中国冬季气温变化的空间模态及其与大尺度环流异常的联系

分析了近55 a来中国冬季气温变化特征及其与大尺度环流异常的关系,结果显示：1) 中国冬季气温变化有两个主要空间模态,第一模态表现为20世纪80年代中期以后全国一致变暖;第二模态表现为80年代以后东北、西北地区冬季气温升高,而西南、华南地区气温降低。2) 西伯利亚高压变化与中国冬季气温变化的第一模态关系密切,当西伯利亚高压偏强时,我国大部分地区气温偏低,反之亦然。3) 北极涛动（AO）与冬季气温变化的第二模态关系密切,它与中国冬季气温相关最显著的区域主要在东北和西北地区,当AO为正位相时,上述区域气温往往偏高。     

CMIP6模式对中国气温日较差的模拟能力评估北大核心CSCD

利用CRU_TS v4.04观测数据作为验证,对28个CMIP6(Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 6)模式模拟中国区域内气温日较差(Diurnal Temperature Range,DTR)年际变化、气候平均态变化以及不同区域和不同季节尺度变化的能力进行评估。结果表明:在百年尺度上,CMIP6模式能够反映出年际变化中DTR下降的演变趋势,模式与观测之间的相关系数在0.1~0.7,均方根误差在0.6~1.5,Taylor评分(Taylor Score,TS)在0.2~0.7,MRI-ESM2-0模式与观测之间的相关系数(0.65)最大,均方根误差(0.8)最小,TS(0.67)最高,模拟能力最好;在30年气候平均态尺度上,CMIP6模式符合观测呈现的DTR北方地区高、南方地区低,西部地区高、东部地区低,内陆地区高、沿海地区低,高原地区高、平原盆地地区低的空间分布特征,基本可以再现中国大范围区域内DTR下降的空间分布特征,对不同区域和不同季节DTR变化也有较好的模拟,以EC-Earth3模式的模拟能力最好。然而,单模式存在不同程度的高估或低估DTR变化的现象,多模式中位数集合能够模拟出DTR在年际变化和气候平均态变化中的一些特征,对于春季和冬季的模拟,多模式集合优于单模式模拟。     

CMIP6模式对青藏高原极端气温指数模拟能力评估及预估

利用第六次国际耦合模式比较计划（CMIP6）28个全球气候模式模拟的历史和多SSP排放情景下的模拟结果以及国家气候中心制作的CN05.1格点化的观测数据,在评估28个全球气候模式对青藏高原极端气温相关指数模拟效果的基础上,预估了多个SSP情景下青藏高原未来极端气温指数的变化趋势。评估结果表明多模式集合平均模拟结果更稳定,且能模拟出极端气温指数的时间分布以及空间分布特征,但与观测相比,不同指数存在不同偏差。预估结果表明,相对于1995-2014年,青藏高原上日最高气温最高值（TXx）、日最低气温最低值（TNn）、暖昼指数（TX90p）未来呈上升趋势,霜冻日数（FD）、冰冻日数（ID）、冷夜指数（TN10p）呈减少趋势,其中高原极端低温比极端高温增温明显,暖昼指数在高原西南部增加明显,霜冻日数、冰冻日数、冷夜指数在高原东南部减少明显。SSP1-1.9情景下,极端气温指数在21世纪的变化幅度较小,随着辐射强迫增大,指数的变化趋势也增大。SSP1-2.6情景下,2030年前中国实现碳达峰时,青藏高原地区TXx、 TNn、 TX90p增长分别不超过1.12℃、0.84℃、 8.4%, FD、 I...     

