青藏高原山地湖泊扩涨与山地关系分析

基于1∶10万与1∶50万地形图,考察了青藏高原的山地湖泊及其流域的河流(水文)、雪线、冰川高度、各高度山地面积与湖泊面积之间的关系。高原湖泊的规模与流域山地(其高度,中、西部湖拔大于500～750m,东部大于250m)存在密切关系。揭示山地降水是湖泊水的主要来源,其质(低温)与量是维持湖泊一定规模与稳定存在的主要因素。由于山地湖泊存在这种特殊的水文特点,因此,地质历史时期的暖湿期,高原山地湖泊比之低地、丘陵湖泊,扩涨规模可能更为显著。40～23kaB.P,高原山地湖泊异乎寻常地扩涨,可能是降水在暖期季风雨增加时,在山地区增高更甚,更多的低温水流贮湖泊造成的。     

基于RS和GIS技术青藏高原湖泊动态变化研究

以青藏高原70年代MSS影像数据与2000年ETM影像数据为主要信息源，基于RS和GIS技术研究近30年来青藏高原湖泊面积的动态变化。结果表明：近30年来在部分湖泊面积减小的情况下青藏高原湖泊总面积和数量是增加的，其面积增加3316．52km^2，但在各区域具有不同的变化趋势。     

近50a中国寒区与旱区湖泊变化的气候因素分析

以青藏和蒙新两大湖区代表的我国寒区和旱区湖泊为对象,通过各湖区典型湖泊与气候变化的时间序列分析,揭示了湖泊与气候变化的动态关系;通过区域尺度湖泊面积的阶段性变化过程与区域气候变化的关系,分析了湖泊变化的区域气候影响背景.结果表明:位于我国寒区和旱区的湖泊对气候变化具有高度敏感性,从气候的角度来看,内蒙古的湖泊受降水影响较为明显,新疆湖泊总体上受降水影响显著,但由于冰川的存在气温对湖泊也有一定影响.青藏高原典型湖泊变化的分析表明,降水、气温对不同湖泊有着不同的影响,在区域上湖泊与气候的变化关系表现的更为复杂,在降水增加、气温上升的情况下由于升温引起的湖泊蒸发效应超过降水增加导致的补给影响,湖泊总体趋于萎缩.     

2000-2005年青藏高原积雪时空变化分析

利用MODIS卫星反演的积雪资料以及同期气象资料,分析了2000-2005年青藏高原积雪分布特征、年际变化及其与同期气温和降水的关系,结果表明:青藏高原积雪分布极不均匀,四周山区多雪,腹地少雪;高原积雪期主要集中在10月到翌年5月;2000-2005年高原积雪年际变化差异较大,积雪面积总体上呈现冬春季减少、夏秋季增加的趋势;气温和降水是影响高原积雪变化的基本因子.冬季,高原积雪面积变化对降水更为敏感;春季,气温是影响高原积雪面积变化更主要的因素.     

大暖期青藏及蒙新湖区古湖泊面积重建

特征时期古湖泊面积变化受控于当时的降水和湿度状况, 恢复特征时期的古湖泊面积, 可以为古气候模拟提供边界条件, 进而为预测未来区域水文变化提供一定的科学依据。本文以我国五大湖区中的青藏及蒙新湖区所代表的寒区及干旱区湖泊为研究对象, 根据国内外公开发表的全新世大暖期(6±0.5ka B.P.)湖泊水量(水位、面积等)记录, 收集所有具有大暖期湖泊面积及古降水的记录共计21条, 据此推算古湖泊面积与古降水量之间的定量关系, 并将该关系应用到青藏及蒙新湖区的其他湖泊, 初步恢复了大暖期两大湖区的古湖泊面积。同时, 分别选取位于西藏及蒙新地区的羊卓雍错和乌梁素海作为典型湖泊, 通过其近几十年来实际观测面积与经古湖泊面积-古降水量间关系推算面积的对比验证, 表明恢复的大暖期两大湖区古湖泊面积具有一定的可靠性和代表性。重建结果表明, 青藏及蒙新湖区大暖期古湖泊面积分别约为8.8×104km2 和4.1×104km2, 是现代湖泊面积的2.1倍和3.2倍。     

