process of the riparian forest but also provide support for ecological recovery of riparian forests and water-resources management of arid inland river basins. This study aims to estimate the suitability of the Water Vegetation Energy and Solute Modelling(WAVES) model to simulate the Ejina Desert riparian forest ecosystem changes,China, to assess effects of groundwater-depth change on the canopy leaf area index(LAI) and water budgets, and to ascertain the suitable groundwater depth for preserving the stability and structure of desert riparian forest. Results demonstrated that the WAVES model can simulate changes to ecological and hydrological processes. The annual mean water consumption of a Tamarix chinensis riparian forest was less than that of a Populus euphratica riparian forest, and the canopy LAI of the desert riparian forest should increase as groundwater depth decreases. Groundwater changes could significantly influence water budgets for T. chinensis and P. euphratica riparian forests and show the positive and negative effects on vegetation growth and water budgets of riparian forests. Maintaining the annual mean groundwater depth at around 1.7-2.7 m is critical for healthy riparian forest growth. This study highlights the importance of considering groundwater-change impacts on desert riparian vegetation and water-balance applications in ecological restoration and efficient water-resource management in the Heihe River Basin.     

不同地下水埋深下骆驼刺幼苗叶片生理参数光响应特性

为探讨地下水位变化对骆驼刺(Alhagi sparsifolia Shap.)幼苗生长发育的影响,2008年9月在塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘绿洲外围,利用Li-6400光合作用仪测定了人工控制1,1.5,2.0,2.5 m地下水埋深下骆驼刺幼苗叶片净光合速率(Pn),蒸腾速率(Tr),水分利用效率(WUE)等生理参数对有效光辐...     

荒漠河岸林地下水位时空动态及其对地表径流的响应

荒漠河岸林是干旱地区重要的生态系统之一,受间歇性河流补给的浅层地下水是河岸林植物生存的主要水分来源。基于额济纳荒漠河岸林地下水位观测断面具有高时空分辨率的地下水位数据,分析了荒漠河岸林浅层地下水的时空变化及分水事件中河水对地下水的补给特征。结果表明：额济纳绿洲河岸林地下水位在季节尺度上具有植物生长季下降,非生长季上升的变化特征;在植物生长季内,地下水位具有白天下降,夜间上升的日周期变化特征,且日波动幅度主要受不同植被类型及植物不同生长期地下水蒸散速率的影响。黑河下游河水的河道渗漏是沿岸浅层地下水的主要补给来源,在分水过程中,距河道不同距离的地下水位对河水补给的响应时间随距离增加而增大,分水结束时的地下水位上升幅度随距离增加而减小,分水总径流量、分水持续时间和日均径流量是影响地下水补给宽度的主要因素。河道径流渗漏水量的绝大部分都通过蒸散发过程损失,从2013—2015年6次分水事件结束后,地下水估算补给量占其与蒸散量总和的平均比例为23.6%。     

克里雅河尾闾绿洲浅层地下水位埋深变化特征研究

地下水位埋深的动态变化极大程度上控制着荒漠植被.达理雅博依位于克里雅河尾闾,是塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地现存面积最大的一处由荒漠河岸林构成的天然绿洲,在这里对地下水位埋深动态变化的监测有助于研究其对地表植被的影响,从而进一步揭示天然绿洲形成与维系的机理.由于复杂的地理环境和闭塞的交通,尚未有学者在该绿洲获得连续的地下水位埋深监...     

基于稳定同位素的海河源区地下水与地表水相互关系分析

对海河流域源区的丰、枯水期降水、地下水、河水进行取样测试,分析了海河源区不同水体氢氧稳定同位素组成及水化学的时空分布特征,同时运用同位素二元混合模型对典型采样点地表水地下水间的相互作用进行了定量分析。结果表明：① 丰水期地下水及地表水δD和δ¹⁸O及总溶解性固体(TDS）表现出显著的空间差异性,而枯水期只有地下水的同位素组成及水化学特性表现出空间差异。②研究区的地下水水化学类型以Ca-HCO₃·SO₄、Ca-HCO₃型为主,丰水期河水与地下水化学类型较为相似,枯水期地下水化学类型与同时期的河水及大气降水的水化学类型存在显著的差异,说明枯水期地表水与地下水之间的转化关系不明显。Gibbs分析结果表明,控制海河源区水体化学性质的主要影响为岩石风化作用。③枯水期地下水受其他水体影响较弱,而丰水期河水及大气降水对地下水具有显著的补给作用,3个源流区中西源的地表河水对地下水影响最显著。     