基于CMIP6多模式集合的华中地区气候变化模拟与预估

选用华中地区1961—2014年逐日气象观测资料、1961—2100年12个CMIP6模式统计降尺度和偏差订正结果,评估CMIP6模式在区域的气温和降水量时空分布模拟结果,选出6个气温模式、4个降水量模式。基于优选模式集合的平均结果,分别分析未来SSP1-2.6、SSP2-4.5、SSP5-8.5三种情景下2021—2100年华中地区不同时期气温和降水量的变化趋势。结果表明：多模式集合平均结果的气温年际变率模拟好于降水量,降水量空间模拟好于气温。三种情景下区域气温、降水量均为增加趋势,气温增速分别为0.13℃/10 a、0.30℃/10 a、0.62℃/10 a,降水量增速分别为16.2 mm/10 a、12.3 mm/10 a、19.3 mm/10 a。未来2021—2100年三种情景下华中地区降水量多为南部减小北部增大,气温近期、中期为西部降低、中东部升高,远期除湖北西部山区降低外,其他地区均为升高趋势。     

CMIP6模式对欧亚大陆冬季雪水当量的模拟能力评估及未来预估

基于第六次耦合模式比较计划（CMIP6）的模式模拟数据和欧洲宇航局GlobSnow卫星遥感雪水当量（Snow Water Equivalent, SWE）资料,评估了CMIP6耦合模式对1981～2014年欧亚大陆冬季SWE的模拟能力,并应用多模式集合平均结果预估了21世纪欧亚大陆SWE的变化情况。结果表明,CMIP6耦合模式对冬季欧亚大陆中高纬度SWE空间分布具有较好的再现能力,能模拟出欧亚大陆中高纬度SWE的主要分布特征;耦合模式对SWE变化趋势及经验正交函数主要模态特征的模拟能力存在较大差异,但多模式集合能提高模式对SWE变化趋势和主要时空变化特征的模拟能力;此外,多模式集合结果对欧亚大陆冬季SWE与降水、气温的关系也有较好的再现能力。预估结果表明,21世纪欧亚大陆东北大部分地区的SWE均要高于基准期（1995～2014年）,而90°E以西的欧洲大陆SWE基本上呈现减少的特征;21世纪早期,4种不同排放情景下积雪变化的差异不大,但21世纪后期积雪变化的幅度差异较大,而且排放越高积雪变化的幅度越大,模式不确定性也越大;进一步的分析表明,欧亚大陆冬季未来积雪变化特征的空间分布与全球变...     

CMIP6年代际试验对中国气温预测能力的初步评估

利用参加第六次国际耦合模式比较计划(CMIP6)年代际气候预测计划(DCPP)的加拿大CanESM5模式和日本MIROC6模式的结果,评估了模式对中国近地面气温的预测能力.在年代际尺度上,两个模式年代际试验对近地面气温的回报技巧均高于历史试验的模拟能力,采用海温初始化可以提高模式对中国近地面气温的年代际预报技巧.对年代...     

华北冬季气温变化及背景场分析

利用国家气候中心1951～2003年全国160站月平均气温资料和NCEP／NCAR全球再分析资料,采用经验正交函数（EOF）、线性趋势变化、M-K突变检验、相关分析、t检验等方法揭示50多年来华北地区冬季气温的时空分布特征,探讨华北冬季气温的年代际变化与大尺度环流特征。结果表明：①华北地区冬季气温常表现出一致的偏低或偏高,偏低年份主要集中在20世纪80年代中期以前,80年代后期华北冬季气温明显升高,由冷变暖的突变点为1987年;②华北地区冬季气温偏低、偏高年的北半球环流形势存在明显的差异,亚洲区极涡面积、乌拉尔山东部高压脊、东亚大槽及蒙古高压是重要的影响因子;③华北冬季气温与我国近海和日本海的SST存在较好的正相关关系。     

NUIST-ESM模式及其参与CMIP6的方案

近几年来,南京信息工程大学（NUIST）地球系统模拟中心致力于地球系统模式研发。最新发展的第三版本南京信息工程大学地球系统模式（NUIST-ESM v3）在原有的基础上改进了边界层方案与对流参数化方案,调整了模式中云物理过程,改进了耦合物理过程和海冰反照率等过程。此版本作为参加第六次国际耦合模式比较计划（CMIP6）的模式之一,注册了气候诊断、评估和描述试验（DECK）和历史气候模拟试验（Historical）以及ScenarioMIP、DAMIP、GMMIP、DCPP、PMIP、VolMIP和GeoMIP等7个比较子计划试验。目前DECK和Historical试验都已经完成,正将数据提交到ESGF数据发布平台。CMIP6模式比较子计划也将陆续完成并将发布数据,以供国内外学者下载使用。     

