东海沉积地层矿物研究

本文据东海五口探井的559个碎屑矿物样资料,用主要重矿物的含量及其组合特征编绘了含量变化图,试图进行分层比较。位于西湖凹陷的平湖一井和玉泉1井重矿组合特征可比性较好;龙井2井三潭组以下与上两井缺少可比特点;灵峰1井除东海群外,其余地层与上列3井相比,差异是大的。     

典型岩溶流域土地整理的生态评价——以云南小江流域为例

以云南小江典型岩溶流域为例,在GIS支持下,通过选择评价因子和建立评价模型对岩溶区的土地整理进行了生态评价。结果表明: 流域生态评价分值较高的土地面积较少,而生态评价分值较低的土地面积较大。分值在80～ 100的土地整理主要任务是在保护生态环境质量和耕地数量的前提下,加快流域经济结构的调整,提高土地利用的经济效益;分值在70～ 80的土地整理主要任务是耕地数量保护和质量保护并重,提高土地的生产能力,提高经济效益,同时防止水土流失及化肥、农药施用对地下水造成的非点源污染; 分值在60～ 70的土地整理主要任务是着重于生态环境的保护和重建以及立体农业的综合开发; 分值在60以下的土地整理主要任务是土地石漠化的治理。      

加强非金属矿产工作促进社会经济可持续发展

二十一世纪是我国全面推进工作化、市场化、科技化和国际化进程的时期，作为国民经济与社会发展基础的非金属矿产资源的调查评价、开发利用与保护面临新的机遇和挑战，存在着资源的有效供给、综合利用、深度加和环境保护等方面的矛盾，为此，本文通过对非金属矿产资源的特性和国内外开发研究现状等方面的分析，提出了进一步工作的建议；开放新资源，探索新用途，提出资源的综合利用程度；重视非金属矿产地质工作，增强矿产资源战略储备，加强非金属矿产资源管理，实现矿产秩序根本好转；搞好矿山生态环境建设，促进资源开发与环境保护协调发展；依靠科学技术进步，提高矿产资源利用效率。     

湖南省探矿权、采矿权市场现状与发展对策

探矿权、采矿权市场是社会主义市场经济的重要组成部分．培育和规范探矿权、采矿权市场不仅是实现矿产资源利用方式和管理方式转变的根本途径，更是推动矿业经济全面开放。走向健康有序发展的强大动力．湖南省的探矿权、采矿权市场还不发育，与我国市场体制的发展进程和其他各类市场的建设进程相比，很难适应入世的需要．在对湖南省探矿权、采矿权市场现状进行深入分析的基础上，提出了解放思想、整顿秩序、明确政策、加强勘探。严格规划、加强领导等项措施来培育和规范我省探矿权、采矿权市场．     

Principles to coordinate managed aquifer recharge with natural resource management policies in Australia

Managed aquifer recharge (MAR) is a tool available to water-resources managers that assists agencies to secure water supplies and protect aquifers and groundwater-dependent ecosystems in the face of climate change and growing water demand. Yet few natural-resources managers have access to a coordinated set of policies that enable the potential benefits of MAR to be fully realised in urban and rural areas. This paper reviews contemporary Australian water-resource policies and systematically applies a refined set of ‘robust separation of rights’ principles based on secure entitlements, annual allocations and end-use obligations to guide the coordination of policies specific to each of the four operational processes central to MAR schemes: source water harvesting, aquifer recharge, recovery of stored water and end use. Particular attention is given to the formulation of policies relating to the recovery of water, including the feasibility for market exchange of permanent and temporary rights to recover recharged water, as these have the potential to greatly expand the role of MAR. Aquifer characteristics, existing groundwater extractions and potential third party effects need to be taken into account in determining both recovery entitlements and annual allocations. A transitional pathway to implement novel MAR policies is suggested.     

