实测数据揭示海底地震仪上浮速率与出水点规律

使用海底地震仪(OBS)对极地浮冰区进行探测时,存在上浮的OBS被浮冰遮挡而难以发现和回收等困难,为提高两极浮冰区海底地震探测效率,亟需对OBS上浮出水时间和位置进行较为准确地预测.本研究以2019年南海OBS观测、2020年西太平洋OBS探测以及2011年南海东部次海盆三维OBS探测现场作业的实测距离和位置信息等数据...     

渤海海底地震仪探测试验及初步成果

利用大容量气枪枪阵震源和海底地震仪在渤海首次开展人工地震深部地球物理探测试验。本次试验布设一条NWW-SEE向垂直构造走向的勘测线,共投放海底地震仪51台,回收成功50台。试验结果和数据分析表明,所使用的枪阵有足够的能量输出,海底地震仪记录震相丰富,可识别到Ps,Pg,PmP,Pn等多种震相。初至波层析成像结果表明,9 km以上地层速度结构存在明显的横向不均匀性,渤中地区新生代沉积基底埋深5～6 km,结晶基底埋深约9 km,郯庐断裂带内存在"U"型下凹的相对低速体并有向下切割的趋势。此次试验是我国在渤海深部探测中的成功示范,有效填补了渤海海域深地震测深数据的空白,为渤海深部地壳结构研究及含油气盆地形成演化研究提供了重要的基础资料。     

南海东北部海陆联测与海底地震仪探测

利用三分量海底地震仪、陆上便携式地震仪和海上气枪震源在南海东北部首次进行了海陆联合的深地震探测,测线呈北北西-南南东方向,垂直于区域构造走向,总长达500km,所获得的数据质量好,深部信息丰富,可分辨出Pg、Pn、PmP等地震相,为南海东北部深部地壳结构及油气盆地形成演化的研究提供了重要的基础数据。     

海底地震仪(OBS)主动源转换横波的应用

横波（S波）为偏振波,具有不同于纵波（P波）的特性,对于地震探测具有特殊的意义.在被动源地震探测中已得到广泛的应用,如接收函数、S波分裂等.在主动源（气枪）海底地震（OBS）探测中,震源在水中,S波为地层转换波,其应用还不多.本文在介绍转换S波的产生、模式、处理和识别的基础上,以实例为切入点简述其具体应用.这些应用主要是基于1D/2D转换S波,用于揭示海底岩石类型、推断地壳性质、共轭陆缘问题、判定地幔蛇纹石化、估算天然气水合物的饱和度和预测流体等.目前在南海已获得了大量的2D和3D的OBS转换S波数据,可将转换S波的研究逐步从2D发展到3D研究,同时结合其他地球物理资料进行共同分析.利用转换S波的研究,有利于揭示南海扩张停止后形成的海山下不同地层的岩性和判定上地幔低速的性质等.      

辽宁地区上地幔各向异性研究

利用辽宁数字地震台网2013—2017年间15个宽频带地震台站记录到的震中距在85°到140°之间的且Mw≥5.5的远震SKS波形数据,基于SplitLab软件,使用旋转相关法、最小切向能量法和最小特征值法,计算每一个台站的SKS快波偏振方向和快、慢波的延迟时间,获得辽宁地区上地幔各向异性参数共398对。结果显示,辽宁地区存在比较明显的上地幔各向异性,快波偏振方向大部分呈NWW方向,与中生代晚期岩石圈伸展形变方向一致;各向异性快慢波延迟时间在0.4～1.2 s之间,可以推测软流圈对各向异性的影响比较小,主要是由残留在岩石圈的古老形变所导致。     

迎接海洋科学的新时期——为什么编写《海底观测》一书

人类作为陆生生物,认识世界、观测世界的立足平台在地面。20世纪的航天技术使人类克服地球引力进入太空,第一次看到地球的全貌,为人类观测地球提供了第二个平台。这场变革可以与17世纪从地球放眼太阳系、带来“日心说”的科学进步相比拟,被喻为“第二次哥白尼革命”。     

南海海底地震仪三维深地震探测的进展及挑战

获取深部速度结构是认识南海形成演化模式的基础.海底地震仪（OBS）二维与三维深地震探测技术是获取深部速度结构最成功的方法之一.OBS三维探测结果揭示:西南次海盆横跨残留扩张脊两侧洋壳不对称增生的速度结构特征;东部次海盆具有4种不同洋壳类型的速度结构;珍贝-黄岩海山链是在海盆停止扩张后6~10 Ma岩浆活动形成的;东沙隆起区显示了张裂期后的岩浆活动及其上涌通道;南海东北部马尼拉俯冲带前缘是受到张裂期后岩浆活动影响的减薄陆壳.IODP367-368钻探区实施的OBS三维探测将以建立南海洋陆转换带（COT）张裂-破裂机制模型为科学目标.OBS三维探测方法在南海各向异性、岩浆活动、形成演化等方面将继续发挥着不可替代的作用.      