CMIP6全球气候模式对中国年平均日最高气温和最低气温模拟的评估北大核心CSCD

选取CMIP6历史模拟试验26个模式数据,以CN05.1数据作为观测资料,对1961~2014年中国年平均最高气温和最低气温变化模拟能力进行评估。结果表明:1961~2014年,中国年均最高气温和最低气温均存在上升的趋势。最高气温增长速率为2.15℃/100 a;最低气温增长速率为3.92℃/100 a,约为最高气温增长速率的两倍。CMIP6模式都能模拟出这种长时间尺度的变化趋势,但不同模式模拟能力存在一定差异,模式间离散度达到0.38℃/100 a(最高气温)和0.41℃/100 a(最低气温)。模式中BCC-ESM1和EC-Earth3模式对这两种趋势的模拟效果最好。CMIP6模式可以较好地模拟出中国范围内的最高气温和最低气温空间分布特征。中国范围内,大部分模式模拟结果与观测呈正相关的格点所占比例分别为82%(最高气温)和97%(最低气温),模拟结果具有明显的地域性。对于气候平均态,CMIP6模式可以较好地模拟出最高最低气温空间分布特征,对于整个中国东部地区,最高最低气温模拟结果的模式间标准差均在3℃以内,一致性较高,在西部地区差异较大,青藏高原地区达到6℃以上。GISS-E2-1-G和MRI-ESM2-0可以很好地模拟出1961~2014年中国最高气温和最低气温经验正交分解(Empirical Orthogonal Function,EOF)主要模态及其时间演变。总体来说,CMIP6模式对中国年均最高气温和最低气温的气候态空间分布以及变化趋势等方面,具备较好的模拟能力。     

中国东部冬季气温异常的主模态与大气环流的关系

利用中国东部季风区375个测站,1961-2006年历年平均地面气温资料,采用EOF、SVD、相关分析等方法,分析了中国东部季风区冬季气温与500hPa高度场异常变化的关系。结果表明:影响冬季气温的关键区有两个,皆为显著正相关;SVD分析表明:乌山脊弱,东亚槽浅,纬向环流偏强,经向环流偏弱,极涡面积偏小,使南下冷空气偏少,冬季气温易偏高。上年7月北大西洋高压异常偏强(偏弱),次年冬季气温将会异常偏暖(偏冷),北大西洋前期高度场与气温普遍有密切的关系,主要影响长江流域及其以北的季风中北部区;建立了气温距平与北大西洋关键区上年7月高度距平的关系,并建立了均生函数模型,预测了未来20 a的气温变化趋势。     

CMIP6全球气候模式对中国极端降水模拟能力的评估及其与CMIP5的比较

对CMIP6全球气候模式在中国地区极端降水的模拟能力进行了综合评估.基于CN05.1观测数据集和32个CMIP6全球气候模式的降水数据,采用8个常用极端降水指数对极端降水进行了定量描述.研究结果表明,在极端降水的气候平均态方面,CMIP6多模式集合对1961—2005年中国地区区域平均的8个极端降水指数模拟的平均相对误...     