Damage Evaluation of Agro-meteorological Hazards in the Maize-Growing Region of Songliao Plain,China: Case Study of Lishu County of Jilin Province

Agro-meteorological hazards such as drought, waterlogging and cool summer occur with very high frequency and affect maize production and social-economic development in the maize-growing region of Songliao Plain, China. Moreover, both the frequency of these hazards and loss from them are considered to be increasing with global warming. The purpose of this paper is to quantitatively analyze the relationships between the fluctuation of maize yield and drought, waterlogging and cool summer, and to evaluate the consequences of these hazards in the maize-growing area of Songliao Plain, taking Lishu county as a case study area based on GIS (Geographic Information System). Crop yield-climate analysis and regression analysis were employed to analyze and quantify relationships between the fluctuation of maize yield and drought, waterlogging and cool summer, and to evaluate the consequences of these hazards. The parameters and model of damage evaluation were presented using weighted comprehensive analysis, and the degree of damage of drought, waterlogging and cool summer to maize production was comprehensively evaluated and regionalized. It is shown that from 1949 to 1990, the negative value years of the fluctuation of maize yield due to meteorological hazards accounted for 55% of seasons, of which 14% was caused by drought, 30% by waterlogging, 4% by cool summer and drought, 9% by cool summer and waterlogging, 13% by drought and waterlogging, 30% by drought, waterlogging and cool summer. Studies on the instability and spatial variation of the fluctuations in maize yield in Lishu county showed that the middle plains are stable areas to climatic influence, while southeastern hills and low mountains, the low lands of the plains along the East Liao River and the western plain are unstable areas in terms of areas in maize yield. The synthetic index of the degree of damage to maize of drought, waterlogging and cool summer showed a strong positive correlation with the ratio of the amount damaged to the normal yield of maize. This suggests that this index can be used to evaluate such damage. The degree of damage of drought, waterlogging and cool summer to maize in Lishu county shows the regional characteristics, which increase gradually from the center to the west and east, this being almost identical with the spatial distribution of the fluctuation of maize yield due to these hazards. This study can be expected to provide the basis for developing strategies to mitigate agro-meteorological hazards and reducing the losses from them, and adjust the medium and long-term distribution of agricultural activities so as to adapt to environmental changes.     

攀西地区红格层状岩体的地球化学特征

红格岩体赋存有大型钒钛磁铁矿床，在橄辉岩相带和辉石岩相带底部有铂族元素（PEG）的矿化，是攀西层状岩体中重要的岩体之一，系统分析了红格层状岩体不同岩相带的微量元素和稀土元素特征，探讨了岩浆的结晶分异演化过程，提出岩体主体上是由一个岩浆房经正常的结晶分异形成的，底层的硫化物富集带和中上层位的钒钛磁铁矿是岩浆结晶分异产生的堆积相，并非是岩浆多次脉动式补给的结果。     

A topical evaluation and discussion of data movement technologies for data-intensive scientific applications

Transferring large volumes of information from one location to potentially many others that are geographically distributed and across varying networks is still prevalent in modern scientific data systems. This is despite the movement to push computation to the data and to reduce data movement needed to compute answers to challenging scientific problems, to disseminate information to the scientific community, and to acquire data for curation and enrichment. Because of this, it is imperative that decisions made regarding data movement systems and architectures be backed by both analytical rigor, and also by empirical evidence and measurement. The purpose of this study is to expand on the work performed by our research team over the last decade and to take a fresh look at the evaluation of multiple topical data transfer technologies in use cases derived from data-intensive scientific systems and applications in the areas of Earth science. We report on the evaluation of a set of data movement technologies against a set of empirically derived comparison dimensions. Based on this evaluation, we make recommendations towards the selection of appropriate data movement technologies in scientific applications and scenarios.     