青藏高原湖泊演变类型的遥感研究

以2000年和2001年美国陆地卫星Landsat-7获得的青藏高原ETM+影像数据作为主要信息来源,运用遥感技术结合目视解译研究青藏高原湖泊演变类型。得出青藏高原湖泊演变的典型类型有:向心型、偏移型、分散型等。青藏高原的湖泊多为这几种典型类型的变异方式或组合方式出现。     

青藏高原湖泊遥感信息提取及湖面动态变化趋势研究

青藏高原湖泊星罗棋布,是我国盐湖主要分布区.本文以RS和GIS技术为基础,从Landsat的MSS、TM、ETM三期遥感影像中,提取了青藏高原的所有湖泊信息,建立了我国盐湖空间数据库.用ArcGIS对盐湖空间数据进行统计和空间分析,从时间和空间上分析青藏高原从70年代到2000年左右湖泊湖面动态变化情况.同时,在青海和...     

青藏高原湖泊沉积物色素与湖泊环境的响应

本文通过对青藏高原湖泊表层沉积物色素、有机碳含量和环境因子的测定和分析,初步探讨了青藏高原湖泊中色素的来源特征和该地区湖泊浮游植物群落组成结构等信息。结果表明,青藏高原湖泊沉积物TOC含量多在4%~6%之间,藻类植物是沉积物色素的重要来源。颤藻科和蓝藻科在青藏高原湖泊浮游植物中生长优势明显,颤藻科在数量上相对蓝藻科有明显优势。青藏高原湖泊溶解氧(DO)、电导率(SC)对湖泊中藻类生长状况影响明显,其中SC的升高对该地区湖泊中藻类生长有抑制作用。     

全新世青藏高原及周边典型湖泊演化模拟

湖泊在区域水循环和生态系统演化中起着重要作用。在以往的湖泊演化研究中多利用湖泊沉积物代用指标重建湖泊与气候变化过程,缺乏对湖泊水循环特征的定量研究。基于瞬态气候演变模型、特征时段流域和湖泊水量,以及能量平衡模型,对青藏高原及周边6个典型湖泊进行了水量平衡计算和湖泊演化模拟。结果表明：小柴达木湖和罗布泊全新世期间降水和蒸发的变率较小;色林错和纳木错早中全新世降水和蒸发的变率较大,主要受控于温度和净辐射变化;青海湖和猪野泽早中和中晚全新世降水和蒸发变率接近。系统分析了全新世期间青藏高原不同气候区湖泊水循环要素演化过程,有助于理解该区湖泊演化的古气候学机理。     

Tectonic Landform of Quaternary Lakes and Its Implications for Deformation in the Northern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The Hohxil region in the northern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is occupied by numerous plateau lakes,which have long been inferred as being tectonic products.However,so far little evidence has been found to support this tentative inference.Field survey and morphotectonic analysis of TM satellite images in the eastern segment of the Hohxil region revealed that Kusai Lake and Yelusu Lake are S- shaped pull-apart basins,which were dominated by left strike-slip master faults trending WNW-ESE. The pull-apart distanc...     

