雄安新区地热地质模型探究：来自地球物理的证据

雄安新区内地热资源丰富，区内有牛驼镇地热田、容城地热田和高阳地热田，地热资源开发利用较早，但是对其深部热源机制仍未形成统一观点。为了研究雄安新区内地热田深部热源机制，在新区及外围进行了深反射地震和长周期大地电磁探测，对取得的同剖面的深反射地震和大地电磁数据进行处理和综合解释，探明了研究区从地表至莫霍面范围内地质构造和电性结构。下地壳结构在深反射地震剖面与大地电磁剖面上有很好的对应关系。电阻率低值区对应着在深反射地震剖面上存在一系列反射同相轴，且同相轴可以延续到莫霍面，电阻率高值区对应着在深反射地震剖面上无明显连续反射同相轴，尤其是在莫霍面之上呈现地震反射近似"空白区"。结合区域地热资料构建了研究区深部地热地质模型，对新区内深部地热机制进行了解释。该模型为"二元"生热模型，其热源包含两个部分，深部地幔热源和地壳放射性元素衰变生热。放射性元素衰变生热占地表热流的接近30%，而幔源热流在地表热流中的占比可达约70%。在牛驼镇下方，莫霍面以上，由于地幔热物质上涌造成下地壳上隆，幔源岩浆底侵作用于下地壳形成了局部热异常，该热异常具有低速高导的地球物理特征，认为是牛驼镇地热田和容城地热田的深部热源；以区域断裂为热通道，大地热流由深部向上传导、扩散到牛驼镇凸起和容城凸起顶部，对碳酸盐岩储水层进行加热，形成地热储层；上覆新近系沉积地层是良好的热盖层。     

济阳坳陷地幔热流和深部温度

济阳坳陷深部地热状况对于分析岩石圈深部结构特征、探索该盆地形成和演化的地球动力学过程具有重要意义.依据济阳坳陷最新的钻探资料和深部地球物理探测结果, 按沉积盖层、上、中、下地壳4层结构, 建立了分别代表该区凹陷部位和凸起及斜坡带上的2种地壳结构模型.通过多道能谱分析, 测试了区内4 3块岩心样品的放射性元素U、Th、40K含量, 统计得出了济阳坳陷沉积盖层的平均生热率为(1.40±0.26) μW/m3.在研究大地热流分布的基础上, 结合济阳坳陷地壳各岩层放射性生热率, 采用“剥层”法, 从地表开始, 由浅到深逐步扣除各层段所提供的热量, 得到了济阳坳陷的地幔热流.并且采用相似的方法, 利用一维稳态热传导方程, 分析了地壳上地幔顶部的温度状况.结果表明, 济阳坳陷的地幔热流约为38.4~39.2 mW/m2, 占整个地表总热流量的5 8%;地幔顶部温度约为602~636℃.与世界上其他各类地质构造单元相比, 济阳坳陷无论是地幔热流值或其与地表热流之比值都是比较高的, 其深部地热状态具有介于稳定地区和构造活动区之间的特点.      

华北断陷盆地热场特征及其形成机制

地热场主要受基底凸凹相间的地质构造格局控制,具有高低相间的带状分布特点。在凸起区盖层地温梯度G和大地热流值Q均较高,一般G=3.5—5.0℃/100m,Q=63—84mW/m~2;而凹陷区则较低,G=2.7—3.5℃/100m,Q=46—59mW/m~2。全区=3.58℃/100m,=61.5±13.4mW/m~2,这说明全区具有较高的地热背景值和局部热异常。地热场数学模拟结果和实测地热资料对比,相符较好。构造单元的地热差异,主要是由于地壳浅部岩石热性质在横向上及纵向上的不均一,地壳深部较均一的热流在向上传导过程中,于地壳表部再分配的结果。     

中国东北新生代火山活动与地热资源

本文论述了中国东北新生代火山活动的时—空分布规律和温泉及热流高值区的空间分布特征,揭示了热流高值区和温泉分布区与新生代火山活动、裂谷运动和断裂活动的内在联系,特别强调了活动断裂对温泉和地热高异常区形成的控制作用。提出新生代火山活动区、裂谷盆地、断裂强烈活动区和大地震发生区,以及活化的古板块缝合带等地区,是最有利的地热资源勘探靶区。     