南海北部陆坡崎岖海底区地震成像:OBS旅行时反演

深水陆坡油气资源丰富,是油气勘探的重要领域.由于陆坡水深变化较大、海底地形崎岖、地质构造复杂,地震成像存在诸多难点,其中,速度模型的建立是最大的难题之一.利用OBS(ocean bottom seismometer)数据上丰富的折射初至信息,采用旅行时反演方法建立崎岖海底区速度模型.OBS数据由广州海洋地质调查局在南海北部陆坡珠江口盆地东部海域采集,数据质量良好,存在大量的初至折射波.地震成像结果表明,在深水崎岖海底区,利用OBS的初至旅行时能够获得地震成像所需要的背景速度场.受限于高频近似的假设,初至旅行时反演结果分辨率较低.全波形反演可以提供精度更高的速度结构,初至旅行时反演结构可用作全波形反演的初始模型.     

利用Gassmann方程预测海底沉积物孔隙度

孔隙度对于石油勘探和海底测量等领域是一个重要的参数,但是海洋沉积物孔隙度的预测一直是个难点.对Gassmann方程进行变换,利用孔隙度和纵波声速的相关关系求解出孔隙度预测公式,并将该公式应用于南海南部海底沉积物孔隙度预测中.沉积物声速是根据南海采集的柱状样品在甲板上测量的,孔隙度是在实验室测量的.将Gassmann方程预测结果与沉积物柱状样品实验室测量结果进行对比研究.结果表明Gassmann方程能够较好的预测海底沉积物的孔隙度,对浅海地区的孔隙度预测尤为准确.利用误差范数分析法对Gassmann方程各输入参数进行敏感性分析,发现沉积物纵波声速对孔隙度预测精度影响最大.      

海底流体渗漏区的热流探测技术与方法

海底流体渗漏区往往伴随着丰富的海底资源,但具有区域较小、流体渗漏比较活跃、地质背景复杂等特点.为了更好地研究流体流动特征和富集资源等复杂问题,需要精细测量海底流体渗漏区的热流.通过总结各种热流探针的技术特点及海底流体渗漏区的热流特征,并结合最新的海洋地质调查发现,由机械手操控的热流探针,可以快速、准确地测量地质背景复杂的海底流体渗漏区的热状态.      

The structure and origin of Prydz Bay and MacRobertson Shelf, East Antarctica

A marine geophysical survey in early 1982, conducted by the Australian Bureau of Mineral Resources, indicated that much of Prydz Bay is underlain by a sedimentary basin. Severe seismic multiples preclude an accurate estimate of total sediment thickness, but interpretation of the seismic and magnetic data suggest that it is probably at least 5 km. The trends of the southeast basin margin and of mild faulting and folding in the southwest indicate an overall NNE trend, roughly orthogonal to the continental margin.In the south of Prydz Bay, two series of seismic sequences are evident, separated by a mildly erosional unconformity. The lower series ranges from poorly- to well-stratified, has minor folding and faulting, and probably derives from continental and perhaps shallow marine pre-breakup sediments. The upper series is generally well-stratified, and prograded near the shelf edge; it probably represents shallow marine post-breakup sediments. The seabed is distinctly unconformable with the underlying sediments, implying both that much of the upper series sediments and some of the lower series sediments have been bulldozed off by advances of the Amery Ice Shelf, and that present sedimentation rates are very low. Possible thin moraines or tillites in the northeast part of the Prydz Bay are also attributed to these glacial advances.The continental slope and rise sedimentary section ranges from at least 3 km thick off Prydz Bay, to thin off the MacRobertson Shelf to the west, reflecting the more prolific sediment source in Prydz Bay. The deep water section includes several seismic sequences, the most distinctive being interpreted as sheet volcanics and turbidite fans. The deepest visible unconformity is locally strongly faulted and may separate the pre-breakup and post-breakup sediments.Indo-Antarctic breakup has been tentatively dated as Early Neocomian (130 Ma) and the E-W orientation of the resultant Antarctic coast invites interpretation of the Lambert Glacier-Prydz Bay structure as a possible failed rift arm of a triple junction. Direct information on the age and nature of the sediments under Prydz Bay is lacking, but Permian continental sediments cropping out at Beaver Lake, to the south, may correspond to the lower pre-breakup series. This interpretation gains some support from analogies with fault-bounded intracratonic basins in India which contain Permian to Triassic continental strata and which may have been juxtaposed prior to breakup. The upper series probably consists of Upper Cretaceous and Cainozoic sands and shales, with moraines or tillites at the top of the section.     