Hydrochemistry of Salt Lakes of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China

The authors have carried out scientific investigations of salt lakes on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau since 1956 and collected 550 hydrochemical data from various types of salt lakes. On that basis, combined with the tectonic characteristics of the plateau, the hydrochemical characteristics of the salt lakes of the plateau are discussed. The salinity of the lakes of the plateau is closely related to the natural environment of lake evolution, especially the climatic conditions. According to the available data and interpretation of satellite images, the salinity of the lakes of the plateau has a general trend of decreasing from north and northwest to south and southeast, broadly showing synchronous variations with the annual precipitation and aridity (annual evaporation/annual precipitation) of the modern plateau. The pH values of the plateau salt lakes are related to both hydrochemical types and salinities of the lake waters, i.e., the pH values tend to decrease from the carbonate type → sodium sulfate subtype → magnesium sulfate subtype → chloride type; on the other hand, a negative correlation is observed between the pH and salinities of the lakes. Geoscientists and biological limnologists generally use main ions in salt lakes as the basis for the hydrochemical classification of salt lakes. The common ions in salt lakes are Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Cl^? SO₄ ^2?, CO₃ ^2?, and HCO₃ ^?. In this paper, the Kurnakov-Valyashko classification is used to divide the salt lakes into the chloride type, magnesium sulfate subtype, sodium sulfate subtype and carbonate type, and then according to different total alkalinities (K _C = Na₂CO₃ + NaHCO₃/total salt × 100%) and different saline mineral assemblages, the carbonate type is further divided into three subtypes, namely, strong carbonate subtype, moderate carbonate subtype and weak carbonate subtypes. According to the aforesaid hydrochemical classifications, a complete and meticulous hydrochemical classification of the salt lakes of the plateau has been made and then a clear understanding of the characteristics of N–S hydrochemical zoning and E-W hydrochemical differentiation has been obtained. The plateau is divided into four zones and one area. There is a genetic association between certain saline minerals and specific salt lake hydrochemical types: the representative mineral assemblages of the carbonate type of salt lake is borax (tincalconite) and borax-zabuyelite (L₂CO₃) and alkali carbonate-mirabilite; the representative mineral assemblages of the sodium sulfate subtype are mirabilite (thenardite)-halite and magnesium borate (kurnakovite, inderite etc.)-ulexite-mirabilite; the representative mineral assemblages of the magnesium sulfate subtype are magnesium sulfate (epsomite, bloedite)-halite, magnesium borate-mirabilite, and mirabilite-schoenite-halite, as well as large amount of gypsum; The representative mineral assemblages of the chloride type are carnallite-bischofite-halite and carnallite-halite, with antarcticite in a few individual salt lakes. The above-mentioned salt lake mineral assemblages of various types on the plateau have features of cold-phase assemblages. Mirabilite and its associated cold-phase saline minerals are important indicators for the study of paleoclimate changes of the plateau. A total of 59 elements have been detected in lake waters of the plateau now, of which the concentrations of Na, K, Mg, Ca, and Cl, and SO₄ ^2?, CO₃ ^2?, and HCO₃ ^? ions are highest, but, compared with the hydrochemical compositions of other salt lake regions, the plateau salt lakes, especially those in the southern Qiangtang carbonate type subzone (I₂), contain high concentrations of Li, B, K, Cs, and Rb, and there are also As, U, Th, Br, Sr, and Nd positive anomalies in some lakes. In the plateau lake waters, B is intimately associated with Li, Cs, K and Rb and its concentration shows a general positive correlation with increasing salinity of the lake waters. The highest positive anomalies of B, Li, Cs, and K center on the Ngangla Ringco Lake area in the western segment of the southern Qiangtang carbonate type subzone (I₂) and coincide with Miocene volcanic-sedimentary rocks and high-value areas of B, Li, and Cs of the plateau. This strongly demonstrates that special elements such as B, Li, and Cs on the plateau were related to deep sources. Based on recent voluminous geophysical study and geochemical study of volcanic rocks, their origin had close genetic relation to anatectic magmatism resulting from India–Eurasia continent–continent collision, and B–Li (-Ce) salt lakes in the Cordillera Plateau of South America just originated on active continental margins, both of which indicate that global specific tectonically active belts are the main cause for the high abundances of B, Li, and Cs (K and Rb) in natural water and mineralization of these elements.     

