Short Communication: A numerical method for diffusive transport with moving boundaries and discontinuous material properties

A method for the numerical simulation of diffusive transport with moving boundaries is developed and tested. The variable domain is mapped onto a fixed region, which introduces a term of convective form to the transformed governing equation. The resulting convection/diffusion equation is solved by a finite-difference method. An ‘Immersed Interface’ Method (IIM) is introduced in order to retain second-order accuracy near discontinuities in material properties, where the solution is not smooth. The method performs well in benchmark calculations against an analytical solution. The IIM scheme is capable of treating a strong discontinuity in the gradient, and it is readily extended to two or three dimensions. The methods are illustrated through a calculation for the temperature profile in a growing continental ice sheet, in which the thermal properties are discontinuous at the rock/ice interface. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A moving boundary solution for solidification of lava lake and magma intrusion in the presence of time-varying contact temperature

During the solidification of a lava lake heat is released convectively from the top surface as well as conductively into the country rock from the base, leading to non-uniform solidification. The upper solidified layer grows at a faster rate than the lower solidified layer. Similarly, solidification of magma intrusion within the crust is also non-uniform due to the presence of thermal gradient in the crust. Available analytical solution for solidification of a melt layer assumes only symmetric cooling about the centre of the layer. In the present work a moving boundary solution for thermal evolution and non-uniform solidification of a melt layer incorporating time-varying contact temperature conditions at both of its boundaries is developed. The solution is obtained by using the Fourier spectral approach in the space domain and a modified finite difference scheme in the time domain, and is validated with available analytical solutions for simple cases and a semi-analytical solution for the case involving temperature gradient in the country rock. This solution can be used to analyse solidification of lava lakes and magma intrusions experiencing time-dependent temperature variation at their contacts with the country rock.     

杂交边界点方法求解动态断裂力学问题

结合杂交边界点法和双互易法则,推导出求解动力问题的纯边界类型无网格方法--双互易杂交边界点方法,并将该方法用于求解含中心裂纹的方板受瞬态载荷作用的问题。该方法将问题的解分为通解和特解两部分,通解使用杂交边界点法求解,特解则利用局部径向基函数近似,域内布点仅仅为了径向基插值,因此仍然是一种纯边界类型的无网格方法。同时,将移动最小二乘近似中的基函数扩充,使该方法能更好地模拟裂纹尖端应力场的奇异性,具有后处理简单、精度高的优点。数值算例表明了该方法的稳定性和有效性。     

A moving‐mesh finite‐volume method to solve free‐surface seepage problem in arbitrary geometries

The main objective of this work is to develop a novel moving‐mesh finite‐volume method capable of solving the seepage problem in domains with arbitrary geometries. One major difficulty in analysing the seepage problem is the position of phreatic boundary which is unknown at the beginning of solution. In the current algorithm, we first choose an arbitrary solution domain with a hypothetical phreatic boundary and distribute the finite volumes therein. Then, we derive the conservative statement on a curvilinear co‐ordinate system for each cell and implement the known boundary conditions all over the solution domain. Defining a consistency factor, the inconsistency between the hypothesis boundary and the known boundary conditions is measured at the phreatic boundary. Subsequently, the preceding mesh is suitably deformed so that its upper boundary matches the new location of the phreatic surface. This tactic results in a moving‐mesh procedure which is continued until the nonlinear boundary conditions are fully satisfied at the phreatic boundary. To validate the developed algorithm, a number of seepage models, which have been previously targeted by the other investigators, are solved. Comparisons between the current results and those of other numerical methods as well as the experimental data show that the current moving‐grid finite‐volume method is highly robust and it provides sufficient accuracy and reliability. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

移动荷载作用下非均匀地基的动力响应分析

基于线弹性动力学理论,结合坐标变换,建立了移动荷载作用下非均匀弹性半平面地基的动力控制方程,利用半解析法研究了移动荷载作用下二维非均匀地基的动力响应问题。采用傅里叶（Fourier）级数展开,假设了响应函数的级数形式,通过理论推导获得了剪切模量随深度任意变化的非均匀地基在移动荷载作用下各物理量的解析表达式。考虑土体的剪切模量沿厚度方向按幂函数梯度变化,通过数值算例分析并讨论了地基非均匀参数、荷载移动速度以及地基表面的剪切模量等对地基力学响应的影响规律,并与均质地基的计算结果进行了比较。数值结果表明：地基中各点的竖向位移随着土体表面剪切模量和表征土体非均匀性的梯度因子的增大而减小,随着荷载移动速度的增大而增大。在移动荷载作用下,非均匀地基与均匀地基的动力响应有着显著的区别。     

On the implicit immersed boundary method in coupled discrete element and lattice Boltzmann method

The coupled discrete element method and lattice Boltzmann method (DEMLBM) has increasingly drawn attention of researchers in geomechanics due to its mesoscopic nature since 2000. Immersed boundary method (IBM) and immersed moving boundary (IMB) are two popular schemes for coupling fluid particle in DEMLBM. This work aims at coupling DEM and LBM using the latest IBM algorithm and investigating its accuracy, computational efficiency, and applicability. Two benchmark tests, interstitial fluid flow in an ideal packing and single particle sedimentation in viscous fluid, are carried out to demonstrate the accuracy of IBM through semi-empirical Ergun equation, finite element method (FEM), and IMB. Then, simulations of particle migration with relatively large velocity in Poiseuille flow are utilized to address limitations of IBM in DEMLBM modeling. In addition, advantages and deficiencies of IBM are discussed and compared with IMB. It is found that the accuracy of IBM can be only guaranteed when sufficient boundary points are used and it is not suitable for geomechanical problems involving large fluid or particle velocity.     