攀西古裂谷研究新进展

康滇构造带中段的攀枝花—西昌(以下简称攀西)地区,是我国国民经济建设的重点地区,由于这里构造地位极为重要,矿产资源十分丰富,历来是国内外地学工作者关注的宝地。为了提高本区地质矿产研究程度,促进攀西地质找矿和资源的综合开发利用,一九八一年始,国家科委和地质矿产部将《攀西古裂谷》研究列为“六·五”期间的重点科研攻关项目之一,组织了多科学、多单位参加的联合攻关。三年来,我们攀西裂谷     

天津地区地热形成机理分析

通过对王兰庄、山岭子、塘沽、武清、大港及周良庄等地热田的勘查，文章对天津地区的地热形成机理进行了研究，分析了在华北地台大的构造演化过程中，造成本区上地壳花岗岩顶板埋深变浅以及厚度的增加，具有足够丰度、半衰期较长的放射性元素蜕变生成热聚集形成地球内部的增温；古老的地盾与较为活动的冒地槽之间的地台上较高的上地幔热流得以在较短的路径上向外传递。得出结论：天津地区属于地热正常区，只有在一定的构造条件和水动力条件下，才能形成局部的地热异常区。     

基于返揭法的东营凹陷古地热场三维动态模拟

返揭法是利用沉积盆地的大地构造背景、地壳结构、基底热流和沉积层物性参数来确定盆地内各地层的热流及地下温度场分布的一种方法。将基于这一方法研发的软件与基于角点网格建立的三维构造-地层格架模型耦合起来,以东营凹陷的实际数据为例进行了热史反演和古地热场重构,计算并显示了该凹陷在各演化时期的温度和热流三维分布状态。盆地基底古热流是实现盆地地热场模拟的基础边界参数条件,与其他方法相比,返揭法的优点是在计算盆地基底古热流时,可以避开因为构造-岩浆热事件造成的局部古大地热流值异常,而直接采用较稳定的地幔热流值来反演求解。该方法原理简单、计算量较小,只要将该模拟模块与附加地热场模拟模块集成起来,便可完整地实现复杂盆地的古地热场演化模拟。     

燕山中部大地热流及岩石圈热结构特征——以承德市七家- 茅荆坝地热田为例

燕山中部地区地热资源丰富,地热地质条件较好,但该地区大地热流测量工作较少,岩石圈热结构研究尚未开展,制约了该地区的地热地质研究与资源勘探开发。本文以该地区的七家-茅荆坝地热田为典型区,结合地温测井、取样测试、数据收集与分析,初步查明燕山中部大地热流特征及浅部-深部岩层热物性特征,填补了大地热流值测量空白区,在此基础上建立了研究区热结构概念模型,估算其深部地温分布。研究得出燕山中部大地热流值变化较大,平均约57 mW/m~2,与周边温泉水温存在较好的相关关系。其中七家-茅荆坝地热田大地热流值较高,为74.9 mW/m~2。通过深部地温分布计算得出七家—茅荆坝地区居里面埋深为21.5～22.8 km,莫霍面温度约815℃,分析结果与前人研究成果较为一致,验证了本文所建立岩石圈热结构模型的准确性。     

攀西层状岩体成因模式

一、攀西层状岩体成因模式(一)元古代晋宁期本区曾发育一个规模巨大的古裂谷.小江断裂至西部与地槽交界处只代表古裂谷的一半.会理群和盐边群都是裂谷沉积,但后者形成较晚,沉积深度较大.推测盐源—丽江拗陷基底可能有更深水的沉积物.小江断裂、安宁河断裂、金河—程海断裂和小金河断裂,都是当时形成的裂谷边界断层.小金河至锦屏山断裂带和     