青藏三江源区蒸发量遥感估算及对湖泊湿地的响应

青藏三江源区湖泊湿地变化一直以来备受关注,气候因素被认为是湖泊湿地变化的主要影响因素.与温度和降水资料相比,气象站获取蒸发量数据比较困难,而遥感技术却为估算区域地表蒸发量提供了一条新的途径.基于地表能量平衡原理,结合MODIS卫星数据和研究区气象资料,建立三江源区蒸发量估算模型,分析研究区内蒸发分布规律,并探讨温度、降水量、风速和蒸发量之间的相关关系,最后分析蒸发量对源区湖泊湿地变化的响应.研究结果表明:三江源蒸发量呈增加趋势,区域蒸发量随水热、植被覆盖和海拔高度差异而变化;研究区蒸发量受温度和降水量影响较大;蒸发量增大是三江源区湖泊萎缩和湿地退化的主要影响因素.     

Study on Environmental and Hydrological Effects of Thermokarst Lakes in Permafrost Regions of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Thermokarst lake is the most visible morphologic landscape developing during the process of permafrost degradation, and it is still an international hot topic in permafrost research. The climate warming, and the consequent degradation of the permafrost on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau aggravate thermokarst lake development. The permafrost is normally considered as an aquiclude, and the permafrost degradation, especially when the permafrost is completely thawed by a thermokarst lake, might influence regional ground water. Therefore, a research program focusing on environmental and hydrological effects of thermokarst lakes in permafrost regions of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau was started and supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China. The work proposed by the application includes: To analysis the spatial and temporal distribution rule of thermokarst lakes in the Qinghai-Tibet Engineering Corridor (QTEC) under the climate change and engineering activities, and to evaluate the ecological environment effects through remote sensing and field investigation; to reveal the main factors influencing a typical thermokarst lake and its hydrothermal condition, and to elucidate the conversion relationship between the thermokarst lake and the groundwater with hydrological and isotope tracer tests; to make an analysis of the influences of different lake stage and size on regional permafrost, hydrological conditions and ecological environment through numerical simulation and statistical modelling, considering the relationships between the thermokarst lake and the ground water level. The research results will help to accurately assess regional permafrost ecological environment evolution and trend prediction, and to reasonably understand the impact factors of the permafrost hydrological evolution and its response mechanism to the ecological environment in the river source regions of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. In this paper, the research status analysis, the main research contents, research objectives and prospects were introduced so as to provide some references for related researchers and engineers.     

青藏高原第四纪重点湖泊地层序列和湖相沉积若干特点

本项研究对青藏高原代表性第四纪湖泊沉积区作了大范围调查,北自柴达木昆特依湖和昆仑山口、南抵江布-林芝,西起甜水海、东至迪庆.据青藏高原地质构造、沉积建造和地貌特点,将高原第四纪地层区划分为6个地层分区:藏南湖盆分区(Ⅰ)、羌塘高原湖盆分区(Ⅱ)(羌南湖盆亚区(Ⅱ-1)和羌北湖盆亚区(Ⅱ-2))、三江高山河谷分区(Ⅲ)、昆仑高山分区(Ⅳ)、柴达木、青海湖盆分区(Ⅴ)和阿尔金-祁连山高山区(Ⅵ).并对上述Ⅰ-Ⅴ分区第四纪湖相地层层序作了较详细划分和对比.从而指出青藏高原第四纪湖相沉积具有如下特点:①除了柴达木-青海湖盆分区外,其余各分区的湖滨剖面湖相碎屑沉积相对较粗,而同青藏高原属于全球第四纪最新隆起区相一致;②在湖盆区的湖相沉积常叠加或伴生冲洪积、风积相和冰碛或冰水沉积以及部分泥石流沉积、化学沉积与热水沉积.它们既反映青藏高原在第四纪隆升进入冰冻圈后湖盆沉积环境时有冷期发生,又反映高原隆升背景下,洪水期诱发山崩和泥石流堵塞成湖,或由于洪水泛滥,导致高原边缘内流湖决溃、湖泊消失(如Ⅲ、Ⅳ分区),还反映高原湖泊成盐过程与深部作用、强烈的新构造运动密切相关;③除了柴达木-青海湖分区(Ⅴ)和羌塘高原湖盆分区部分大型湖盆自第四纪以来有连续湖相沉积外,其他分区第四纪湖相沉积多不连续;④由于全新世青藏高原口趋干旱,除了一些现代积水湖盆外,有相当多湖泊干化,而缺失顶部湖相沉积.综上所述,为了获取青藏高原第四纪沉积连续环境记录,需选择高原内部或周边为数较少的新生代连续沉积盆地.本文论证了柴达木盆地是一个较理想的研究高原晚新生代湖相沉积区,建议在柴达木盆地实施晚新生代资源环境科学钻探工程.     