New constraints on metamorphism in the Rauer Group, Prydz Bay, east Antarctica

Abstract Granulite facies metapelites of the Mather and Filla Paragneisses within the Rauer Group, east Antarctica, possess markedly different compositions. The metamorphic evolution of the two metapelite types has been interpreted as temporally distinct, with the Rauer Group preserving at least two distinct granulite facies tectonothermal episodes. Calculated P–T pseudosections and orthopyroxene Al content indicate the revised maximum‐preserved P–T conditions within the Mather Paragneiss to lie in the vicinity of 950–975 °C and 10–10.6 kbar, less extreme than previous estimates. The range of possible P–T paths for the Mather Paragneiss consistent with mineral textural relationships and pseudosections contoured for mineral proportion are significantly shallower (dP/dT) than previous estimates. A near‐isothermal decompression P–T path, and extreme peak metamorphic conditions, are not necessary to explain the development of preserved mineral reaction textures. The Filla Paragneiss contains pelitic assemblages less amenable to rigorous quantitative analysis. Nevertheless, possibilities for the shared or otherwise metamorphic evolution of the Mather and Filla Paragneisses may be postulated on the basis of calculated pseudosections in the context of existing geochronology for the Rauer Group and preserved microstructures. A shared evolution, most likely during Pan‐African granulite facies metamorphism, is plausible and consistent with mineral assemblage development, geochronology and microstructures. A revised interpretation of the Rauer Group's preserved metamorphic evolution may warrant the revision of existing tectonic models, applicable also to the remainder of Prydz Bay. More generally, the employed approach may incite a revision of peak P–T and P–T paths in other granulite facies terranes.     

Two-stage decompression in garnet-bearing mafic granulites from Sostrene Island, Prydz Bay, East Antarctica

Mafic garnet-bearing granulites from Sostrene Island, 150 km southwest of Davis Station on the coast of Prydz Bay, East Antarctica, exhibit two-stage symplectic coronas on garnet, formed after peak metamorphic conditions (M1). An outer corona of Opx (Mg₆₆) + Pl (An_94–97) + minor Hbl mantles a finer-grained inner corona of Opx (Mg₆₇) + Pl (An_95–96) + Spl (Mg₃₆). Both symplectites contain minor ilmenite–magnetite intergrowths. The finer-grained symplectite also occurs along a fracture cleavage in the garnet. The outer corona originated during a second metamorphic event (M2) via the reaction Grt + Cpx (Hbl) + SiO₂= Opx + Pl (1), whereas the inner corona formed later in response to decompression and minor deformation, resulting in the fracture cleavage in the garnet, according to the reaction Grt = Opx + Pl + Spl (2). The grossular content of the garent (X_Grs= 0.168) is almost exactly that which is required for the stoichiometric breakdown by reaction (2) (calculated X_Grs= 0.167). The mafic rocks are silica undersaturated, and the SiO₂ for reaction (1) was most probably derived externally from the surrounding felsic gneisses. Preferred P–T estimates for M1 based on garnet core (Prp₄₀Alm₄₂Grs₁₇Sps₁)–matrix Opx–Cpx–Hbl pairs are c. 10 kbar at 980°C. The fine-grained symplectite formed post-peak M2 at c. 7 kbar and 850°C. The enclosing felsic gneisses yield pressure estimates of between 5 and 7 kbar, which compare with conditions of c. 6 kbar and 775°C in the nearby Bolingen Islands. These lower P–T estimates are considered to be representative of the widespread 1100-Ma metamorphic event recognized in outcrops along the Prydz Bay coast. The high-P, high-T estimates derived from the garnet relics provide evidence for an earlier, possibly Archaean, high-grade metamorphic event.     