Landslide risk: some issues that determine societal acceptance

This paper illustrates approaches to landslide risk acceptance in various parts of the world in the context of the willingness to accept that risk, the willingness to pay to reduce the risk, and the willingness to alter the environment in the process. These factors are interlinked using the ternary ??willingness diagram?? which is also used to demonstrate how such willingness may change over time and to compare a range of generic approaches to landslide remediation as well as different conceptual approaches to landslide risk management. The willingness construct is intended to provide a readily understood framework for infrastructure owners and operators, amongst others, to understand how their approach to risk management compares with those in other regions, countries and contexts. Issues relevant to the response of society and groups of individuals to landslide risk, its acceptance and management include cultural factors, regulation and planning, budgetary constraints, vehicular vulnerability, and the often limited size of the event footprint compared to the vulnerability shadow that is cast are also discussed.     

Evaluation of uranium and arsenic retention by soil from a low level radioactive waste management site using sequential extraction

The European Communities Bureau of Reference (BCR) and Chunguo sequential extraction procedures were employed to evaluate the retention of U and As by a soil contaminated with low level radioactive waste. Modifications were made to both procedures to optimize the measurement of soil and extractant samples using epithermal neutron activation analysis. Based on the BCR procedure, approximately 20% of the U appeared to be bound to the carbonate fraction, 10% to the mineral oxide fraction and 20% to the organic fraction. In the case of As, the majority was strongly bound in the residue fraction. The results obtained with the Chunguo procedure supported these conclusions to some extent, in that the majority of the U and As was found to be strongly bound to the soil in a manner consistent with its presence in the residue fraction.     

封闭体系有机质与有机碳氢氮恢复动力学研究

在封闭体系的条件下,对典型的Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型干酪根在热演化过程中的损失进行生烃动力学研究,获得了Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型干酪根的总量、有机碳、氢以及氮质量损失动力学参数。用Kinetics软件计算了封闭体系干酪根有机碳丰度、氢碳原子比和氮碳原子比的恢复系数。认为在对高成熟—过成熟干酪根进行生烃评价时,Ⅰ、Ⅲ型干酪根残余有机碳丰度需要进行恢复,而Ⅱ型干酪根残余有机碳丰度不需要恢复。三种类型干酪根的氢碳原子比均需要进行恢复。     

对华南矿产资源深部探测若干问题的探讨——以若干超大型矿床深部找矿突破为例

华南是中国近百年内矿产资源开发强度比较高的地区,形成了赣南钨矿、桂北锡矿、湘南铅锌矿等一大批老矿山。随着已探明资源的快速消耗,"深地"探测、深部找矿已是大势所趋。基于对华南不同地区、不同类型、不同企业矿山生产情况的了解,文章对矿产资源的深部探测问题,从探测的目标、理论、深度、程度、效益等诸方面加以探讨,认为:当前技术经济条件下,1坚持国家目标、科学目标和人才目标相结合的原则,宜灵活运用各种成矿理论,充分发挥"五层楼+地下室"等勘查模型的作用,把"层状含矿地质体"作为矿产资源深部探测的主要目标;2坚持从已知到未知和由浅入深的原则,重点在老矿区和浅部地质与矿产资源比较清楚的工作程度比较高的地区优先部署工作,既可以降低风险又可以满足现实需要;3宜坚持点面结合的原则,2000 m、3000 m乃至于5000 m深钻的部署,宜相应地部署在矿床、矿田和矿集区工作程度最高的地区,达到立体探测和"透明化"的目的;4坚持综合评价的原则,综合调查、综合评价、综合研究,学科也要综合,避免单打一,避免单学科冒进。以问题为导向,具体问题具体分析,注意合理的探测深度和工作程度,抓住关键,有针对性地布设工作量,才能取得成效。     

金属硫化物矿石中同沉积组构的成因鉴别

同沉积组构是特定地质环境的产物，在矿化地层中有一定的空间分布特点。对组构进行成因鉴别时，必须注意野外地质产状的调查。在室内，既要对组构中硫化物颗粒的形态特征、排布形式及其与胶结物的关系进行放大观察，还要对一些可能是多解性的组构形态进一步进行测试研究。电子探针可以对其中的矿物颗粒进行成分对比分析，Ｘ光岩组可以测定硫化物晶体的定向特征及其与层理的方位关系。     

