埃达克质岩的构造背景与岩石组合

本文介绍了埃达克质岩形成的构造背景与岩石组合。埃达克质岩可以形成于不同的构造背景并与不同类型的岩石同时出现：1）火山弧环境中常出现埃达克质岩一高镁安山岩-富Nb玄武质岩组合,它的形成可能与板片熔融以及熔体一地幔橄榄岩的相互作用有关;2）大陆活动碰撞造山带环境（如羌塘）中埃达克质岩常与同期钾质或橄榄玄粗质岩共生,这可能与俯冲陆壳熔融和俯冲陆壳熔体交代的地幔橄榄岩熔融有关;3）造山带伸展垮塌环境（如大别山）中埃达克质岩会伴随有镁铁质一超镁铁质岩浆出露,增厚下地壳产生埃达克质岩浆后的榴辉岩质残留体拆沉进入地幔,与地幔橄榄岩的混合可能形成后期镁铁质一超镁铁质岩浆的源区;4）大陆板内伸展环境中埃达克质岩常与同期橄榄玄粗质的岩石共生,增厚、拆沉下地壳,以及富集地幔的熔融或岩浆混合在岩石的成因中发挥了重要作用。     

全岩热模拟新方法及其在气源岩评价中的应用

由中国石油勘探开发研究院廊坊分院建立的全岩热模拟仪器分析方法是采用岩心样品(岩石颗粒0.5～2 mm)来模拟烃类生成的一项实验新技术.该方法模拟结果表明:(1)不同类型样品单位质量岩石的产气率与传统的加水温压模拟法结果具有可比性;(2)能够反映源岩在不同演化阶段的产气量;(3)比常规的有机碳评价方法能更准确地反映源岩在不同演化阶段的产气潜力.(4)全岩热模拟新方法经济、简便、分析周期短,可以用于大量常规样品分析,是判识有效气源岩及定量评价的一种快速、可靠的方法,在油气勘探过程中,将对烃源岩的评价发挥重要作用。     

Petrogenesis of the Alkaline Igneous Rock Suites of the Volcanic and Intrusive Centres of Eastern Uganda

The alkaline igneous centres of eastern Uganda comprise a youngerTertiary group represented by dissected volcanoes and an olderCretaceous (?) group composed entirely of equivalent intrusiveformations. Both the extrusive and the intrusive suites are characterizedby extreme silica undersaturation and richness in alkalis, especiallysoda; they largely conform to a nephelinite series and an ijolite-carbonatiteseries, respectively. From field, petrographic, and chemical data it is argued thatthe immediately parental magma was of nephelinite/melteigitecomposition. The courses of evolution of the volcanic and plutonicrocks followed odivergent trends, owing to differences in theirphysico-chemical environments. The volcanic series evolved towardsa phonolitic or trachytic residium, whereas the ijolite seriesmaintained silica undersaturation and tended towards final enrichmentin lime, alkalis, and volatiles, including carbon dioxide. Thefinal residuum from this course of evolution was a carbonatiteor alkali carbonatite. The evidence suggests that the felspar-bearing rocks (trachytes,phonolites, syenites, and nepheline syenites) have had a numberof different modes of origin. Apart from evolution in the volcanicseries of crystallization differentiation, they appear to haveformed by fenitization of Basement rocks and by felspathizationof felspathoidal rocks, such as ijolites. Extrusive equivalentsmay then have arisen by mobilization.     

样本单元法及块状裂隙岩体力学参数的确定

在分析块状岩体的结构特征及影响其力学性能因素的基础上,根据大量野外调查及室内试验资料,对块状岩体进行分类,并建立相应的样本单元.采用数值分析方法模拟各类样本单元的大型三轴试验,实现了根据岩块参数获取块状裂隙岩体力学参数的目的.     

