历史海平面变化对上海地区地下水的影响

在总结海平面变化及长江三角洲古河道分布的基础上,通过上海地区第Ⅱ至第Ⅴ承压含水层地下水化学、~(14)C年龄特证的分析,探讨了因海平面变化引起的长江及支流河道的侵蚀、堆积对地下水径流交替的影响,提出了滨海三角洲地区地下水补给、径流、排泄的一种模式。     

嵊泗海域淡水含水层的调查

嵊泗海域广泛分布的淡水体位于海平面下１４０ｍ～１５５ｍ的深度以下，和晚威斯康辛冰期（距今１５０００ａ～１８０００ａ）的快速海平面下际有关．在海平面连续下降时期长江大型冲积系统下切到出露地面的大陆架，形成排泄网络．在晚威斯康辛阶段结束全新世海侵开始时期海平面不断上升，冲积河道的掩埋造成了海侵沉积物的广泛分布，使含水层和过去与现在的海洋没有接触．这个地区ＮＯ．ＣＩＳＩ－１井的钻孔电导率测井表明咸水在深度上处在较淡含水层的上部．     

江都地区第四纪含水层水文地质结构对比及地下水开采现状分析

江都地区位于长江三角洲平原和里下河平原的交汇处,第四纪松散层厚度大,含水层发育,受长江和淮河两大流域沉积影响,不同地区含水层厚度、颗粒、结构和富水性差异较大。通过对比分析江都地区第四纪含水层水文地质结构可以看出,第四纪含水层具厚度大、砂层层次少、颗粒粗、水量丰富等特点,含水层岩性较细,以中细砂、粉细砂为主,砂层厚度薄且呈多层状,含水层之间发育厚度较大的稳定隔水层,水量一般。同时通过对江都地区地下水开采现状分析发现,由于江都区开采井及开采量逐年增加,水位逐年下降,并引发了江都地区的地面沉降,应采取严格地下水开采管理、科学合理开采地下水合理控制水位、加强浅层地下水资源合理利用和地下水应急水源地建设等措施,量化研究开采地下水与地面沉降的关系,合理确定开采井的分布、开采量和控制水位,为江都区水资源合理开采提供基础支撑,为地面沉降机理研究和防治提供了基础。     

复合含水层地区深基坑降水三维渗流场数值模拟--以上海环球金融中心基坑降水为例

长江三角洲分布有巨厚、松散的第四纪沉积层,地下含水系统为一复合含水层系统,深基坑降水一般采用非完整井,且由于深基坑周围连续挡水墙难以深入含水层底板,所以其地下水渗流场变化极其复杂,具有明显的三维流特征。本文以上海环球金融中心深基坑降水为例,采用数值模拟方法,模拟了在多层含水层复合存在、含水层最深底板埋深达149m、基坑周围挡水连续墙埋深达34m、基坑内地下水位降深达26m的情况下的地下水三维渗流场特征,并以此为据确定出了该基坑降水的最优化方案。     

日本第四纪琉球灰岩地区的水资源开发:GIS系统在地下水坝选址中的应用

基于日本第四纪琉球灰岩(琉球群岛的一个主要含水层)地区的自然和社会环境,70年代早期提出地下水坝的概念,以开发该地区的地下水资源。将近30年的工作实践说明地下水坝是该地区开发地下     

深基坑降水工程试验及降水方案设计

针对长江三角洲第四纪松散沉积层厚度大、地下水位高、地下水量丰富,地下水流动状态复杂等特点,利用深基坑降水试验推求水文地质参数.采用Visual MODFLOW三维有限元差分计算软件,以上海地铁七号线新村路站深基坑降水为例,建立了多层含水层地下水模型,提出了深基坑最优地下水降水方案.     

现代珠江三角洲地区QZK4孔第四纪沉积年代

在地质环境变迁迅速的现代珠江三角洲地区,对于第四纪沉积的年代存在多种认识。结合南中国海的海平面变化记录,通过AMS14C和光释光测年发现,珠江三角洲腹地QZK4孔第四纪岩心底部最老年龄约为43.71ka BP。岩心记录的第四纪环境对南中国海海平面变化有着良好的响应:岩心下部陆相河流沉积和暴露风化层发育于末次冰期至早全新世的低海平面时期,上部滨海—河口湾沉积发育于早中全新世以来的高海平面时期。根据钻孔岩心的环境分析,推测现代珠江三角洲地区第四纪的底界可能较本钻孔记录的更老。     