南极普里兹湾表层沉积物微量元素分布特征及其物源指示意义

利用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪测定了中国南极科考21~27航次期间获取的普里兹湾表层沉积物中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Co、Al、Fe、Mn的含量,分析了普里兹湾微量元素的分布特征,结合沉积物粒度分布、生物硅含量,并利用富集系数和主成分分析的方法,探讨了微量元素的物源指示意义。研究结果表明:普里兹湾沉积物中的微量元素含量与南大洋其他海域具有很好的可比性。Cu、Zn、Cr、Co、Fe、Mn含量在陆坡深海区明显高于冰架边缘区和陆架区;Al、Pb含量在冰架边缘区较高;而Cd含量在陆架区相对较高。人类活动对普里兹湾沉积物中的微量元素没有明显的影响,南极大陆岩石风化产物和海洋生物源性沉降是其主要来源。冰架边缘区及陆架破折处P2-9站位的微量元素主要为岩源性输入。陆架区、陆坡深海区的微量元素Cu、Zn、Cr、Co、Fe、Mn明显受到生源性物质输入的影响。而普里兹湾沉积物中Cd则主要来源于硅藻的吸收利用及硅质软泥的富集。     

东南极普里兹湾地区花岗岩类的锆石U-Pb年龄、地球化学特征及其构造意义

东南极普里兹湾地区出露大量泛非期花岗质岩类,利用IA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb原位定年方法测得达尔克花岗岩、蒙罗克尔花岗岩和阿曼达花岗岩的年龄分别为519±2Ma,497±2Ma和498±7Ma.所有普里兹湾地区花岗岩类均具有较高的全碱含量以及K2O/Na2O、FeO^T/（FeO^T＋MgO）和104Ga/Al比值,较低的Mg、Ca、Cr和Ni丰度,表现出A型花岗岩的特点,同时还富集大离子亲石元素和稀土元素,不同程度亏损Sr、Nb、Ta、P和Ti,并具有高87Sr/86Sr初始比值和低εNd（t）值的同位素特征.研究结果表明,普里兹湾地区的岩浆活动可能与后碰撞的造山作用有关,包括岩石圈减薄、岩浆底侵和地壳伸展作用等.普里兹湾A型后碰撞花岗岩的确定支持普里兹带为碰撞造山带的构造属性.     

Magnetostratigraphy and paleoenvironmental significance of sediments from ANT29-P7-09 core in Prydz Bay,Antarctica

Due to the unique geographical location and sensitive response to global climate changes, the Antarctic region plays an important role in paleoclimate researches, and attracts great attentions from various scholars. One 324 cm long sediment core (ANT29-P7-09) was obtained from Prydz Bay, Antarctica, during the 29th Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition. Based on sediment particle size, TOC, δ¹³C analyses and magnetism data, the authors show that the dominant magnetic minerals are ferrimagnetic pseudo single domain (PSD)-multi domain (MD) magnetite. Variations in the paleoenvironmental records allow us to define 4 zones in the core. These zones outline the climatic variations in the region since the late Early Pleistocene, including a warm period, a transitional period, and a cold period. The magnetic particle assemblage varies with glacial-interglacial cycles. Abrupt changes in particle size, TOC content, and geomagnetism occur at 102–90 cm deep in the core, indicating a sudden warming in the Antarctic region, signaling the onset of the Holocene. The authors identified 3 additional climatic signals in the middle part of the core (232–162 cm) that show unexpected cooling events during the warm period in Prydz Bay, Antarctica.     

Preliminary magnetic susceptibility characteristics of the Bharati promontory (Grovness Peninsula), Larsemann Hills,Prydz Bay region,East Antarctica

The coastal tract of the Prydz Bay region in the East Antarctica exposes Archean to Late Proterozoic magmatic and medium- to high grade (amphibolite — granulite facies) metamorphic rocks. The para- and ortho gneisses from the Bharati promontory (Grovness Peninsula) forming a part of the Larsemann Hills in the southern segment of Prydz Bay were investigated for magnetic characterization. In this small peninsula the upper amphibolite facies gneisses occur as NE-trending bands. The para-gneisses show a range of mineral assemblages (± cordierite ± sillimanite ±garnet) while ortho-gneiss mineralogy includes quartz, feldspar, biotite, garnet. All the lithological units in Bharati promontory contain ubiquitous magnetite, however, with wide variation in the volume proportions. This has resulted in a wide range in magnetic susceptibility (10^?4 to 10^?2 SI). Magnetic foliations show a correspondence with the general trend of lithounits (050° NE) and define a resulting geometry of mainly D₁ and D₂ foliations. The magnetic lineations show a preferred orientation with moderate easterly plunge (mean vector 093/36). The findings have implications for the magnetic field survey because such fabrics would impart a strong horizontal component of induced magnetization.