北祁连九个泉蛇绿岩及其上覆岩系的岩石地球化学特征和地球动力学意义

本文通过对北祁连九个泉蛇绿岩及其上覆岩系的详细的野外、岩石学和地球化学的研究表明：该区火山岩由多个火山角砾岩—块状玄武岩—凝灰岩的旋回所组成;蛇绿岩之上整合覆盖着一套火山岩—沉积岩组合（蛇绿岩的上覆岩系）。蛇绿岩中玄武岩为典型的N-MORB,其上覆岩系中玄武岩为E-MORB。剖面从下到上,玄武岩中LREE,HFSE含量递增。火山岩的地球化学和沉积岩的岩相学反映了洋壳从扩张中脊向大陆方向迁移的动力学过程,蛇绿岩从形成到侵位的时间间隔较短。     

Application of the Christensen Failure Criterion to Intact Rock

The Christensen criterion, originally introduced in materials science, has a simple mathematical form and uniaxial tensile and compressive strength as the only parameters, making it an attractive candidate for rock engineering purposes. In this study, the applicability of the criterion to rock materials is examined. Explicit equations for application of the criterion under biaxial, triaxial compression, triaxial extension, and polyaxial states of stresses are derived. A comprehensive strength data set including the results of tests on synthetic rock, chert dyke, Carrara marble and Westerly granite is utilized to examine the accuracy of the Christensen criterion to the failure of rock material. The two surprising findings about the Christensen criterion are the zero values of tensile strength and the very low slopes of the failure envelope obtained from fitting analyses for chert dyke and Westerly granite. It is shown that the two problems are interrelated and the values of tensile strength tend to zero to produce higher slopes. It is then mathematically proven that the maximum initial slope of the Christensen failure envelope is limited to 4 in triaxial compression and 2.5 in triaxial extension which is considerably lower than the slope of experimental data. The accuracy of the Christensen criterion was found to be significantly lower than the well-established Hoek–Brown criterion. The circular π-plane representations and brittle-to-ductile transition limits from the Christensen criterion are also inconsistent with the observed behavior of rocks.     

高密度电阻率法在风化岩地基勘察中的应用

由于风化岩场地具有风化不均匀之特点,《岩土工程勘察规范》(GB 50021—2001)对这类场地的岩土工程勘察的布孔间距具有严格规定,使得这类场地的勘察工作量往往很大。分析了高密度电阻率法在这类场地中使用的可行性和必要性,结合阿尔及利亚某炼油厂岩土工程勘察的实例,剖析了高密度电阻率法对大面积风化岩地基勘察方案设计的优化。     

危岩裂缝扩展研究及捆绑法在危岩边坡治理中的应用

文章以某滑塌式危岩体为例建立了危岩体的有限元计算模型,分析了影响危岩体稳定性的因素,讨论了危岩体开裂深度对危岩体稳定性的影响及危岩裂缝开展的破坏演化机制,并结合规范采用理正软件对本文提出的捆绑法治理滑塌式危岩体的可行性进行了验证。稳定性分析的结果表明:采用捆绑法治理后,危岩体在自然工况、暴雨工况和地震工况下的稳定性系数都能保证危岩体处于稳定状态,为危岩体的防治提供了一种新的思路。     

瞬变电磁法在碎屑岩中找水的应用

在碎屑岩地区寻找地下水相对难度较大,其主要途径是寻找构造裂隙.瞬变电磁法在多测道剖面上对构造裂隙具有典型响应特征,据此可以在缺水地区寻找地下水水源.在山西平遥和河南杨村矿,应用瞬变电磁勘探,准确地圈定了构造位置,经钻井验证,于井深300m处见破碎带,终孔深度350m,成井后水量为25m3/h.     

关键块体系统锚固法在加固边坡危岩中的应用

基于Goodman-Shi的块体理论和A.R.Yarahmadi Bafghi的关键块体群理论,提出确定危岩边坡关键块体和关键块体系统的几何分析法和矢量分析法,建立边坡危岩的地质模型和力学模型,分析危岩体破坏机理,针对不同变形破坏机理的关键块体系统提出合理、安全和经济的危岩边坡加固新方法--关键块体系统锚固法（KSA法）。通过建立集丹公路K49+790 m-K55+550 m段危岩边坡的地质模型和力学模型,结合其坡体及岩体结构特征,分析边坡危岩体变形破坏机理和锚固机理,提出顶部危岩清除、碎裂结构坡面喷射混凝土、块裂结构坡面挂网和块状岩体锚固的清-喷-网-锚联合锚固的系统锚固方案,加固该段危岩体。运用该法锚固方案较传统方法节省锚杆35%、SNS网32%及腰梁19%。     