青藏高原多年冻土和季节性冻土区土壤水分变化及其与降水的关系

使用地面观测数据对欧洲空间局(ESA)发布的气候变化倡议(CCI)土壤水分产品进行精度校准,结合青藏高原及其周边降水气象站数据,分析土壤水分动态变化及其与降水的关系.结果表明:(1)校正后的CCI主被动组合产品所反演的青藏高原土壤水分获得了更高的精度,且显示1986～2016年暖季土壤水分在多年冻土区的逐年变化更为稳定...     

青藏高原东部新生代钾质碱性系列岩石地球化学特征:岩石成因及其地质意义

青藏高原东部新生代钾质碱性系列的岩石,包括深成岩、火山岩和煌斑岩,在时空上具有一致性,岩石化学成分均富碱、高钾、K2O/Na2O比值远大于1,高度富集Sr、Ba等大离子亲石元素(LILE)和轻稀土元素(LREE),亏损Nb、Ta等高场强元素(HFSE),及物质来源于富集地幔源区的Sr、Nd、Pb同位素组成等,均显示钾质碱性系列的岩石特有的特征,其形成与印度和欧亚两大陆碰撞,导致青藏高原北、东部在40Ma左右出现的大型走滑拉分带,致使地壳变薄以及地幔上拱的构造背景有关。     

青藏高原北缘深部地壳结构特征及其形成机制探讨

柴达木盆地－祁连山地区位于青藏高原北缘，同青藏高原主体一样，该区具有多层地壳结构特征，并普遍出现壳内低速层，地壳厚度是华北及华南地区的2倍以上。其形成可能与地壳的横向挤压缩短及幔源物质的底侵作用有关。随着底侵作用增强，地壳厚度加大，岩石圈厚度则越趋于减薄，地壳上部表现为拉张，下部发生壳幔深熔及幔源流体的交代作用，从而导致了地壳低速层，地热和浅源地震的发育。同时，这也是青藏高原出现热壳冷幔的原因之一。     

青藏高原北部的碰撞造山及深部动力学——中法地学合作研究新进展

本文展示了中法1995～2000年青藏高原北部地学研究的如下主要新进展：①完成8000km长的青藏高原北部及中部天然地震岩石圈探测剖面，确定若干条岩石圈断裂，发现与新生代火山喷发有关的青藏高原中部深处的低速、低密度体，塔里木地块俯冲于阿尔金山之下；②提出阿尔金断裂形成于220～240Ma和左行平移400km的科学依据及确定其新生代变形量；③确定祁连南缘350km长的高压-超高压变质带，提出其可能代表早古生代时期北中国板块与扬子板块之间西部界限的新认识；④根据加里东期蛇绿岩、花岗岩及俯冲杂岩带的新发现，初步建立了古碰撞造山格架；⑤提出高原隆升的“地幔底辟和内向陆内俯冲”的新假设。     

青藏公路沿线热喀斯特湖分布特征及其热效应研究

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