凡纳对虾优良性状遗传标记的筛选

凡纳对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)是全球三大养殖对虾名优种类之一。我国从1988年开始试养，到1998年大量引进凡纳对虾亲虾和幼体后，华南地区兴起了养殖热潮。在1999年到2000年短短两年时间内，广东、海南、广西凡纳对虾的养殖面积已达10×104亩(1亩=666.7m2)，集约化防病养殖产量普遍达到5~9t/hm2，年产量高达10~20t/hm2，其养殖面积约占华南地区对虾养殖面积的60%，普遍获得了比养殖斑节对虾更好的经济效益，成为我国继中国对虾、斑节对虾之后的又一养殖对虾种类。从凡纳对虾养殖业的长远发展战略来看，如何避免斑节对虾因病害而造成养殖业全面萎缩的情况在凡纳对虾养殖业中重演已成为重要研究内容。 美国夏威夷海洋硏究所等单位利用遗传标记辅助选育种技术进行凡纳对虾良种选育和家系培养取得了很大的成效，培育出世界著名的无特异病原(SPF)凡纳对虾亲虾，在全球对虾养殖产量下滑的形势下仍然保持良好的增长趋势，其关键是种虾的选择和家系的培育。 Garcia等(1994)利用遗传标记技术进行了凡纳对虾种群的遗传标记研究，发现种群之间具有较高水平的遗传变异，因而有潜力进行凡纳对虾良种的人工选育。 本研究利用RAPD标记技术，对目前养殖凡纳对虾不同群体进行DNA多态性研究，筛选与优良性状有关的遗传标记，为凡纳对虾优质种苗的鉴定、选育和今后遗传标记辅助选育种提供了科学依据。     

凡纳滨对虾EST-SSR标记的筛选及遗传多态性检测

为了研究我国海南地区某凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)繁育群体的种质资源多样性,选取14个比利时野生对虾的EST微卫星标记,以240个中国人工选育的凡纳滨对虾个体为研究对象,检测这些标记在该养殖群体遗传多样性评估中的可行性,结果表明,有7个引物可扩增出清晰条带,其中5个引物(CNM-MG 345,...     

凡纳对虾(Penaeus vannamei Boone)高产养殖试验

1999－2001年3a的高产试验结果显示，在符合一定条件的虾塘中和恰当的管理下，在广西沿海进行凡纳对虾（Penaeus vannamei Boone）的集约化养殖是可行的，在平均放苗密度约74尾／m^2时，凡纳对虾的平均单位产量可达到7224.35kg/hm^2。在一定的放苗密度范围（27－81尾／m^2）和养殖期限（99－139d）内，对虾单产与放苗密度和养殖天数正相关，蛋白质水平为35％的配合饲料可以满足集约化养殖的凡纳对虾的需要。     

凡纳滨对虾内脏几丁质酶基因的克隆、序列分析与结构预测

几丁质酶是甲壳动物顺利完成生理性蜕壳的关键功能酶．已有研究表明几丁质酶是一个多基因家族．根据甲壳动物几丁质酶保守序列设计引物,应用反转录PCR方法从凡纳滨对虾（Litopenaeus vannamei）内脏中扩增得到部分几丁质酶编码基因片段,进一步结合RACE法,克隆得到该几丁质酶完整编码序列．生物信息学分析表明其含有信号肽序列、几丁质酶催化中心序列、PEST连接区和几丁质底物结合部位序列．序列比对发现其与中国对虾（ABB85237．1）、斑节对虾（AF157503．1）和日本对虾几丁质酶（BAA12287．1）具有很高的相似度．     

凡纳滨对虾遗传多样性研究中AFLP体系的建立

凡纳滨对虾是当今世界公认的重要对虾养殖品种之一,然而良种选育研究仍相对落后,亟需采用分子遗传学手段加以解决.本文以凡纳滨对虾为材料,对预扩增体系、选择性扩增体系中的稀释倍数、dNTP浓度、Taq浓度、Mg2+浓度、引物浓度进行比较,结果表明,300 ng基因组DNA采用5U PstI和5UMseI双酶切4 h,16℃连接过夜,连接产物稀释10倍进行预扩增,预扩增产物稀释50倍进行选择性扩增,能够得到稳定丰富的条带,最终建立了适用于凡纳滨对虾的AFLP反应体系.本研究又进一步应用优化后的AFLP反应体系,从64对选择性扩增引物组合中筛选出12对多态性高的引物组合,便于对凡纳滨对虾基因多态性位点进行分析,从而为凡纳滨对虾的遗传多样性研究奠定基础.     