嵊泗海域地下淡水资源开发利用方案评价

在上海南汇至浙江省嵊泗列岛之间的长江古河道海底延伸部分,形成于早更新世地层中,蕴藏着丰富的优质地下水资源,是嵊泗岛理想的供水水源。根据"嵊泗二井"勘探资料,在研究海域长江古河道发育规律以及海域地下水赋存规律的基础上,运用MODFLOW软件对嵊泗海域第四系第Ⅰ、Ⅲ含水层,用两种开发方案进行数值模拟。结果表明,在研究区域内可以获得9×104m3/d的地下水资源量;在该海域可以建立永久性的水源地。     

上海市近期地面沉降形势与对策建议

１９９１￣１９９６年期间,上海中心城区年均沉降达１０．２ｍｍ,约为前２５年的２．５倍。外加海平面上升与上海地壳下沉,上海近期沉降加速形势引起了新闻媒介和市政府的高度重视。本文概述了上海近期地面沉降的面上和垂向分布特征。指出上海近期地面沉降加速是在浅部土层保持持续性压缩的基础上,第Ⅱ、Ⅲ含水层水位上升速率大大降低,第Ⅳ、Ⅴ含水层开采量大幅增加而地下水位下降速率加大及建筑工程大面积施工等多种因素所产生     

杭州地区石笋稳定同位素古气候探索

用１４Ｃ测年技术和稳定同位素地球化学古温度方法，对浙江省临安瑞晶洞穴的石笋进行了１４Ｃ的测年和碳、氢、氧同位素测试，获得５～１万年间杭州地区古气候演化记录、该记录表明，在５～１万年间有三次较明显的周期性古温度变化，最高温度为１４。９℃，最低温度为６。６℃，最大温差为８℃左右，平均温差３～５℃。这段时期正处在大理冰期后期，但大理冰期并不是一个持续的低温阶段，它至少有３次温度波动。与我们获得的石笋同位素古温度相一致。另外，我们将５～１万年间杭州地区古气候变化与同期东南沿海的海平面变化进行了对比，在时间上也较为吻合，也就是温度上升、海平面也上升，温度下降、海平面也随之下降。     

Palaeoecology and post-Weichselian shore-level changes on the coast of Møre, western Norway

Pollen analysis, macrosubfossil determinations and radiocarbon datings from a 0.95 m thick peat deposit resting on sand and buried by a 1.3 m thick beach ridge at Haramsøy (an outer-arc island off the coast of Møre og Romsdal province), reveal changes in the local vegetation and in the groundwater level of the landward lagoon-like area. These are considered to reflect the relative shore-level changes between late Preboreal and early Atlantic times: an initial section with a high groundwater level reflecting the early Boreal high shore level, an intervening section with a low groundwater level, from the time of the Boreal regression minimum, and a final section, with a rising groundwater level, reflecting the late Boreal eustatic rise in sea level, which led to complete burial of the peat and the formation of an extensive Tapes beach ridge. Radiocarbon dates reveal that the basal sand (approx. 8 m above sea level) rose above sea level at approx. 9500 B. P. and that the top of the peat (approx. 9 m above sea level) was transgressed by the sea at approx. 7300 B. P. The spread of alder ( Alnus ) within the area may have been delayed by a thousand years compared with other regions in south Norway.     

Vulnerability of groundwater systems with sea level rise in coastal aquifers, South Korea

Groundwater systems in coastal aquifers may be affected by sea level change as increased seawater intrusion occurs with sea level rise. Artificial pumping taking place at the same time will increase this impact. In order to estimate the vulnerability of groundwater systems with sea level rise within coastal aquifers in South Korea, long-term groundwater data were analyzed using basic statistics, trend analysis, and correlation analysis. Conductivity depth profiling was also periodically conducted. Groundwater levels increased in wells with relatively low groundwater elevations but decreased in wells with higher groundwater elevations. At the same time, conductivity variations were greater in wells located in reclaimed land areas, which vertical conductivity profiles indicated were more affected by sea level variations, but decreased on the mainland. Results of auto-correlation analysis showed a decreasing trend with cyclic variations and significant periodic patterns during dry seasons, indicating that groundwater levels were not affected by artificial factors and that those in reclaimed land areas were less affected by rainfall than on the mainland. These results coincided with those from cross-correlation analysis showing that groundwater level was affected by sea level variation during the dry season. Sea level changes, which may be related to climate change, as well as rainfall in South Korea can influence groundwater levels, and the groundwater system in reclaimed land areas may be more affected than on the mainland, especially under dry conditions.     