伸展盆地地表热流值的模拟计算—以渤海湾盆地济阳坳陷为例

伸展盆地的大地热流值可以认为是由地幔热流，地壳内部和盆地沉积物生热效应以及岩石圈和沉积物导热性质等多个因素综合叠加的结果。本文根据传热学理论，分析了纯剪切模式条件下伸展盆地内的地表热流值贡献的分布规律及其与伸展因子的理想关系，认为深部热源的能量，伸展因子大小，地壳浅层的生热性质以及盆地构造位置是控制盆地热流高低和展布的关键因素。结合沉积地层的导热性质，放射性元素的生热效应，岩浆区的现今地表热流分布，得到了与正演模拟相接近的结果，验证了该方法思路的有效性。同时对该地区幕式伸展裂陷过程中的地表热流值变化趋势进行了模拟，认为在不同的伸展裂陷幕地表热流值表现为阶段式的升高，在末期达到最大值。     

Crust and Upper Mantle Electrical Resistivity Structure in the Panxi Region of the Eastern Tibetan Plateau and Its Significance

The Panxi region is located in the frontal zone of positive squeezing subduction and side squeezing shearing between the Indian plate and the Eurasian plate. The long-period magnetotelluric(LMT) and broadband magnetotelluric(MT) techniques are both used to study the deep electrical conductivity structure in this region; magnetic and gravity surveys are also performed along the profile. According to the 2-D resistivity model along the Yanyuan-Yongshan profile,a highconductivity layer(HCL) exists widely in the crust,and a high-resistivity block(HRB) exists widely in the upper mantle in general,as seen by the fact that a large HCL exists from the western Jinpingshan tectonic zone to the eastern Mabian tectonic zone in the crust,while the HRB found in the Panxi tectonic zone is of abnormally high resistivity in that background compared to both sides of Panxi tectonic zone. In addition,the gravity and magnetic field anomalies are of high value. Combined with geological data,the results indicate that there probably exists basic or ultrabasic rock with a large thickness in the lithosphere in the Panxi axial region,which indicates that fracture activity once occurred in the lithosphere. As a result,we can infer that the high-resistivity zone in the Panxi lithosphere is the eruption channel for Permian Emeishan basalt and the accumulation channel for basic and ultrabasic rock. The seismic sources along the profile are counted according to seismic record data. The results indicate that the most violent earthquake sources are located at the binding site of the HRB and the HCL,where the tectonic activity zone is generally acknowledged to be; however,the earthquakes occurring in the HCL are not so violent,which reflects the fact that the HCL is a plastic layer,and the fracture threshold of a plastic layer is low generally,making high stress difficult to accumulate but easy to release in the layer. As a result,a higher number of smaller earthquakes occurred in the HCL at Daliangshan tectonic zone,and violent earthquakes occurred at the binding site of high- and low-resistivity blocks at the Panxi tectonic zone.     

地壳放射性生热效应对大陆俯冲过程影响的数值模拟研究

岩体中的放射性生热是地幔对流和地壳变质作用的关键热源之一,但地壳放射性生热率是如何影响大陆俯冲-碰撞的动力学过程,尤其是大陆碰撞区域的热结构演化,尚未获得共识。本文使用热-力学数值模拟方法对上、下地壳放射性生热率进行系统的模拟实验,以研究其对大陆俯冲动力学演化过程的影响。模型实验表明,由于大陆上地壳富集U、Th和K等主要放射性生热元素,且放射性生热率的变化区间较大(1.0~3.0μW/m~3),导致其对大陆俯冲碰撞动力学演化过程的影响较为显著,主要包括进入俯冲通道内的上地壳体积大小、碰撞区域内地壳熔融范围、俯冲下地壳物质折返的规模和两大陆的耦合程度等四个方面。而大陆下地壳则以中-基性岩为主,相对亏损U、Th、K等主要放射性生热元素,且放射性生热率的变化区域较小(0.2~0.8μW/m~3),致使其对大陆俯冲演化过程的影响相对有限,主要通过控制俯冲下地壳以及大陆板片的粘滞度和流变强度的大小,进而制约大陆俯冲过程下地壳物质折返的规模以及板片倾角的大小。     

