曲阜市区域自动站各站点气温差异分析

为了找出本地区气温变化规律并进行准确预报,统计了曲阜市区域自动站2007—2008年各季气温日较差平均情况及最高气温、最低气温差异的年、月、日的变化情况,并初步分析了造成气温变化的原因。统计表明,曲阜市区域站气温平均日差为10.2℃,春季最大,夏季最小;最高气温大小之差平均冬季最大,为1.5℃,秋季最小,为1.0℃;最低气温大小之差平均春季最大,为4.5℃,夏季最小,为1.3℃。气温变化原因除与季节变换有关外,还与天空状况、环境风、地理环境等有关。     

近60a来南京季节变化特征分析

利用1951年1月-2010年12月南京市逐日气温观测资料,依据张宝堃应用候平均气温稳定通过某一临界值划分四季的标准,建立了近60 a南京的季节平均气温的时间序列,分析了近60a南京春、夏、秋、冬四季开始、结束及持续时间的变化特征,给出了季节气温的变化趋势以及候平均与入季时间、季节持续时间的相关分析.结果表明:近60a,南京入冬时间推迟,入夏时间提前.冬季变短,缩短的平均速率为2.9 d/10a;夏季变长,增加的平均速率为4.1d/10a;秋季变短,缩短的平均速率为1.5d/10a;春季略有些变长.南京冬、春季平均气温升高,且冬季气温升高更为显著,而夏、秋季平均气温下降,秋季气温下降略明显于夏季.冬季最低气温有升高的趋势,夏季最高气温与年较差有下降的趋势.春季入季时间与春季的平均气温成正相关,而秋季的入季时间与秋季平均气温成负相关;夏季的平均最低气温和平均气温与夏季的长度成负相关,冬季的平均最高气温和冬季的长度成正相关.     

石家庄地区近46 a温度变化特征

利用石家庄地区1961～2006年5个气象站气温资料,分析了该地区的平均气温、平均最高气温、平均最低气温、平均日较差以及炎热日和寒冷日的年际以及各月的变化特征。分析结果表明,近46a来,石家庄地区的气候显著增暖,平均气温冬季增暖幅度最大,夏季最小,2月份增暖幅度最大,5月份最小。与平均气温变化趋势相一致,最高温度和最低温度也呈上升趋势,其中最低温度的升高趋势远大于平均气温和最高温度。石家庄地区中东部增暖幅度较大。近46a平均日较差显著减小,这主要是因为最低气温的升高幅度大于最高气温。寒冷日数显著减少,炎热日数增加不明显,西部、北部和南部的炎热日数甚至呈弱的减少趋势。     

华中地区2030年前气温和降水量变化预估

根据区域气候模式对华中地区1961-1990年和2001-2030年的逐月平均气温和降水量的模拟值（0.5°×0.5°经纬度格点,A2情景）,以1961-1990年为基准,计算并分析了该区域未来30 a（2001-2030年）的年、季平均气温和降水量的变化趋势。对气温变化而言,未来30 a华中地区年平均气温呈上升趋势,平均升温0.3℃,东部增温大于西部;春、夏季平均气温上升,分别为0.1～1.3℃、0.8～2.2℃;秋季北部地区气温下降,南部地区气温升高;冬季平均气温下降0.0～1.0℃。就降水而言,未来30 a华中地区年平均降水量大部分地区呈减少趋势,空间分布有南增北减的特点;春、夏、冬季平均降水量大部分地区减少,冬季平均降水量的减幅要大于春、夏季;秋季大部分地区平均降水量增加。     

1961-2014年石家庄地区降水量的时空变化特征

利用石家庄地区5个代表站1961-2014年的逐日降水资料,采用多种统计分析方法,分析了石家庄地区降水量的时空变化特征,结果表明石家庄地区年降水量从20世纪70年代开始下降,80年代达到最低,90年代有所增加,但也没有明显的上升趋势,21世纪初又开始下降.20世纪70年代降水量的减少春季和秋季贡献最大,80年代降水量的减少和90年代降水量的增加主要是夏季的贡献.石家庄地区年降水量起伏较大,1963年降水量最多,为1038.4 mm,2014年最少,仅为276.2 mm.近54年石家庄年降水量在波动中呈现下降趋势,线性趋势为-11.0 mm/（10 a）,但下降趋势并不明显.石家庄北部年降水量呈上升趋势,市区及东部、南部和西部年降水量均呈下降趋势,变化趋势均不明显.近54年,石家庄春季降水量呈上升趋势,线性趋势为0.9 mm/（10 a）,夏季、秋季和冬季降水量均呈下降趋势,线性趋势分别为-11.9,-1.1和-0.3 mm/（10 a）,上升或下降趋势均不明显.夏季降水减少是导致石家庄年降水减少的主要原因.石家庄四季降水量变化趋势的空间分布具有明显的季节特征和区域特征.石家庄四季降水量均存在显著周期变化.     