Impact of Preboreal to Subatlantic shifts in climate on groundwater resources on the Arabian Peninsula

A large-scale numerical flow and transport model was developed for the central-eastern arid part of the Arabian Peninsula. The model was applied to a region with freshwater resources dating back to more humid periods of the past, which are faced with overexploitation today. Model inflow was based on infiltration around wadi beds and groundwater recharge. Inflow was balanced by natural outflows, such as evaporation from sabkhas, spring discharge, and discharge to the sea. Two models were developed: (1) a short-term present-day model to estimate effective model parameters, and (2) a long-term model to study the development of the groundwater resources during the Mid- and Late Holocene and the natural response of the groundwater system to changes in climate. Hydraulic model parameters (hydraulic conductivity and specific storage) were assigned with respect to geological structures. Hydraulic parameters were estimated with an inverse PEST model by calibrating against observed depression cones cause by groundwater abstraction. Sensitivity analysis demonstrated that estimated model parameters were associated with a high uncertainty at a certain distance from agricultural areas when calibration data were lacking. A long-term model starting 10,000 years BP was calibrated by spring discharge and palaeo-groundwater levels and validated using measured ¹⁴C groundwater ages. The long-model predicted that groundwater levels adapted in response to changes in precipitation. During the Mid-Holocene, which was characterized by an intensification of the monsoon season, groundwater levels increased by 10 m on the mainland within the shallow aquifers and adapted quickly to higher recharge rates. The deeper aquifers were less affected by changes in climate. Along the present-day coastline, the groundwater level rose by about 25 m due to the declined sea level in the Mid-Holocene. During this period, surface run-off was possible as groundwater levels temporarily reached the ground surface. The natural groundwater budget reacted sensitively to changes in climate. Between 10 and 3 ka, groundwater storage occurred. During the Late Holocene, at 3 ka, natural depletion of the groundwater system began, which still prevails today.     

Surface and subsurface conceptual model of an arid environment with respect to mid- and late Holocene climate changes

The water demand in arid regions is commonly covered by groundwater resources that date back to more humid periods of the Pleistocene and Holocene. Within the investigated arid part of SE Saudi-Arabia information about climate, groundwater levels, and pumping rates are only available for regions where groundwater extractions occur at present-day. For the prediction of the impact of long-term climate changes on groundwater resources an understanding of the hydrogeological and hydrological past and the development of the aquifers is necessary. Therefore, all available information about hydrology and hydrogeology for the past 10,000 years BP were collected and compiled to a conceptual model of the aquifer development on the Arabian Peninsula since the last Ice-Age. The climatic history was displayed by changes in precipitation, temperature and recharge during the mid-S and late Holocene. The hydrogeological development is described by groundwater ages, sea level fluctuations, movement of the coastline, and the development of sabkhas. The most sensitive parameter to describe the development of aquifer system is recharge. Present-day recharge was calculated with the hydrological model system HEC-HMS accounting for current precipitation, temperature, wind, soil types, and geomorphology. With respect to changes in precipitation and temperature over the past 10,000 years the temporal and spatial variability of groundwater recharge was calculated using empirical equations valid for semi-arid and arid settings. Further inflow into the groundwater system results from surface water infiltration in wadi beds, while natural outflow from the groundwater system occurs by discharge to the Gulf, evaporation from sabkhas, and spring discharge. Backward predictions can be verified by sedimentological observations of palaeo-river systems and lakes indicating that groundwater levels reached temporarily the surface under wetter climate conditions and ¹⁴C groundwater ages displaying groundwater residence times.     

试论水文地质纲要图的涵意

随着按图幅开展的1:5万水文地质调查工作的推进,水文地质图的编制愈显重要。如何编制易读、准确的水文地质图是摆在水文地质工作者面前的一个课题。通过多年探索,笔者针对基岩山区提出了水文地质纲要图的概念与内涵,并在沂蒙山区1:5万水文地质图编制中进行了尝试和探索。结果表明,以地下水系统为对象的区域性水文地质纲要图作为水文地质图的镶图,可使读者从地下水系统角度掌握区域水文地质条件及地下水运动规律,并且有助于图幅内容的理解。     

Numerical studies on saltwater intrusion in a coastal aquifer in northwestern Germany

Saltwater intrusion in coastal aquifers depends on the distribution of hydraulic properties, on the climate, and on human interference such as land reclamation. In order to analyze the key processes that control saltwater intrusion, a hypothetical steady-state salt distribution in a representative cross-section perpendicular to the coastline was calculated using a two-dimensional density-dependent solute transport model. The effects of changes in groundwater recharge, lowering of drainage levels, and a rising sea level on the shape and position of the freshwater/saltwater interface were modeled in separate simulations. The results show that the exchange of groundwater and surface water in the marsh areas is one of the key processes influencing saltwater intrusion. A rising sea level causes rapid progression of saltwater intrusion, whereas the drainage network compensates changes in groundwater recharge. The time scale of changes resulting from altered boundary conditions is on the order of decades and centuries, suggesting that the present-day salt distribution does not reflect a steady-state of equilibrium.     