Application of Extension Theory Based on Improved Entropy Weight Method to Rock Slope Analysis in Cold Regions

In view of the problems existing in the evaluation process of slope stability in cold regions, the improved entropy weight method and extension theory are used to evaluate the slope stability. Nine indexes which affect the slope stability in cold regions are selected, the matter element system of slope stability evaluation is established by extension theory, and the extension correlation degree between evaluation index and evaluation grade is calculated. The improved entropy weight method is used to calculate the entropy weight of the matter element index system, and then the stability grade of the slope matter element is determined. Based on the extension theory and improved entropy weight method, the slope stability of Beizhan open pit mine is predicted. The results show that the prediction results are consistent with the actual situation of the project, and the evaluation method can be applied to the slope stability evaluation in cold regions. By using extension theory and improved entropy weight method, the evaluation index can be changed from a single determined value to an interval value, and the influence degree of the evaluation index can be analyzed more comprehensively. This method improves the evaluation accuracy and provides a new method for the slope stability evaluation in cold regions.

     

崔家冲隧洞软弱围岩注浆工法的研究应用

长沙引水及水质环境工程崔家冲隧洞要穿越区域性高棱山压扭性断层F86,断层宽度达100余米,长度达1000余米,洞顶以上地表覆盖层达110 m,其规模为同类工程所罕见。由于断层破碎带岩体强度低,透水性好,穿越断层破碎带洞段的施工成为工程建设中的重点和难点。所以隧洞在施工过程中需采用多种方法穿越众多的不良地质段。主要介绍和探讨了该隧洞穿越F86断层破碎带所采用的超前预注浆技术、超前支护技术及长管棚施工技术,为今后在类似工程中提供施工借鉴。     

烃源岩原始有机质丰度和类型的恢复方法

本文应用源岩中残烃含量及在热解仪－微机联机系统上开发的成熟度新参数，建立了对低成熟-高成熟（任意丰度、类型、岩性等）烃源岩原始有机质丰度和类型的恢复方法（残烃法）。并应用热解及有机碳分析结果，依据沉积岩石学、有机岩石学等基本原理、干酪根降解生油理论，以及石油有机地化人员在生产科研过程中常用的三个定义式及一个公认的假设为前提，建立了对低成熟-过成熟（任意成熟度、丰度、类型、岩性等）烃源岩原始有机质丰度的恢复方法（有机无效碳法）。因有机无效碳含量与源岩演化程度无关，因此该方法适用于任意成熟度烃源岩原始有机质丰度的恢复，较好地解决了高成熟过成熟烃源岩原始有机质丰度的恢复问题。     

218P0 测量法寻找基岩裂隙水研究

论述了利用218P₀测量法寻找基岩裂隙水的基本原理;阐明了水、氡在断裂等构造条件下,运移、汇集、赋存的特征及富氡富水、氡少水贫和同步对应,及部位一致的基本规律。介绍了高值异常峰顶型、低值异常凹斗型、无异常平缓型三种曲线类型及其分析方法。试验实践证明,此法具有轻便快速、高效准确、省时省力等优点,辅以其它方法找水定井,成井率达到98.2%.实践意义大,推广价值高。     

Application of Fuzzy Set Theory to Rock Engineering Classification Systems: An Illustration of the Rock Mass Excavability Index

The characterization of rock masses is one of the integral aspects of rock engineering. Over the years, many classification systems have been developed for characterization and design purposes in mining and civil engineering practices. However, the strength and weak points of such rating-based classifications have always been questionable. Such classification systems assign quantifiable values to predefined classified geotechnical parameters of rock mass. This results in subjective uncertainties, leading to the misuse of such classifications in practical applications. Fuzzy set theory is an effective tool to overcome such uncertainties by using membership functions and an inference system. This study illustrates the potential application of fuzzy set theory in assisting engineers in the rock engineering decision processes for which subjectivity plays an important role. So, the basic principles of fuzzy set theory are described and then it was applied to rock mass excavability (RME) classification to verify the applicability of fuzzy rock engineering classifications. It was concluded that fuzzy set theory has an acceptable reliability to be employed for all rock engineering classification systems.     

