建所以来西北地区前寒武纪地质研究工作十大进展——回顾与展望

回顾了我所近十多年来对西北区前寒武纪地质研究工作所取得的重要进展。首次制定了《西北区前寒武系划分对比方案》,为进一步开展前寒武纪地质研究工作奠定了基础;相继发现(或肯定)了西北区晚前寒武纪冰碛层,建立了全区震旦系;分别在北山、龙首山、贺兰山、全吉及碧口等地区建立(或厘定)了前寒武系标准(或代表性)剖面,解决了一些长期没有解决的疑难问题;对西北区晚前寒武纪古生物取得了一些新的资料;并解决了一些地区重要矿产含矿层位的时代问题。     

鄂尔多斯盆地渭北隆起带重磁场特征

通过对研究区已有重、磁测量资料的整理和研究,结合钻井、地质、电法及地震等成果,讨论了重磁异常分布特征,具此推断断裂构造,划分研究区的构造单元,预测油页岩有利区。研究结果表明,鄂尔多斯盆地渭北隆起地重磁场具有\     

山东省地裂缝灾害的现状及防治对策建议

地裂缝从20世纪中期以来,发生频率及规模逐年加剧,已成为一种区域性的主要地质灾害。目前,山东省内已发现45处较大规模的地裂缝。该文对地裂缝形成特点及危害进行了介绍,分析了山东省已经发生的几次典型的地裂缝灾害,并提出了防治对策建议。     

岩溶作用与碳循环”研究进展

IGCP 379项“岩溶作用与碳循环”是中国建议并组织实施的,于1995～1999年执行。作者对1995年以来项目的实施情况及其研究进展作了总结,并对每一科学目标的研究进展进行了综述:①表层岩溶系统碳循环与大气CO2源汇的主要进展有3方面:扩展了研究地区;揭示了表层岩溶系统碳循环的运行机制;对表层岩溶作用回收大气CO2量进行了估算。②深部CO2释放问题的主要进展有:发现了更多的深部CO2释放带;揭示了深部CO2气体来源问题;对西藏地区CO2源汇问题进行了深入的探讨。③以岩溶记录重建环境变化过程的主要进展有:研究时空范围不断扩大;采取多种新技术、新方法获取更多古环境信息;不断提高研究分辨率。     

高密市激电测深定井方法探讨

在高密的找水工作中,采用激电测深法进行定井,推断含水层的位置和富水性,在物探确定的异常部位实施钻探,找水效果显著。根据高密市找水定井实例,简要介绍激电测深定井法在找水定井过程中应注意的事项,为今后运用该方法进行找水定井工作提供借鉴。     

Dislocating modernity: Identity, space and representations of street trade in Durban, South Africa

South Africa’s cities have experienced dramatic changes over the past decade. Cities are now home to a multiracial population, and have been transformed by new forms of economic and social interaction. For some, these changes have become a significant source of fear and anxiety. In this paper, we examine reactions to urban spatial change in the city of Durban, as expressed in local newspapers and interviews with suburban residents. We describe how the discourses of urban change in Durban have centred on the increased presence of street traders within the city’s public spaces, and the various ways in which the activity of street trade has disrupted long-established modernist norms governing the occupation and use of the urban space. Specifically, we offer a detailed reading of three prominent narratives within the discussion of street traders in Durban--chaos, congestion and pollution. We argue that street traders have come to embody a wide range of more deeply seated cultural anxieties, which have been brought to the fore in the context of South Africa’s transition. These anxieties arise from the ways in which modern understandings of order, agency and subjectivity have been called into question by material changes in the city, and have implications for the nature of citizenship and civic engagement in post-apartheid South Africa.     

云南"十五"区域地质调查取得丰硕成果

“十五”期间承担区域地质调查项目七项18个图幅。地层古生物、区域岩石及地质构造、地质灾害、矿产资源及旅游地学等方面取得较多的新成果和新认识。提交地质图及地质报告外,还提交专题研究成果7份,以测区所收集的地质资料为基础编写硕士论文7篇,公开发表文章7篇,从而极大地提高了云南及西藏基础地质的研究程度和水平。     

IGCP 379“岩溶作用与碳循环”在中国的研究进展

ＩＧＣＰ３７９项“岩溶作用与碳循环”是中国建议并组织实施的,于１９９５～１９９９年执行。作者对１９９５年以来项目的实施情况及其研究进展作了总结,并对每一科学的研究进展作了综述：（１）表夺溶系统碳循环与大气ＣＯ２源汇的主要进展有３方面：扩展了研究地区;揭示了秀层岩溶系统碳循环的运动机制;对表层岩溶作用回收大气ＣＯ２量进行了估算;（２）深部ＣＯ２释放问题的主要进展有;发现了更多的深部ＣＯ２释放带;揭示     