Effect of Groundwater Level Fluctuation on Phragmites australis Evapotranspiration in the Baiyangdian Lake

Abstract:Hydrological regimes influence ecological patterns and processes as well as alter rates of wetland evapotranspiration.This study aimed to investigate the impact of groundwater fluctuation on evapotranspiration of Phragmites australis.Supported by field data obtained from the Baiyangdian Lake in northern China,the variations in groundwater levels were explored,and the changes in soil water and evapotranspiration of reed were analyzed to investigate different groundwater level scenarios using HYDRUS-1D model.The results showed that soil water content,recharged by groundwater,remained stable in the lower soil layer but varied strongly in the upper layer of the soil profile;in comparison to evaporation,Phragmites australis transpiration contributed significantly more to the overall evapotranspiration rate;the high levels of evapotranspiration could be maintained when groundwater levels vary between 1.0 m and 1.8 m,while it was reduced with an increase in groundwater levels as a result of water stress conditions.The results also indicated that the evapotranspiration of Phragmites australis could maintain higher evapotranspiration rates under natural water levels.The evapotranspiration,in other words,might be the main water consumer,but it nevertheless has little effect on water levels during water shortages.The evapotranspiration of Phragmites australis responded to the changes in groundwater levels could help researchers understand water requirements of the wetlands and establish suitable water levels for the wetlands.     

黄河三角洲土壤氯离子空间变异特征及其控制因素

为了解黄河三角洲地区土壤盐渍化发生与发展的主要控制因素,通过采集土壤样品及潜水样,运用地统计学等方法,分析样品中优势离子Cl^-含量的空间分布特征及成因。结果表明:① 土壤Cl^-含量与潜水Cl^-质量浓度的空间分布表现出高度的相似性和相关性。② 潜水借助包气带自身的水势梯度或植物蒸腾作用向土壤输送水分,进而控制着土壤Cl^-的空间分布与变异。③ 地形地貌通过对水、气、热的再分配控制着包气带土层中Cl^-的迁移方向和富集区域。水文地质条件是对区域"饱和带-包气带"盐分迁移富集起决定作用的内部因素,而地形地貌条件是起控制作用的外部因素。     

干旱环境下高温对胡杨光合作用的影响

在塔里木河下游3个地下水埋深（4.64 m,6.15 m,7.02 m）环境下,利用LI-6400便携式光合作用测定仪测定了胡杨叶片在适宜温度（27 ℃）和高温（39 ℃）下的净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度(gs)、蒸腾速率（E）及胞间CO2浓度（Ci）,比较了不同地下水埋深下胡杨光合作用对高温的响应。结果表明：在3个地下水埋深下高温都使得光合速率和气孔导度明显减少,并且在地下水埋深（7.02 m）较深处,高温使得光合速率和气孔导度的下降幅度也最大,这都说明干旱胁迫加强了高温对胡杨光合作用的负面效应。然而,在同一地下水埋深下,由于高温的影响,胡杨叶片的胞间CO2浓度并未随着净光合速率和气孔导度的下降而减少,其原因很可能是气孔发生了不均匀关闭。而叶片的蒸腾速率和饱和水汽压由于高温作用的影响都明显增加,并且在地下水埋深7.02 m处,高温引起蒸腾速率的增加幅度是最小的,这表明了气孔对干旱高温胁迫下胡杨的光合作用具有一定调节作用。     

Physiological and growth responses of Populus davidiana ecotypes to different soil water contents

Changes in dry matter accumulation and allocation, gas exchange, abscisic acid content (ABA) and water use efficiency (WUE) of three contrasting Populus davidiana ecotypes were recorded after exposure to five different soil water contents. The ecotypes used were from dry, middle and wet climate regions, respectively. In the controlled environment study, five different soil water contents which were watered to 100%, 80%, 60%, 40% and 20% field capacity were used, respectively. Significant differences in height growth (HT), total biomass (TB), total leaf area (LA), total leaf number (TLN), specific leaf area (SLA), root/shoot ratio (RS), net photosynthesis (A), transpiration (E), stomatal conductance (C), transpiration efficiency (WUE_T) and instantaneous water use efficiency (WUE_i) between the ecotypes were detected under all soil water contents. Ecotypic differences in ABA and carbon isotope composition (δ¹³C) were also detected under low soil water contents, but these differences were not significant under high soil water content. Compared with the wet climate ecotype, the dry climate ecotype had lower HT, TB, LA, TLN, SLA, A, E and C, and higher RS, WUE_T and WUE_i under all soil water contents. On the other hand, the dry climate ecotype also exhibited higher ABA and δ¹³C as affected by low soil water contents than the wet climate ecotype. These morphological and physiological responses to water availability showed that the different ecotypes may employ different survival strategies under drought at the initial phase of seedling growth and establishment. The wet climate ecotype possesses a prodigal water use strategy and quick growth, while the dry climate ecotype exhibits a conservative water use strategies and slow growth.     