Parallel comparison of the northern winter stratospheric circulation in reanalysis and in CMIP5 models

A parallel comparison is made of the circulation climatology and the leading oscillation mode of the northern winter stratosphere among six reanalysis products and 24 CMIP5(Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5) models. The results reveal that the NCEP/NCAR, NECP/DOE, ERA40, ERA-Interim and JRA25 reanalyses are quite consistent in describing the climatology and annual cycle of the stratospheric circulation. The 20 CR reanalysis, however, exhibits a remarkable"cold pole" bias accompanied by a much stronger stratospheric polar jet, similar as in some CMIP5 models. Compared to the1–2 month seasonal drift in most coupled general circulation models(GCMs), the seasonal cycle of the stratospheric zonal wind in most earth system models(ESMs) agrees very well with reanalysis. Similar to the climatology, the amplitude of Polar Vortex Oscillation(PVO) events also varies among CMIP5 models. The PVO amplitude in most GCMs is relatively weaker than in reanalysis, while that in most of the ESMs is more realistic. In relation to the "cold pole" bias and the weaker oscillation in some CMIP5 GCMs, the frequency of PVO events is significantly underestimated by CMIP5 GCMs; while in most ESMs, it is comparable to that in reanalysis. The PVO events in reanalysis(except in 20CR) mainly occur from mid-winter to early spring(January–March); but in some of the CMIP5 models, a 1–2 month delay exists, especially in most of the CMIP5 GCMs. The long-term trend of the PVO time series does not correspond to long-term changes in the frequency of PVO events in most of the CMIP5 models.     

青藏高原表面温度对温室气体增加的响应及其不确定性:基于CMIP6的研究

近几十年来,青藏高原呈现显著增暖趋势,准确预估青藏高原未来气候变化对农业、生态系统、社会经济和人类生存与发展有着重要的科学意义。本研究基于CMIP6模式中18个模式在CO₂浓度突然4倍(abrupt-4×CO₂)强迫下的实验结果,运用气候反馈响应分析方法(CFRAM),研究温室气体强迫下青藏高原增暖响应、进行归因分析并讨论其模式间差异的来源。结果表明,高原地表增暖在很大程度上是温室气体强迫和正的水汽反馈造成的,并通过反照率反馈、云反馈以及地表热存储过程进一步放大,表面感热和潜热过程抑制了升温的幅度。其中,反照率反馈是造成青藏高原变暖比全球陆面平均增暖更强烈的原因。高原增暖响应的不确定性主要由云反馈贡献,其次是反照率反馈以及水汽反馈,但被感热和潜热过程削减。     

Future changes and uncertainties in temperature and precipitation over China based on CMIP5 models

Climate changes in future 21 st century China and their uncertainties are evaluated based on 22 climate models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5(CMIP5). By 2081–2100, the annual mean surface air temperature(SAT) is predicted to increase by 1.3℃± 0.7℃, 2.6℃± 0.8℃ and 5.2℃± 1.2℃ under the Representative Concentration Pathway(RCP) scenarios RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, relative to 1986–2005, respectively. The future change in SAT averaged over China increases the most in autumn/winter and the least in spring, while the uncertainty shows little seasonal variation.Spatially, the annual and seasonal mean SAT both show a homogeneous warming pattern across China, with a warming rate increasing from southeastern China to the Tibetan Plateau and northern China, invariant with time and emissions scenario.The associated uncertainty in SAT decreases from northern to southern China. Meanwhile, by 2081–2100, the annual mean precipitation increases by 5% ± 5%, 8% ± 6% and 12% ± 8% under RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, respectively. The national average precipitation anomaly percentage, largest in spring and smallest in winter, and its uncertainty, largest in winter and smallest in autumn, show visible seasonal variations. Although at a low confidence level, a homogeneous wetting pattern is projected across China on the annual mean scale, with a larger increasing percentage in northern China and a weak drying in southern China in the early 21 st century. The associated uncertainty is also generally larger in northern China and smaller in southwestern China. In addition, both SAT and precipitation usually show larger seasonal variability on the sub-regional scale compared with the national average.     