Groundwater level fluctuation in the Waimea Plains, New Zealand: changes in a coastal aquifer within the last 30 years

Data for the Waimea Plains, New Zealand indicate that the lower confined groundwater aquifer is hydraulically homogeneous and that shallow groundwater levels inland are affected mostly by anthropogenic processes, while those near the coast are affected more by sea level variation. Analysis of long-term data for New Zealand indicates that sea level has increased continuously, but trends are not spatially uniform. Results from non-parametric trend analysis show that rising trends for groundwater levels are predominant in the shallow aquifer both inland on the Waimea Plains and, for recent years, near the coast, while decreasing trends are evident in the underlying confined aquifer near the coast. Groundwater level change in the shallow aquifer appears to be more affected by climate change than the lower confined aquifer. Correlation analysis indicated that groundwater levels are more affected by rainfall during the rainy season than the dry season and more influenced by rainfall inland than near the coast. Groundwater level declines in the lower confined aquifer near the coast, which has its major recharge area inland in the catchment, may be substantially affected by groundwater abstraction in inland areas as well as sea level variation, but there are little evidences of seawater intrusion. Meanwhile, groundwater recharge over the catchment area has great influence on rising groundwater levels in the shallow aquifer and its recharge is estimated to be 417.8 mm/year using chloride concentrations of precipitation and groundwater.     

Simulation and analysis of Chloride concentration in Zhoushan reclamation area

Zhoushan City in Zhejiang Province is the focus of China’s reclamation area, and it also has a great influence on the groundwater quality. Based on the observed data of groundwater level and chloride ion concentration, groundwater quality in the next 6 years in Zhoushan area is predicted and analyzed by using groundwater numerical simulation software GMS. According to the comparison of observed groundwater level and simulated groundwater level at the end time, it is found that the whole water level in the filling area has the small fluctuation, which is within the range of 1 m. And the highest concentration of chloride ion is in the eastern coastal area. The prediction results indicate that there is no obvious trend of sea water with high chloride ion concentration to land. Under the condition of the current groundwater utilization, the groundwater level in Donggang sea area of Zhoushan is stable, and the chloride ion concentration has a slight decrease trend.     

Eustatic and climatic controls on the development of the Wahiba Sand Sea, Sultanate of Oman

Aeolian sand sea accumulations can serve as valuable archives of climate change in continental environments. The Wahiba Sand Sea is situated at the northern margin of the area presently affected by Indian Summer Monsoon Circulation and it records environmental changes associated with this major climatic boundary over the last 160 000 years. The internal stratigraphy and evolution of the sand sea is investigated using a combination of outcrop, borehole, seismic and luminescence data. Proximity to the Indian Ocean means that the sand sea succession shows the influence of sea level changes on the sedimentary architecture and composition of the dune deposits. During the last two glacial periods, low global sea level was associated with a high input of bioclastic grains, reflecting the significance of subaerially exposed shelf areas as one of the main sources of aeolian sediment. The onset of aeolian sediment transport and deposition was related to the breakdown of stabilizing vegetation during arid periods that equate with sea level lowstands. The preservation of aeolian sediments by the formation of supersurfaces and associated palaeosoils took place during times of increased wetness and elevated groundwater tables. This interplay of constructive and destructive periods greatly influenced the sedimentary architecture. Oscillations of wet and dry periods between 160 000 and 130 000 years and 120 000–105 000 years ago are attributed to the evolution of a wet aeolian system. Younger periods of aeolian deposition around and after the last glacial maximum were characterized by dry aeolian conditions. No soil horizons developed during these times.     

Contamination of the cement raw material in a quarry site by seawater intrusion,Darica-Turkey

The open pit mining nearby shoreline is planned to be extended into below sea level in order to use additional reserves of the cement raw material (marl). The raw material is currently contaminated by seawater intrusion below a depth of 20 m up to the distance of 90 m from shoreline. Seawater intrusion related contamination of the material used for the cement production was investigated by means of diffusion process for the future two below sea level mining scenarios covering 43 years of period. According to the results, chloride concentrations higher than the tolerable limit of a cement raw material would be present in the material about 10–25 cm inward from each discontinuity surface, controlling groundwater flow, located between 170 and 300 m landward from the shoreline at below sea level mining depths of 0–30 m. The estimations suggest that total amounts of dilution required for the contaminated raw material to reduce its concentration level to the tolerance limit with uncontaminated raw material are about 113- to 124-fold for scenario I (13 years of below sea level mining after 30 years of above sea level mining) and about 126- to 138-fold for scenario II (43 years of simultaneous above and below sea level minings).