Plant–water relationships and growth strategies of Jatropha curcas L. seedlings under different levels of drought stress

Although Jatropha curcas, an important tropical biofuel crop, is reputed for its drought resistance, its ability to perform under dry conditions has hardly been investigated. In a greenhouse experiment we investigated the plant–water relationships of Jatropha seedlings from different accessions under different levels of drought stress. There was little difference in plant–water relations between accessions. Drought significantly reduced leaf area, biomass and relative growth rate, but had no effect on specific leaf area, daily range in leaf water potential, leaf water content, transpiration efficiency or aboveground biomass water productivity, corrected for atmospheric conditions. Stem wood density was equally low (0.26 g cm^?3) for all treatments. Stem water content was lowest for dry treatment seedlings. Based on these results, Jatropha could be characterized as a stem-succulent tree. In contrast to other stem-succulent deciduous trees, leaves were not shed immediately after the seedlings were confronted with drought. Instead, at the onset of drought, leaves with a higher adaxial stomatal density were formed, after which leaves were only gradually shed. The role of the succulent stem in the water economy of Jatropha was confined to balancing the small water losses of the leaves during drought.     

巴丹吉林沙漠沙山区径流与地下水补给条件

在全球高差最大的巴丹吉林沙漠沙山斜坡上发现了沙漠区罕见的因大气降水而产生的地表超渗径流,地表径流侵蚀,缓渗径流及因地下径流出露而产生的地表径流--风沙混合物理沉积与化学沉积(次生盐).根据电镜观察,能谱分析,化学分析和粒度分析等资料,研究了径流化学沉积物的矿物和化学组成,风积沙和径流--风沙混合物理沉积物的粒度组成,径流类型及沙山区水分平衡,降水对地下水与湖水的补给机制.超渗径流的出现表明,虽然该区降水量少,但存在能够为地下水提供补给来源的较强有效降雨过程.径流,径流--风沙混合物理沉积和化学沉积等六项科学指标从深层次上充分证明,该区降水通过入渗至少达到了沙山的下部,完全能够对地下水构成有效补给.细粒层相对的隔水性是该区地下径流出露于地表的原因.沙山区确实存在令人惊奇的水分正平衡,即在大气降水在经过蒸发和蒸腾等消耗之后,每年还有约134648.4 t/km²水补给了地下水和湖水,成为湖水的重要补给来源之一.沙山区能够产生有效降水,植被稀少蒸腾量少,沙层入渗率高和沙层受蒸发影响深度很小是该区水分出现正平衡和大气降水能够补给地下水的四个条件,也是导致该沙漠区有众多湖泊发育的主要条件.     

荒漠绿洲湿地水分来源及植物水分利用策略

水分是干旱区不同景观界面间的水分循环过程与水力联系的主体,维持着干旱区湿地生态系统的结构与功能。为量化水分来源及其对植物水分的贡献率,以河岸灌木湿地和草地盐沼湿地为研究对象,通过测定降水、径流、地下水、土壤水和植物水中δD、δ¹⁸O组成,利用多源线性混合模型分析水分来源对荒漠植物水分利用的贡献率。结果表明：（1） 黑河流域荒漠绿洲湿地年均降水量104.6 mm,约占蒸散量（604.47 mm）的17.03%,具有明显的季节性分布特征。地下水位与土壤含水量的波动取决于河流距离,离河道较近的河岸灌木湿地地下水深度及土壤含水量随季节波动较小,而离河道较远的草地盐沼湿地则变化很大。（2） 当地大气降水线δD=6.33δ¹⁸O+4.04 （R²=0.931）,斜率和截距均略小于全球大气降水线则符合黑河流域湿地整体降水少而蒸散量大的特点。黑河径流δD和δ¹⁸O均值分别为-43.80‰±12.09‰和-8.65‰±23.33‰,地下水为-50.98‰±13.18‰和-9.74‰±25.49‰,土壤水为 -42.07‰±6.89‰和-7.22‰±2.49‰,植物水为-51.84‰±14.46‰和-8.50‰±24.13‰。（3） 地表蒸发是荒漠绿洲湿地土壤氢、氧同位素富集的主要原因。地下水和河水分别是草地盐沼湿地与河岸灌木湿地的主要水分来源,贡献率分别约为61%和50%,表明湿地植物相比于干旱区脉冲式降水更依赖较为稳定的水源。（4） 植物根系深度和毛细根分布是决定荒漠绿洲湿地植物水分利用策略的重要因素。     