CMIP6 Evaluation and Projection of Temperature and Precipitation over China

This article evaluates the performance of 20 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6(CMIP6)models in simulating temperature and precipitation over China through comparisons with gridded observation data for the period of 1995–2014,with a focus on spatial patterns and interannual variability.The evaluations show that the CMIP6 models perform well in reproducing the climatological spatial distribution of temperature and precipitation,with better performance for temperature than for precipitation.Their interannual variability can also be reasonably captured by most models,however,poor performance is noted regarding the interannual variability of winter precipitation.Based on the comprehensive performance for the above two factors,the“highest-ranked”models are selected as an ensemble(BMME).The BMME outperforms the ensemble of all models(AMME)in simulating annual and winter temperature and precipitation,particularly for those subregions with complex terrain but it shows little improvement for summer temperature and precipitation.The AMME and BMME projections indicate annual increases for both temperature and precipitation across China by the end of the 21st century,with larger increases under the scenario of the Shared Socioeconomic Pathway 5/Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5(SSP585)than under scenario of the Shared Socioeconomic Pathway 2/Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5(SSP245).The greatest increases of annual temperature are projected for higher latitudes and higher elevations and the largest percentage-based increases in annual precipitation are projected to occur in northern and western China,especially under SSP585.However,the BMME,which generally performs better in these regions,projects lower changes in annual temperature and larger variations in annual precipitation when compared to the AMME projections.     

An Analysis of Historical and Future Temperature Fluctuations over China Based on CMIP5 Simulations简

The trends and fluctuations of observed and CMIP5-simulated yearly mean surface air temperature over China were analyzed.In general,the historical simulations replicate the observed increase of temperature,but the multi-model ensemble （MME） mean does not accurately reproduce the drastic interannual fluctuations.The correlation coefficient of the MME mean with the observations over all runs and all models was 0.77,which was larger than the largest value （0.65） from any single model ensemble.The results showed that winter temperatures are increasing at a higher rate than summer temperatures,and that winter temperatures exhibit stronger interannual variations.It was also found that the models underestimate the differences between winter and summer rates.The ensemble empirical mode decomposition technique was used to obtain six intrinsic mode functions （IMFs） for the modeled temperature and observations.The periods of the first two IMFs of the MME mean were 3.2 and 7.2,which represented the cycle of 2-7-yr oscillations.The periods of the third and fourth IMFs were 14.7 and 35.2,which reflected a multi-decadal oscillation of climate change.The corresponding periods of the first four IMFs were 2.69,7.24,16.15 and 52.5 in the observed data.The models overestimate the period of low frequency oscillation of temperature,but underestimate the period of high frequency variation.The warming rates from different representative concentration pathways （RCPs） were calculated,and the results showed that the temperature will increase by approximately 0.9℃,2.4℃,3.2℃ and 6.1℃ in the next century under the RCP2.6,RCP4.5,RCP6.0 and RCP8.5 scenarios,respectively.     

Assessment of CMIP6 model performance for temperature and precipitation in Xinjiang,China

作者使用国际耦合模式比较计划第六阶段(CMIP6)的历史模拟试验数据,评估了42个全球气候模式对1995-2014年新疆温度和降水气候态的模拟能力.结果表明,CMIP6模式能够合理模拟新疆年和季节的温度和降水气候态的空间分布.相较于观测,多模式中位数的年均,春季,夏季,秋季和冬季区域平均温度偏差分别为0.1℃,-1.6...     

CMIP6模式对亚洲中高纬区极端温度变化的模拟及预估

利用观测的亚洲中高纬区逐日最高、最低气温和CMIP6计划中28个全球气候模式资料,系统评估了CMIP6模式对亚洲中高纬区日最高温(TXx)和日最低温(TNn)的模拟性能,并对其未来演变趋势进行了科学预估.主要结论如下:1)CMIP6大部分模式能合理地模拟亚洲中高纬区TXx和TNn自南向北、自西到东逐渐降低的空间分布特征...     

CMIP6 Evaluation and Projection of Precipitation over Northern China: Further Investigation

Based on 20 models from phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project(CMIP6), this article explored possible reasons for differences in simulation biases and projected changes in precipitation in northern China among the allmodel ensemble(AMME), “highest-ranked” model ensemble(BMME), and “lowest-ranked” model ensemble(WMME),from the perspective of atmospheric circulations and moisture budgets. The results show that the BMME and AMME reproduce the East Asian winter circulations better than...