聊城地区极端气温变化特征分析

选用1958—2009年聊城市3个国家气象站逐月极端最高气温和极端最低气温资料,采用累积距平、趋势系数方法,分析了聊城地区极端最高、最低气温变化的特征,得出：52a来聊城年极端最高气温变化趋势分为一个升温阶段和一个降温阶段,总体呈下降趋势,趋势系数为-0.3383。年极端最低气温变化趋势分为3个降温阶段和2个升温阶段,总体呈上升趋势,趋势系数为0.1849。极值年较差在减小;各季极端最高、极端最低气温呈非对称性变化。秋季各地极端最高气温增温幅度超过极端最低气温。春、夏、冬季极端最低气温增温而极端最高气温降温,且该特点在夏季表现得更突出;月极端气温变化范围在减小,极端温度变化趋于缓和,特别是进入21世纪,月极端最低和最高气温较20世纪90年代平均分别上升了1.6℃,1.1℃。     

1960-2013年洞庭湖区夏季高温的变化特征

根据洞庭湖区24个气象站1960-2013年夏季逐日气温资料,采用线性趋势分析及滑动平均等方法研究了洞庭湖区近54年夏季高温的变化特征.结果表明:洞庭湖区夏季高温日数和高温日平均最高气温分别以0.142 d/年、0.006℃/年的变化速率递增,尤其是进入21世纪后,高温日数和高温日平均最高气温变化都明显加快.洞庭湖区夏季高温日数多年平均为18 d,2013年最多为47d,1987年最少为8d.高温日平均最高气温多年平均为36.1℃,2013年最高,为37.0℃,1965年最低,为35.5℃.洞庭湖区各单站的夏季平均高温日数和高温日平均最高气温变化并不一致,有9个站夏季平均高温日呈显著增加趋势,有12个站夏季高温日平均最高气温呈显著增强趋势,其余站点增加趋势并不显著.单站夏季平均高温日变化速率最大的是华容,以0.425 d/年的变化速率递增.单站夏季高温日平均最高气温变化速率最大的是安乡,以0.020℃/年的变化速率递增.洞庭湖区夏季高温日数和高温日平均最高气温均呈现出由北部的湖区向环洞庭湖山区呈辐射状递增的分布趋势.高温日数安化最多,为28 d,荆州、公安、石首、岳阳最少,均为12d.高温日平均最高气温安化最高,为36.6℃,石首最低,为35.6℃.洞庭湖区夏季年最多高温日数出现在安乡和益阳,为55 d.极端最高气温出现在益阳,为43.6℃.     

华中地区2030年前气温和降水量变化预估

 根据区域气候模式对华中地区1961-1990年和2001-2030年的逐月平均气温和降水量的模拟值（0.5°×0.5°经纬度格点,A2情景）,以1961-1990年为基准,计算并分析了该区域未来30 a（2001-2030年）的年、季平均气温和降水量的变化趋势。对气温变化而言,未来30 a华中地区年平均气温呈上升趋势,平均升温0.3℃,东部增温大于西部;春、夏季平均气温上升,分别为0.1～1.3℃、0.8～2.2℃;秋季北部地区气温下降,南部地区气温升高;冬季平均气温下降0.0～1.0℃。就降水而言,未来30 a华中地区年平均降水量大部分地区呈减少趋势,空间分布有南增北减的特点;春、夏、冬季平均降水量大部分地区减少,冬季平均降水量的减幅要大于春、夏季;秋季大部分地区平均降水量增加。     

邢台市气温日较差的变化

利用1954—2011年邢台市逐日平均气温、最高气温和最低气温资料,对邢台市气温日较差的变化特征及其影响因子进行了分析。结果表明：（1）近58a来,邢台市年平均气温日较差为10．9℃,呈明显下降趋势,变化速率为-0．683℃／lOa;四季平均气温日较差中,春季最大,夏季最小,且均呈下降趋势,其中冬季下降幅度最大,夏季最小;1—12月气温日较差中,5月最大,8月最小,均呈显著下降趋势,1月气温日较差下降幅度最大。（2）年气温日较差在近58a存在15a的低频振荡周期和4～7a的高频振荡周期,并在1972、1981、1995年发生突变,在突变点前后,年平均气温日较差均表现为增加珲仃减少趋势,且年气温日较差在突变年呈阶梯下降趋势。（3）最低、最高气温非对称的变化是气温日较差下降的直接原因。另外,年气温日较差与日照时数和平均风速呈显著正相关,与总云量、水汽压呈显著负相关,与降水量几乎不相关。邢台市气温日较差显著减小,对各类作物的产量、品质有不利影响,但冬季气温日较差的下降减少了果树冻害发生。     

水城近50a气温变化特征分析

利用水城站1957-2006年的逐月平均气温、平均最高气温及平均最低气温资料,采用线性倾向估计对水城近50a季平均气温及年平均最高、最低气温的年际、年代际变化进行了统计分析。结果表明：近50a来水城年平均气温呈上升趋势,其线性倾向率为0．134℃／10a,春季气温距平近50a来却呈下降趋势,夏、秋、冬季气温呈上升趋势,上升趋势不一致,从各季节平均气温变化幅度来看,秋季最大,夏、冬次之,春季最小。50a来年平均最高气温、年平均最低气温均呈上升趋势。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.