新型边界积分方程的无单元解及其应用

目前隧道及大型地下工程往往在裂隙岩体中开挖,而裂隙与地下空间的距离及裂隙的扩展条件,制约着隧道及地下工程的稳定性。应用能考虑孔洞和裂纹问题的新型边界积分方程与无网格加辽金法结合,建立一种新型的边界无单元法。在该方法中基本的未知量是由边界上的面力和边界上位移密度函数构成的复变量边界函数 。文中应用的边界积分公式和Muskhelishvili的积分公式直接相关。将无网格构造方法引入新型的边界积分方程,建立了新型的边界无单元法。应用该方法详细分析了含隧道和裂纹间相互关系等问题,其数值结果与解析结果吻合很好,说明该方法的正确性和可行性。     

岩土工程中的杂交边界点方法

改进了正则化的杂交边界点方法,提出了岩土工程中一种新的数值方法。该方法将基本解的源点布在边界上,避免了自由参数的选取,将修正变分原理同移动最小二乘法结合起来,不但有边界元降维的优点,而且还是一种真正的无网格方法,输入数据只是求解域上离散分布的点,后处理十分简便。同时它适合于处理岩土工程的无限域问题。数值算例表明,它是一种计算精度很高的数值方法,适合于岩土工程中的若干问题。     

弹性静力学问题的边界积分形式的数值流形法

传统的数值流形法(NMM)一般均采用区域积分形式。结合边界单元法(BEM),提出了一种边界积分形式的数值流形法。该方法既能发挥NMM的可以灵活选取局部基的优势,又具有BEM降低问题求解维数的特点。针对二维的弹性静力学问题,对3个具有解析解的不同基准算例进行了数值应用,验证了所提方法的有效性和效率。计算结果表明,提高局部基的阶次可有效提高方法的计算精度。     

工程中渗流问题的边界元算法与分析

针对河堤、水坝、高速公路档水墙等存在多孔单元介质中的定常渗流问题,将渗流Laplace方程,通过数学变换转化为边界积分方程,进而离散为线性代数方程组。采用边界元编写FORTRAN程序。计算结果表明:该法与有限元法相比,占用CPU时间短,不需要网格化分,使繁杂问题简单化,同时很好地切近实际。      

饱和土体中空沟对移动荷载被动隔振的 2.5D边界元法分析

根据饱和土Biot理论及移动荷载特性,采用积分变换方法,推导了半无限饱和土体频域-波数内的边界积分方程,讨论了2.5D边界积分方程中Cauchy的奇异性,并分析了空沟对移动荷载引起饱和土体振动的被动隔振效果。通过与已知文献结果比较,验证了算法的正确性。数值结果表明,采用2.5D BEM不仅可以解决具有复杂表面的移动荷载作用下动力响应问题,而且可极大减小计算工作量。对于饱和土体受高速移动荷载作用,空沟更能有效减小土体孔压、竖向位移的振幅;当荷载速度较小时,空沟对土体表面的水平向位移几乎不起衰减作用,甚至有放大效应。另外,随空沟距振源的距离增大,空沟能够更好阻隔土体表面波传播。     

多层弹性平面问题解的精确刚度矩阵法

从平面弹性力学的基本方程出发,利用Fourier积分变换等数学手段,推导出了单层平面问题的刚度矩阵,然后按有限元法组成总体刚度矩阵。通过求解由总体刚度矩阵所构成的代数方程和Fourier积分逆变换,得到在任意静荷载作用下多层弹性平面问题的精确解。由于刚度矩阵不含有正指数项,计算时不会出现溢出现象,从而克服了传递矩阵法的缺点。推导过程中摒弃了应力函数的选择,使得问题的求解更加合理化,同时也为进一步研究此类问题如温度场、动力学等奠定了理论基础。计算实例证明了推导结果的准确性。     

岩土工程中的双互易杂交边界点法

杂交边界点法是一种边界类型的无网格法,它以修正变分原理和移动最小二乘近似为基础,同时具有边界元法和无网格法的优良特性。将该方法同双重互易法结合,将问题的解分为通解和特解两部分,通解使用杂交边界点方法求解,特解则利用局部径向基函数近似。该方法输入数据只是求解域上离散的点,不需要额外的方程来计算域内物理量,后处理十分简便。数值算例表明,该方法是一种计算精度很高的数值方法,适合于岩土工程的若干问题。     

The application of finite elements to heat conduction problems involving latent heat

SummaryThe Application of Finite Elements to Heat Conduction Problems Involving Latent Heat A finite element method is developed for the solution of heat conduction problems which involve latent heat. The method is superior to other wellknown approaches to these problems in that it allows a wider range of material properties and boundary conditions to be dealt with, such as are encountered in complex engineering operations like ground freezing. The method is applied to simple triangular finite elements in this paper, although it could be extended to other types of element including three-dimensional ones. Several example problems are discussed and illustrated, and comparisons are made with other approaches where these can also be used.     