被断裂破坏泥岩盖层封闭性演化史恢复方法及其应用

前人研究泥岩盖层封闭性时并没有考虑断裂的破坏程度,且对已被断裂破坏泥岩盖层封闭性演化史的研究目前尚未见到文献报道,而这些问题对含油气盆地断裂发育区油气勘探至关重要.在被断裂破坏泥岩盖层封闭机理及其封闭演化特征研究的基础上,通过比较泥岩盖层断接厚度与其封油气所需的最小断接厚度的相对大小,将被断裂破坏泥岩盖层封闭分为未被断裂破坏和已被断裂破坏泥岩盖层封闭2种,并通过泥岩盖层和断层岩古排替压力恢复,确定泥岩盖层封闭能力形成距今时间、断层岩开始压实成岩距今时间和封闭能力形成距今时间,建立了一套被断裂破坏泥岩盖层封闭性演化史的恢复方法,并将其应用于渤海湾盆地南堡5号构造被f₂断裂破坏东二段泥岩盖层封闭性演化史的恢复中.结果表明:在L₁、L₃、L₄、L₅、L₆、L₇和L₉测线处,f₂断裂未破坏东二段泥岩盖层封闭,仍是东二段泥岩盖层封闭,其封闭性演化经历了不封闭和封闭阶段,目前具有较强的封闭能力.在L₂和L₈测线处f₂断裂已破坏了东二段泥岩盖层封闭,为f₂断裂断层岩封闭,其封闭能力演化经历了压实不封闭、成岩不封闭和成岩封闭3个阶段,目前也已具较强封闭能力,均有利于油气在东二段泥岩盖层之下储层中聚集与保存.与目前东二段泥岩盖层之下储层中已发现油气分布相吻合,表明该方法用于恢复被断裂破坏泥岩盖层封闭性演化史是可行的.      

硬质合金在牙轮钻头滑动轴承上的应用研究

在分析牙轮钻头轴承摩擦损机理的基础上，提出改进其轴承摩擦表面材料是提高其寿命的有效途径，通过对硬质合金的力学性能和摩擦性质的分析，论证了硬质合金可以用于齿轮钻头滑动轴承摩擦表面，并提出了硬质合金脆性的解决方法。     

岩体裂隙三维可视化新方法及其应用

快速准确地识别岩体裂隙的三维分布特征是西南山区铁路防灾减灾的关键.本研究提出了一套岩体裂隙可视化新方法,基于测窗调查的裂隙数据,依托球坐标及极射赤平投影进行数字化处理及降维,利用K-Means++聚类算法、Fisher分布模型和蒙特卡洛模拟,完成裂隙产状数据的自动分组和模拟,最后运用Python及圆盘模型实现岩体裂隙三维可视化.本研究采用坐标变换和三角网格曲面的方式,更有利于与其他三维建模软件嵌套分析.水电站工程的先行应用研究表明产状数据服从Fisher分布,本文的模型相对于传统玫瑰花图和施密特图有着一定的优势.因此,本文建立的岩体裂隙模型具有直观快速反映区域裂隙网络三维分布特征的优点,研究成果可以直接服务于西南山区铁路施工阶段隧道掌子面及洞壁的节理裂隙三维识别以及防灾减灾研究.      

人工神经网络在岩石变形温度估算中的应用

Ｃｈｒｉｓｔｉｅ（１９６２）、Ｓｍｉｔｃｈ（１９７２）和张翊钧（１９８５）都提出了钠质斜长石的Δ１３１－１３１（或σ）、Ａｎ与温度Ｔ的关系图，后来又提出了钠质斜长石变形温度的计算公式。但由于图解的不便之处及目前应用的公式中推断分界点的不确定性和σ、Ａｎ与Ｔ之间存在一种非线性关系的特点，本文基于具有高度非线性映射能力的人工神经网络，提出了求解岩石变形温度的新方法。文中先介绍了变形温度计的研究概况，然