松辽盆地地幔热流的演化特征

本文根据松辽盆地沉积岩层中的放射性元素（Ｕ、Ｔｈ、４０Ｋ）含量以及地震波速，计算了盆地各岩层放射性生热率，然后，采用＂剥层法＂从地表开始，自上而下，由浅入深地扣除盆地在不同演化阶段各岩层提供的热量，从而得出地质年代地幔的热流值，并在此基础上，探讨了地幔热流演化与盆地构造发展的关系。     

渤海地温场特点的初步研究

渤海位于华北断块区的东部,是华北古生代地台之上发育起来的中、新代断陷盆地,是陆上埕宁隆起和辽河、黄骅及济阳三大拗陷的自然延伸地带。渤海海域的地热特点,一直为人们所关注。在研究渤海的形成和演化时,有人对渤中凹陷的地热状况作了推论;有人根据少量的地热资料认为渤海及其邻近地区是一个高热流异常区。我们根据渤海海域的地温数据,和近年对华北平原地温场的研究结果进行对比,着重对本区地壳浅部的地热状况进行分析和讨论,提出一些初步的看法。     

Joint Inversion of the 3D P Wave Velocity Structure of the Crust and Upper Mantle under the Southeastern Margin of the Tibetan Plateau Using Regional Earthquake and Teleseismic Data

The special seismic tectonic environment and frequent seismicity in the southeastern margin of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau show that this area is an ideal location to study the present tectonic movement and background of strong earthquakes in mainland China and to predict future strong earthquake risk zones. Studies of the structural environment and physical characteristics of the deep structure in this area are helpful to explore deep dynamic effects and deformation field characteristics, to strengthen our understanding of the roles of anisotropy and tectonic deformation and to study the deep tectonic background of the seismic origin of the block's interior. In this paper, the three-dimensional(3D) P-wave velocity structure of the crust and upper mantle under the southeastern margin of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau is obtained via observational data from 224 permanent seismic stations in the regional digital seismic network of Yunnan and Sichuan Provinces and from 356 mobile China seismic arrays in the southern section of the north–south seismic belt using a joint inversion method of the regional earthquake and teleseismic data. The results indicate that the spatial distribution of the P-wave velocity anomalies in the shallow upper crust is closely related to the surface geological structure, terrain and lithology. Baoxing and Kangding, with their basic volcanic rocks and volcanic clastic rocks, present obvious high-velocity anomalies. The Chengdu Basin shows low-velocity anomalies associated with the Quaternary sediments. The Xichang Mesozoic Basin and the Butuo Basin are characterised by lowvelocity anomalies related to very thick sedimentary layers. The upper and middle crust beneath the Chuan–Dian and Songpan–Ganzi Blocks has apparent lateral heterogeneities, including low-velocity zones of different sizes. There is a large range of low-velocity layers in the Songpan–Ganzi Block and the sub–block northwest of Sichuan Province, showing that the middle and lower crust is relatively weak. The Sichuan Basin, which is located in the western margin of the Yangtze platform, shows high-velocity characteristics. The results also reveal that there are continuous low-velocity layer distributions in the middle and lower crust of the Daliangshan Block and that the distribution direction of the low-velocity anomaly is nearly SN, which is consistent with the trend of the Daliangshan fault. The existence of the low-velocity layer in the crust also provides a deep source for the deep dynamic deformation and seismic activity of the Daliangshan Block and its boundary faults. The results of the 3D P-wave velocity structure show that an anomalous distribution of high-density, strong-magnetic and high-wave velocity exists inside the crust in the Panxi region. This is likely related to late Paleozoic mantle plume activity that led to a large number of mafic and ultra-mafic intrusions into the crust. In the crustal doming process, the massive intrusion of mantle-derived material enhanced the mechanical strength of the crustal medium. The P-wave velocity structure also revealed that the upper mantle contains a low-velocity layer at a depth of 80–120 km in the Panxi region. The existence of deep faults in the Panxi region, which provide conditions for transporting mantle thermal material into the crust, is the deep tectonic background forthe area's strong earthquake activity.     