稀有金属花岗岩的特征及其成矿作用

本文通过对我国典型稀有金属花岗岩体研究成果的总结,从稀有金属花岗岩的基本特征、研究进展、成岩成矿作用的几个特点以及其对生态环境的影响等方面,对稀有金属花岗岩的特征及其成矿作用进行了综述和介绍。有助于学者了解稀有金属花岗岩成岩成矿研究和矿产资源勘查的最新成果,并用于寻找和鉴别稀有金属花岗岩。同时还讨论了稀有金属花岗岩体对生态环境的天然污染和带给居民群体的健康伤害,呼吁社会和公众应该引起足够的注意。     

过去5000年西太平洋副热带高压活动的泥炭纤维素碳同位素记录

文章以金川和红原两组泥炭纤维素Δδ¹³C时间序列值的反向变化来指示西太平洋副热带高压活动变化.结果表明,在过去5000年中,西太平洋副热带高压的活动可分为4个阶段,即西太平洋副热带高压位置在2800～2200B.C.期间持续偏北,2200～600B.C.期间持续偏南,600B.C.～1200A.D.期间在北进与南移之间频繁波动,以及1200～1900A.D.期间再次持续偏北,它们导致降雨量在中国大陆上不同的分布.从约1900A.D.起西太平洋副热带高压的活动似乎又开始一个新的偏南阶段,值得进一步加强研究.     

What can adaptation to climate-related hazards tell us about the politics of time making? Exploring durations and temporal disjunctures through the 2013 London heat wave

Temporalities seem to have made a comeback as an object of geographical enquiries. Drawing on a set of in-depth interviews conducted with elderly residents of London during the heat wave of 2013, this paper explores temporal awareness through the concept of duration and its wider relevance to the geography of risk and the social studies of disasters. It argues that the overwhelming attention given to the logics of speed and urgency that underpin adaptation to climate change has restricted the capacity for geographers interested in risk and disasters to recognise distinct temporal perspectives and logics of action situated outside the open futures promoted by the concept of adaptation. The paper concludes by emphasising that a better comprehension of what temporal durations entail could also help to find different ways to understand and experience the inherent movements and changes that are intrinsic to time and to life more generally.     

华北古大陆与哥伦比亚超大陆

由Rogers和Santosh等 (2 0 0 2 )提出的哥伦比亚超大陆 ,是约从 1.9～ 1.5Ga由Nena ,Ur和Atlantic等 3个大陆块体群 ,通过逐步汇聚而形成的一个超级大陆。它是前罗迪尼亚古 -中元古时期的超大陆。从 1.5Ga开始的裂解作用使哥伦比亚超大陆逐步破裂 ,并在 1.0Ga左右这些破裂的大陆块体又重新汇聚形成罗迪尼亚超大陆。文中除介绍Rogers等提出的哥伦比亚超大陆的概念、组成和古大陆重建图外 ,重点阐述了中国华北古大陆 2 .0～ 1.8Ga期间吕梁—中条造山运动和 1.8～1.6Ga时期大规模裂解事件群的性质、特点和同位素年龄数据。文中提出哥伦比亚超大陆汇聚主要峰期与吕梁—中条造山运动的时限相一致 ,华北古大陆属于哥伦比亚超大陆的组成部分 ,并可能为Nena大陆块体群的一员 ,在造山及裂解事件群的性质、特点和时代等特征上 ,华北与北美、西伯利亚和西北欧有更大的相似性。     

Using Two-Point Set Statistics to Estimate the Diameter Distribution in Boolean Models with Circular Grains

This paper deals with the counting and measuring of overlapping circular objects in binary images, a problem that arises in the mineral processing industry when estimating the distribution of bubble diameters in flotation cells in order to predict the geometallurgical performance of the flotation process. By viewing the images as realizations of a stationary planar Boolean model with circular grains and by using two-point set statistics, it is possible to jointly estimate the average number of objects per unit area and their diameter distribution. When applied to real and simulated images, this method is shown to give accurate estimates, to be robust to the presence of noise contaminating the images and of moderate drifts in the number of objects per unit area, and to speed up the processing time with respect to currently used methods. Combined, these properties serve to make the method suitable for an on-line monitoring of the flotation process.     