塔里木河下游胡杨气体交换特性及其环境解释

结合塔里木河下游不同地下水埋深下胡杨的气体交换参数及其环境因子的实测结果,探讨地下水位及环境因子对胡杨光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(gs)、水分利用效率(WUE)等气体交换参数的影响规律。研究表明:随着地下水位下降,胡杨净光合速率和蒸腾速率日变化最大值提前,地下水埋深越深,净光合速率“双峰”曲线趋势越明显,地下水位4.37 m以上时,蒸腾速率呈“双峰”曲线,当地下水位下降到5.91 m时,蒸腾速率呈“单峰”曲线;低地下水埋深下,光合作用受抑制的主要原因是气孔限制;随着地下水位下降,光合抑制的主要原因则是非气孔限制;适度水分胁迫有利于提高胡杨水分利用效率\.同时,结果显示: 4 m为胡杨的合理生态水位,地下水位为4~5 m时,胡杨受到轻度水分胁迫,低于6 m,胡杨受水分胁迫加剧。     

Water status in winter wheat grown under salt stress

1 IntroductionSalinization is one of the major problems in arid and semi-arid regions in relation to land use and in particular to agricultural production[1]. Excessive salinity leads to toxicity in crops and reduction of the availability of water to crops, by reducing the osmotic potential of the soil solution[2]. Movement of soil water induces solute transport, and solutes are transferred towards the ground surface by the upward soil-water movement caused by evaporation, resulting in an accu…     

辽河口湿地芦苇叶片蒸腾及其与影响因子关系研究

于2009年8～10月,在辽河口芦苇(Phragmites australis)沼泽地,采用野外培养箱土培模拟实验方法,人为控制水位,用PM-5型稳态气孔计测量了不同水深条件下芦苇叶片的蒸腾速率,研究了芦苇叶片蒸腾及其与影响因子的关系.结果表明,不同水深条件下,芦苇叶片蒸腾速率日变化差异明显;当控制水位在地表以上10 ...     

估算干旱区地下水依赖型植物蒸散发的White法评述

日尺度上的地下水位波动是干旱区地下水依赖型植物蒸散消耗地下水的直接证据与指示。White通过分析日尺度地下水位波动与植被蒸散之间的关系,提出了利用地下水位观测数据来计算植被蒸散速率的方法,简称White法。该方法由于计算简单,所需数据少,在干旱区河岸林蒸散定量方面得到了广泛的应用。本文通过系统回顾White法的提出、“四大假设条件”及其在实际应用中的不足,梳理了近年来对White法不断修订的总体思路,总结了各种形式White法的特点、使用条件以及存在的主要问题;在此基础上,提出了White法进一步改进的方向。当前,结合地表蒸散发的多尺度观测与模拟,White法不仅可以用来估算区域尺度地下水蒸散,而且能够为定量解析干旱区植物的水分利用来源提供验证与参考。     

Modeling Short-Term Spatial and Temporal Variability of Groundwater Level Using Geostatistics and GIS