Relationship between Crustal 3D Density Structure and the Earthquakes in the Longmenshan Range and Adjacent Areas

This paper presents the 3D density structure of crust in the Longmenshan range and adjacent areas,with constraints from seismic and density data.The density structure of crust shows that the immense boundary plane of density distribution in relation to the Longmeshan fault belt is extended downward to～80 km deep.This density boundary plane dips towards the northwest and crosses the Moho.With the proximity to the Longmenshan fault belt,it has a larger magnitude of undulation in the upper and middle crust ...     

Relationship between Crustal 3D Density Structure and the Earthquakes in the Longmenshan Range and Adjacent Areas

Abstract: This paper presents the 3D density structure of crust in the Longmenshan range and adjacent areas, with constraints from seismic and density data. The density structure of crust shows that the immense boundary plane of density distribution in relation to the Longmeshan fault belt is extended downward to ~80 km deep. This density boundary plane dips towards the northwest and crosses the Moho. With the proximity to the Longmenshan fault belt, it has a larger magnitude of undulation in the upper and middle crust levels. Density changes abruptly across Longmeshan fault belt. Seismic data show that most of the earthquakes in the Longmenshan area after the 2008 Ms8.0 Wenchuan Earthquake occurred within the upper to middle crust. These earthquakes are clearly distributed in the uplifted region of the basement. A few of them occurs in the transitional zone between the uplifted and subsided areas. But most of the earthquakes distributes in transitional zone from subsided to uplifted areas in the upper and middle crust where relatively large density changes occurr The 3D density structure of crust in the Longmenshan and adjacent areas can thus help us to understand the pattern of overthrusting from the standpoint of deep crust and where the earthquakes occurred.     

中国西南地区CO2释放点的He同位素分布不均一性及大地构造成因

在印度板块向欧亚大陆俯冲碰撞过程中,产生一系列深大断裂带,形成大量CO2释放脱气点。这些点除了释放大量的CO2、N2、H2S气体以外,还会附带释放CH4、He等各种各样的气体。释放出来的氦为惰性元素,是判识幔源气体最灵敏的地球化学示踪指标,He同位素随形成的构造部位不同而不均匀地分布,且与不同的大地构造成因关系密切。藏中及藏北区块在大地构造位置上属于班公湖-怒江断裂带发生了明显的地幔脱气作用,显示其与地幔相连通而且深度达到上地幔,为一条岩石圈深断裂带;但样品中幔源氦约占总氦的1.4%~1.7%,反映该断裂带深部的开放性程度较低,而闭合性程度相对较高,由此反映了该区处于强烈挤压的构造环境和地壳增厚的地质背景。在滇西南地区(重点在腾冲热海地区)地热流体逸出气体中含有大量幔源岩浆挥发组份,表明该区地壳浅部存在幔源岩浆侵入活动。该区怒江断裂带发生着明显的地幔脱气作用,显示该断裂带与地幔相连通且深度达到上地幔,为一条岩石圈深断裂带;同时所有样品中的幔源氦平均约占总氦的26.2%,最高可达48.8%以上。反映该裂谷带代表伸展性构造环境,且是地幔脱气作用最强烈的构造区之一,是俯冲碰撞的中心地带。而在滇中地区—小江断裂带却是另一番景象,该区样品中的幔源氦平均约占总氦的2.27%,最高也才8.9%。反映此区为印度板块向欧亚大陆以NNE方向碰撞影响到的最东缘。小江断裂带局限在地壳范围内,故而氦同位素显示出在此断裂带以西则明显存在幔源来源,而往东则幔源氦极微。氦同位素在自西至东由藏西到藏南(藏南西与藏南东)至滇西到滇中,R/Ra值由较低到较高再到较低到最高再降低的平面分布规律。川西—鲜水河断裂带则因特殊的构造部位,是中国“地质百慕大”;样品中幔源氦平均约占总氦的8.1%,平均值高于西藏各分区以及云南除滇西南以外的各区,但又远远小于滇西南—腾冲地区。说明鲜水河断裂带,部分地贯穿整个岩石圈,并有切割上地幔之趋势。