斑节对虾摄食量与生长率的研究

本文在室内条件（水温24～28℃，盐度28～33．5）下以缢蛏鲜肉为饵料，对不同体长组斑节对虾的摄食量、生长速率等问题进行研究，得出斑节对虾体长（L）、体重（W）与摄食量（F）、摄食率（Ri）、生长率（Rg）和增重量（ΔW）的关系如下：W＝0．0112L3．1148F＝0．5625W0．1266Ri＝56．24W－0．2731Rg＝14．18W－0．5352ΔW＝0．0956W0．5552文中分析了对虾养殖池的生态特点，讨论了对虾中后期养殖管理过程中的某些对策问题。     

中国对虾(Fenneropenaeus chinensis)与生长性状相关SCAR标记的筛选

采用RAPD技术对“黄海1号”中国对虾快速生长选育群体第6代大个体群体(CP-a)和小个体群体(CP-b)以及野生群体(WP)为对照组的各50尾个体进行扩增,获得可能与生长性状相关的9个RAPD遗传标记。对获得的标记进行克隆、测序并根据序列设计特异性引物对3个群体进行SCAR标记分析。其中6对引物(SCAR1、SCAR2、SCAR3、SCAR4、SCAR5和SCAR6)在3个群体中有扩增产物,前4对引物在3个群体共150尾个体中的扩增产物无多态性。SCAR5和SCAR6在3个群体中的扩增产物具有多态性。依据扩增产物在群体中出现的频率和变化规律进行分析表明,SCAR5扩增的多态片段在3个群体中的组成比例分别为78%、52%和54%,差异显著(P<0.05);SCAR6扩增的多态片段经电泳后产生3个等位基因,6种基因型,只有CP-b含有等位基因A。这2个标记可以作为与中国对虾生长性状相关的候选标记,为在生产实践中实行分子标记辅助育种奠定理论基础。     

斑节对虾摄食量与生产率的研究

本文在室内条件（水温２４－２８℃，盐度２８－３３。５）下以缢蛏鲜肉为饵料，对不同体长组斑节对虾的摄食量，生产速率问题进行研究，得出斑节对虾体长，体重与摄食量，摄食率，生长率和增重量的关系如下Ｗ     

凡纳滨对虾α-淀粉酶基因PCR-RFLP多态性与生长性状的相关分析

采用PCR-RFLP法对379尾凡纳滨对虾α-淀粉酶基因(AMY)多态性进行检测,并分析AMY基因多态性与生长性状的相关性.结果表明:引物AMY-5与AMY-6扩增片段均具多态性,引物AMY-5扩增产物有CC,CT和TT 3种基因型,AMY-6扩增产物有AA,AB和BB 3种基因型.AMY基因AMY-5引物位点TT基因...     

中国对虾胰蛋白酶基因的克隆和结构分析

克隆中国对虾（Fenneropenaeus chinensis）胰蛋白酶基因,参考多种生物的胰蛋白酶基因序列设计出1对简并PCR引物.利用PCR技术从中国对虾基因组DNA中扩增出1条DNA带,经PCR产物回收、纯化,连接到载体质粒,转化细菌,蓝百斑筛选等操作获得了1个阳性克隆.序列分析表明,该序列包含1个内含子和2个不完整的外显子,与已报道的凡纳滨对虾（Litopenaeus vannamei）胰蛋白酶基因Ⅲ有较高的相似度（identity=79.2%）.综合多种分析,可以推定该序列为对虾的胰蛋白酶基因序列.系统进化分析表明该基因属于胰蛋白酶第三家族.     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.