矩形运动荷载作用下软土地基的三维振动研究

通过引入势函数,并利用Helmholtz原理和Fourier变换技术,研究了运动荷载作用下有限层厚软土地基的振动,考虑了矩形分布荷载作用下振动的三维特性,使得分析更符合工程实际,给出了运动荷载作用下饱和黏弹性地基三维振动的应力、位移和孔隙水压力响应的积分形式解答。利用Fourier数值逆变换进行算例分析,讨论了荷载速度对位移及孔隙水压力分布的影响。结果表明,位移幅值随荷载速度的增加而增大,荷载不同位置处孔隙水压力的分布有很大差异。     

傅立叶红外光谱技术在翡翠研究中的应用

基于透射光谱的差异，用傅立叶红外光谱研究翡翠的矿物组成；分析硬玉、霓石、霓辉石和透辉石等主要矿物，以天然翡翠的特征红外光谱为依据，鉴别市售翡翠的真伪和类别（Ａ、Ｂ货）；利用红外显微镜作微区透射光谱，鉴别通常难以鉴别的有裂缝及裂缝填充物的翡翠（Ｂ货），提出了准确的无损鉴别翡翠的方法。     

用空气单元法求解渗流场的逸出边界问题

依据空气单元模拟排水孔的思路,在渗流场任意可能逸出边界外布置一层渗透性较强的单元,与其他实体单元一起进行渗流计算,可以实现该边界的自动求解。与现行方法相比,不仅省去了逸出边界迭代计算的麻烦,而且避免了由于逸出点定位不准确而可能引起的渗流计算不合理或收敛困难等缺陷。算例分析表明,空气单元法的计算精度与空气单元的相对渗透系数R有关,与厚度L无关。当选取了合适的R值后,可以较好地逼近现行方法。对于因引入空气单元而造成的强弱透水介质界面处数值拟真性差的现象,还提出了加入接触面薄层单元的改进方法。方法改进后,计算精度可进一步提高。最后,以小湾水电站22#坝段渗流场计算为例,说明该法的实用性和可行性。     

Integral equation solution of heat extraction from a fracture in hot dry rock

In the study of heat extraction by circulating water in a fracture embedded in geothermal reservoir, the heat conduction in the reservoir is typically assumed to be one dimensional and perpendicular to the fracture. In this paper, we demonstrate that by an integral equation formulation utilizing Green's function, the multi‐dimensional heat flow in the reservoir can be modelled. In the resulting numerical solution system, the discretization of reservoir geometry is entirely eliminated, leading to a much more efficient scheme. The multi‐dimensional heat conduction effect as compared to its one‐dimensional simplification is studied. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Laplace method to investigate subsurface geologic structures and its application

The ages of layered strata show a particular spatial distribution, and the bedding plane is isopotential surface of a scalar T(x, y, z) correlative to the age of a given stratigraphic horizon. The scalar T is obtained as the solution of boundary value problem of Laplace equation in power series, and the solution describes the three-dimensional geologic structures within an analytical space bounded by faults or unconformities on which the value of T jumps. The solution is termed the horizon function and consists of the datum succession and the structural part. The datum succession defines the relationship between the relative age (time-scale; T) and the thickness of strata (spatial scale; z) for undeformed horizontal strata. Geologic structures are described by the structural part of the solution composed by Fourier series, and the coefficients included there are determined by the least-square method using the dip and strike defined by particular combinations of the derivatives of T or the horizon data obtained in the area. The undersampled nature of geologic data is overcome by the selection of solution type, Eigenvalues, and boundary condition. Geological map and cross-sections are composed quantitatively and automatically by combining the spatial distribution of investigated T with the digital map defining the landform of the area. Test results were examined from this point of view. Improvement of the structural part to have the result fit completely the measured data is possible by introduction of the multiplying polynomials, although this concerns mathematical nature of the potential T.     

杂交边界点法求解带自由面的渗流问题

将杂交边界点法与迭代法相结合,求解有自由面的渗流问题。杂交边界点法基于杂交位移变分原理和移动最小二乘近似,利用基本解插值域内的场函数,而边界上的变量则用移动最小二乘近似,是一种纯边界类型的无网格方法。利用该方法只需在边界上布点而不需要划分任何网格的特性,先假定自由面的初始位置,再进行迭代求解。数值算例表明,该方法精度较高、计算量较小,适合于求解各种具有自由面的渗流问题。