黄河北地区晚古生代岩相古地理与煤系烃源岩发育

黄河北地区广泛发育各种沉积体系,通过对其沉积特征及沉积模式的分析发现黄河北地区晚古生代石炭-二叠纪海相、陆相和过渡相环境均有发育。该地区存在的主要沉积体系类型是潮坪沉积体系、障壁-潟湖沉积体系、河控浅水三角洲沉积体系和河流-湖泊沉积体系。研究发现:本区石炭-二叠系储层烃源岩发育有意义的三个沉积演化阶段分别是本溪期、太原期、山西期;黄河北地区属鲁西地区一部分,晚古生代石炭-二叠系含煤地层主要发育砂岩、泥质岩、碳酸盐岩、岩浆岩和可燃性有机岩(煤),是重要的烃源岩;黄河北煤田含煤地层含煤14层,其中1~5层煤赋存于山西组,6~14层煤赋存于太原组,就可采煤层的层数来说,存在“东多西少”的特点;在含煤地层剖面上的分布特点是“上薄下厚”,主要富煤带则主要分布在东部地区;泥页岩主要发育在石炭-二叠系太原组和山西组,泥页岩层厚度在横向上有一定的规律性,由北向南泥页岩层厚度有逐渐减小的趋势,南部济西矿区和长清矿区,西北部伦镇矿区、李屯矿区厚度发育较好,多在90m以上。     

Hydrogeochemical exploration for uranium within the Athabasca Basin, northern Saskatchewan

As part of our exploration programs for unconformity-related uranium deposits, we have studied the chemistry of deep ground waters from throughout the Athabasca Basin. Samples have been collected from routine, small-diameter, exploration diamond drillholes, and we have placed considerable emphasis on ensuring that they represent true ground waters.We have measured both major and minor constituents, including various uranium daughter products. Ground-water samples collected from the vicinity of uranium mineralization have consistently high levels of uranium, radium, radon and helium. Although we have not been able to establish the maximum extent of the hydrogeochemical anomalies in this environment, we have detected anomalies at distances of up to tens of meters from known mineralization.     

阳泉西环高速公路沿线地质特征及地质灾害影响评估

在对研究区地质资料进行系统分析和野外实际调查的基础上,运用构造地质学、矿物岩石学及工程地质学,对该公路沿线地质特性进行了详细研究,总结了沿线地质灾害类型,对存在的地质灾害现状进行了评估,并对评估区进行了分区。研究结果对线路的施工及地质灾害防治等具有指导意义。     

Problems of riverbed evolution in the basin of the Ural River

Aspects of riverbed evolution including bank erosion in the Ural River basin have been considered in this paper. The natural morphodynamic types of riverbeds have been described. The spatial features of their genesis have been characterized within the Ural River basin. To study the riverbed processes, decoding of remote sensing data of the water surface has been used. The risks for the infrastructure facilities and for the residential districts have been analyzed in terms of the bank erosion in the Ural River basin. The issues concerning the border between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan due to riverbed reconfiguration of the Ural River have been outlined. Maps of the development of bank erosion in the Ural River basin have been created. A way to solve the problem of riverbed evolution along the border area has been proposed by organizing an Intergovernmental Specially Protected Natural Zone.

     

云南"十五"水工环地质大调查成果丰硕

“十五”期间,云南省水工环地质大调查工作共安排7大项。岩溶水、红层地下水调查及开发示范取得了创新性成果和显著经济社会效益。受政府主管部门委托,编制云南省岩溶石山地区石漠化综合治理规划、红层地下水开发规划。岩溶水开发示范项目建成各类岩溶水源地示范工程21项,解决10．3万人的缺水困难;红层地下水开发示范建成各类裂隙水开采井共263口,解决1．3万人缺水困难。此外,在地质灾害防治、数据库建设、地热资源区划及工作建议等方面获得成果。     

南海北部海域软泥水化学和成生演变模式

本文揭示了南海北部海域软泥水化学的基本特征，确定了软泥水化学垂向剖面的类型，分析了软泥水化学场的形成演变机理，概括了软泥水３种成生演变模式。     

水力和超载条件下锚固岩石边坡动态稳定性拟静力分析

基于极限平衡理论,综合考虑水力条件、坡顶超载、地震荷载效应和锚固效应对岩石边坡进行了全面的稳定性分析。计算给出了多影响因素条件下岩石边坡稳定性安全系数的表达式,并重点分析了几种相关参数组合对岩石边坡稳定性的影响。分析表明,坡顶张拉裂缝积水、地下水渗流作用、滑面出流缝被堵塞、地震影响效应不利于岩石边坡抗滑稳定性,而锚索锚固效应则对提高边坡抗滑稳定性有积极作用;坡顶张拉裂缝积水、滑面出流缝被堵塞、水平向地震影响效应都不利于岩石边坡抗倾覆稳定性,但锚索锚固效应、坡顶超载、与竖直方向地震效应则对提高边坡抗倾覆稳定性有益。最后针对工程实际,提出了相应的工程建议。     