Continuous depletion of groundwater levels from deliberate and uncontrolled exploitation of groundwater resources lead to the severe problems in arid and semi-arid hard-rock regions of the world. Geostatistics and geographic information system (GIS) have been proved as successful tools for efficient planning and management of the groundwater resources. The present study demonstrated applicability of geostatistics and GIS to understand spatial and temporal behavior of groundwater levels in a semi-arid hard-rock aquifer of Western India. Monthly groundwater levels of 50 sites in the study area for 36-month period (May 2006 to June 2009; excluding 3 months) were analyzed to find spatial autocorrelation and variances in the groundwater levels. Experimental variogram of the observed groundwater levels was computed at 750-m lag distance interval and the four most-widely used geostatistical models were fitted to the experimental variogram. The best-fit geostatistical model was selected by using two goodness-of-fit criteria, i.e., root mean square error (RMSE) and correlation coefficient (r). Then spatial maps of the groundwater levels were prepared through kriging technique by means of the best-fit geostatistical model. Results of two spatial statistics (Geary’s C and Moran’s I) indicated a strong positive autocorrelation in the groundwater levels within 3-km lag distance. It is emphasized that the spatial statistics are promising tools for geostatistical modeling, which help choose appropriate values of model parameters. Nugget-sill ratio (<0.25) revealed that the groundwater levels have strong spatial dependence in the area. The statistical indicators (RMSE and r) suggested that any of the three geostatistical models, i.e., spherical, circular, and exponential, can be selected as the best-fit model for reliable and accurate spatial interpolation. However, exponential model is used as the best-fit model in the present study. Selection of the exponential model as the best-fit was further supported by very high values of coefficient of determination (r ² ranging from 0.927 to 0.994). Spatial distribution maps of groundwater levels indicated that the groundwater levels are strongly affected by surface topography and the presence of surface water bodies in the study area. Temporal pattern of the groundwater levels is mainly controlled by the rainy-season recharge and amount of groundwater extraction. Furthermore, it was found that the kriging technique is helpful in identifying critical locations over the study area where water saving and groundwater augmentation techniques need to be implemented to protect depleting groundwater resources.     

丘间滩地糜子和玉米光合蒸腾特性与内外影响因子的关系

对种植在丘间滩地的糜子和玉米进行了光合、蒸腾及一系列内外影响因子的测定。结果表明:两种作物光合、蒸腾日进程曲线均呈单峰型;蒸腾速率达峰值的时间落后于光合速率达峰值的时间;光合速率主要受光合有效辐射和温度的影响;蒸腾速率主要受空气湿度和气孔导度的调控;光合、蒸腾受植物叶水势和胞间CO₂浓度的影响不大。两种作物光合与蒸腾特性、水分利用效率及内部调解机制的变化极为相似,只是在光合速率、水分利用效率和对高温的适应上,糜子略优于玉米。     

绿洲与沙漠地带疏叶骆驼刺(Alhagi sparsifolia.)光合生理特征的适应差异

光系统Ⅱ的电子传递、生物量积累和形态变化三个方面对比研究了新疆石河子地区绿洲和沙漠生境下疏叶骆驼刺(Alhagi sparsifolia Shap.)光合生理特征的适应特点,发现两地Pn(净光合速率)特征值表现出清晨高,午后低的节律变化。沙漠生境下疏叶骆驼刺具有光饱合点高、蒸腾速率低和高水分利用率的特点,而绿洲生境下疏叶骆驼刺则通过较高的蒸腾速率来维持其高的光合速率,表现出高蒸腾、高光合的特点。二个样点Pn都与gs,WUE相关显著,而受Fv/Fm和水势变化的影响较小。认为疏叶骆驼刺对新疆沙漠和绿洲二种生境具有良好的环境适应性,并形成了不同的光合生理的适应特点;沙漠环境虽然不利于种群繁殖,但不影响疏叶骆驼刺的个体生长。     

Water status in winter wheat grown under salt stress

Properties of the soil surface layer, the temporal pattern of the microclimate variables as well as crop condition were combined to analyze the characteristics of the evapotranspiration from winter wheat fields in a saline soil area. In order to accomplish this analysis, evapotranspiration was divided into evaporation from the soil and transpiration from wheat. Moreover, the effect of soil salinity on evapotranspiration was evaluated through the relationship between actual evapotranspiration and potential evapotranspiration (Ea/Eo) and the total soil water potential (y) was divided into two components: matric potential (yM) and osmotic potential (yo). Two sites with different salinity levels were chosen for this study, located in Hebei Province, China. Measurements were conducted in April-May 1997 and May 1998. The Bowen ratio method was used to estimate the actual evapotranspiration (Ea), whereas potential evapotranspiration (Eo) was estimated using Penman’s equation. Measurements of soil evaporation (Es) were obtained with micro-lysimeters, and transpiration was calculated from the difference between Ea and Es. The results show that transpiration comprised on average almost 80 % of total evapotranspiration. Evaporation from the soil differed slightly between years, but this variation was dominated by the leaf area index (LAI), which ranged from 4 to 5 during the study period of 1997 and 1998. Soil electric conductivity (EC), which is directly related to osmotic potential, ranged from 1.9 to 3.5 mS cm-1 in 1997 and was negligible in 1998. Our results indicate that lower osmotic potential decreases the total soil water potential, thus affecting plant transpiration. Hence, it is possible to say that soil salinity actually decreases evapotranspiration from winter wheat fields.