The applicability of the Florida mandatory endorsement for sinkhole collapse coverage. Part I. Legal aspects

Florida statute §627 706 was enacted to provide sinkhole collapse coverage The legislative intent of the Statute was to protect the property owner from the unexpected damage to structures and personal property arising from the occurrence of sinkholes However, since the Statute was enacted, litigation involving considerable expense to the insurance companies and property owners has occurred because of various interpretations of the Statute The technical and legal interpretations do not appear always to be the same. This article discusses some of the interpretations accepted by the court, and it addresses the role of the engineer, geologist, and hydrologist in the technical interpretations of the Statute. In an attempt to reduce litigation and associated court costs, recommendations are made to resolve some of the vagueness and ambiguities in the Statute and still maintain the Statute's flexibility and intent to protect public welfare     

Tectonically induced climate and its control on the distribution of depositional systems in a continental foreland basin, Cloverly and Lakota Formations (Lower Cretaceous) of Wyoming, U.S.A.

Continental sediments of the Cloverly and Lakota Formations (Lower Cretaceous) in Wyoming are subdivided into three depositional systems: perennial to intermittent alluvial, intermittent to ephemeral alluvial, and playa. Chert-bearing sandstones, conglomerates, carbonaceous mudrocks, blocky mudrocks, and skeletal limestones were deposited by perennial to intermittent alluvial systems. Carbonaceous mudrocks contain abundant wood fragments, cuticle and cortical debris, and other vascular plant remains representing deposition in oxbow lakes, abandoned channels, and on floodplains under humid to seasonal conditions. Intraformational conglomerates, sandstones, bioturbated and blocky mudrocks with caliche nodules, and bioturbated limestones characterize deposition in intermittent to ephemeral alluvial systems. Bioturbated limestones are encased in bioturbated mudrocks with abundant pseudo-slickensides. The presence of caliche nodules in some of the blocky to bioturbated mudrocks is consistent with supersaturation and precipitation of calcium carbonate from groundwater under semi-arid conditions. Caliche nodules, pseudo-slickensides, and carbonate-rich floodplain sediments are interpreted to have been deposited by intermittent to ephemeral alluvial systems under seasonal to semi-arid climatic conditions. Laminated mudrocks, siltstones, vuggy carbonates, bedded to nodular evaporites, pebbly mudrocks, and diamictites were deposited in evaporative alkaline lakes or playas. Pebbly mudrocks and diamictites are interpreted to represent deposition from channelized and unchannelized hyperconcentrated flows on a playa, resulting from intense rain events within the basin.The areal abundance and distribution of these depositional systems change systematically across the overfilled portion of the Early Cretaceous Cordilleran foreland basin in Wyoming. The lower part (A-interval) of the Cloverly and Lakota Formations is characterized by deposits of perennial to intermittent rivers that existed 300 to 1000 km east of the Sevier fold-and-thrust belt. Proximal to the Sevier fold-and-thrust belt, the A-interval of the Cloverly Formation and upper Ephraim Formation of the Gannett Group are typified by deposits of intermittent to ephemeral rivers and their associated floodplains. In the middle part (B-interval) of the Cloverly Formation, intermittent to ephemeral alluvial systems expand to 600 km into the basin. The upper part (C-interval) of the Cloverly Formation is characterized by playa deposits in the Bighorn and Wind River Basins and intermittent to ephemeral alluvial deposits along the front of the ancestral Sevier Mountains. Deposits of perennial to intermittent alluvial systems in the C-interval of the Cloverly and Lakota Formations are restricted to the Black Hills region, almost 900 km to the east of the Sevier Mountains. The change in the areal distribution of depositional systems through time within this continental foreland basin may be attributed to the development of a rain shadow associated with the uplift of the Sevier Mountains in the Early Cretaceous.