Intensive agriculture, wetlands, quarries and water management. A case study (Campo de Dalias, SE Spain)

 The intensive agricultural activities that have developed over the last 50 years in the Campo de Dalias (Almeria region) have required large quantities of gravel and clay as the basic materials for the substrate over which crops are raised. With this motive, numerous gravel pits have been opened that have extracted several million cubic metres of material in recent years. Similar quantities of clay have been extracted from the distal sectors of the alluvial fans that descend from the Sierra de Gador, and from within a large endoreic basin. In the latter quarries, some wetlands have developed, probably because of the rise in the water-table level in the aquifer over which they lie. The gravel pits are situated in the apical sectors of the alluvial fans, overlying hydrogeological units that are widely overexploited. For this reason the gravel pits could be used for artificial recharge; in addition to increasing the availability of water in the aquifer, the risk of catastrophic flooding would also be reduced. Revision received: 19 November 1999 · Accepted: 28 December 1999     

鄂西-三峡地区的古人类资源及相关研究进展

自20世纪50年代发现长阳人化石以来,迄今在鄂西-三峡地区已经发现了至少10处古人类化石地点,时代跨越了整个更新世时期,尤其以更新世中、晚期人类化石最为丰富。除人类化石外,在这一地区还发现了大量的古人类制作的石器、骨器、艺术品、装饰品等人类活动遗存,以及与古人类伴生的动物化石。近年的野外发掘及实验室研究证明鄂西-三峡地区更新世中期以来一直是古人类生存与繁衍昌盛的区域,该地区丰富的古人类资源对研究与中国古人类演化有关的一系列关键学术问题具有非常重要的价值。     

湘南区域构造应力解析

该文应用构造应力解析的方法，对湘南地区地槽，地台，地台期后活化作用三个阶段地质演化过程中所发育的构造，岩石，地层等特征进行了讨论，并简略地分析了影响湘南地区构造应力格局的因素。     

百年勘查成果与成矿规律之集大成——首部《中国矿产地质志》研编阶段性进展概述

继顾琅和鲁迅1906年出版《中国矿产志》以来的100多年中,中国社会发生了根本性改变,中华民族由半殖民地半封建国家逐步走上了康庄大道,矿产资源功不可没。根据《国土资源"十三五"规划纲要》"总结百年勘查成果和成矿规律"的要求,《中国矿产地质志》的各项研编工作全面部署,并取得实质性进展,截止目前共完成59部成果报告,取得了一系列重要成果:制定了统一的研编技术要求,清理出全国已发现矿产地近6.5万处,划分出18种矿床类型;修订和统一了部分省区的岩石地层划分方案和地层系统;划分或修正了大地构造单元和成矿区带,探讨了大地构造格局、演化与成矿作用,总结了重点Ⅲ级成矿区带成矿规律,建立了区域成矿模式和成矿谱系;完成了部分全国性、省级(单矿种)志书和普及本,获得了一批地球化学/年代学数据,深化了典型矿床和成矿规律研究,在钨、锡、锰、镍、银、锑矿等重要矿产矿床成因与成矿规律、华南洋构造演化与成矿、前寒武纪成矿等方面取得了一些创新性成果,不仅提升了矿床学理论研究水平,还指导了成矿预测和找矿勘查,普及了矿产知识,实现了边研编、边服务,取得了显著的社会效益。     

水晶类宝石的热释光特征及其宝石学意义

利用组装的热释光光谱测量装置测试了天然与合成无色水晶、茶晶和紫晶样品的热释光,分析对比了其热释光图谱。结果显示,天然无色水晶样品有较弱的热释光特征,合成无色水晶样品无热释光,两者加热后颜色皆无明显变化;天然茶晶样品无热释光,加热后颜色不改变,合成茶晶样品的热释光强烈,其图谱清晰,加热后茶色退为无色,但如仅加热120S,则仍为茶色;天然紫晶样品无热释光,合成紫晶样品有热释光,加热后颜色均无变化。结果表明,热释光对解决珠宝鉴定中的某些疑难问题具有独到的作用。