基于雷达资料四维变分同化及云模式的中尺度对流系统数值临近预报试验

基于雷达资料快速刷新四维变分同化(RR4DVar)初始化的三维数值云模式,利用京津冀6部新一代多普勒天气雷达和区域自动气象站观测资料,针对2013年7月4日出现在京津冀平原地区的中尺度对流系统(MCS),开展了数值临近预报试验。研究结果表明,充分考虑雷达观测信息的对流尺度数值临近预报具有很大的优势,但也存在不足:(1)模式能够较好地把握中尺度对流系统的组织发展和移动演变特征,对风暴回波带的走向和尺度特征有较好的预报,但对强回波的强度和位置预报存在一定偏差;(2)模式预报可以反映风暴系统的中小尺度扰动特征,对风暴冷池和出流边界(阵风锋)的发展变化均有较为合理的预报;(3)模式对强降水中心和雨带位置的预报有很大优势,能较好地预报弱降水雨带的分布形势和雨量,但对强降水落区的预报偏大;(4)模式对风暴造成的对流性强降水的预报准确率较高,对0.5—10 mm阈值的降水范围预报偏差比较合理,对10 mm以上降水范围的预报偏大,但是对弱降水风暴的弱回波较强回波的预报性能要好;(5)由于三维数值云模式对京津冀复杂地形的处理不够完善,对山前风场预报偏差较大,造成对山前风暴的发展演变和山前降水的预报偏差较大。     

两次华北冷涡降水成因及预报偏差对比分析

利用多种常规及非常规观测资料、美国国家环境预报中心全球模式业务系统分析资料(NCEP/FNL)以及三家全球确定性模式产品对2017年两次华北冷涡降水过程成因及模式预报偏差进行了对比分析。结果表明;个例1(6月22日)降水回波为层-积混合型,对流发展高度低,小时雨强小,先后经历了持续的稳定降水和弱对流降水两个阶段;个例2(7月6日)降水以积云状对流回波为主,对流发展高度高,短历时强降水特点明显。二者对应的环境场差异较大,前者冷涡处在成熟期,副热带高压位置偏南,前期暖区对流冷池降温明显,对流能量及水汽条件一般;后者冷涡为发展期,副热带高压位置偏北,中低纬相互作用明显,水汽与能量充沛。两次过程北京均出现了暴雨及以上量级降水,对应的中尺度对流系统(MCS)特征、对流触发机制以及对流不稳定能量重建过程存在明显差异。前者为层状云中发展的γ中尺度MCS,边界层偏东风增强为MCS提供了触发机制,中低层偏东风暖湿输送以及对流层高层干冷平流有利于对流不稳定能量重建;后者为组织化的β中尺度MCS,列车效应明显,偏南低空急流及其气旋式切变配合地形为MCS发展提供了抬升条件,对流不稳定能量建立与中低层偏南低空急流强暖湿输送有关。各家数值模式对不同类型冷涡降水的预报偏差特征一致,即对冷涡成熟期的降水,因对动力条件预报过强导致空报降水;而对冷涡发展期的降水,由于对槽前暖区辐合及其对流性降水预报不足导致强降水出现漏报。     

江西一次特大暴雨中尺度对流系统特征对比分析

利用FY-2E云顶亮温(TBB)资料,雷达回波资料以及非静力中尺度数值预报模式WRF的模拟结果,对比分析了2010年6月19日江西特大暴雨过程中TBB低值接近但地面降水量差异显著的两个中尺度对流系统(MCS)。结果表明:MCS1为新生对流在有利的水汽、动力和热力条件下迅速发展形成的强盛中尺度对流系统,中低层辐合高层辐散、气旋性涡旋发展旺盛,对流云柱内强上升运动将辐合的大量低层水汽输送至中高层,云水、云冰含量增加,两者重叠层加厚,水物质总量增加,造成地面出现强降水;MCS2尾随层云区的弱辐合仅出现在中层,水汽辐合量和液态水物质含量显著偏小,对应地面弱降水,但是由于高层云冰含量与MCS1对流云区相当,高层雷达回波强度相当,导致卫星云图上TBB出现与MCS1相同的低值。     

2012-08-13关中西部致灾大暴雨中尺度分析

利用实时资料、自动站加密资料、FY-2C卫星、宝鸡多普勒雷达等资料,对发生于关中西部宝鸡2012-08-13大暴雨天气成因进行分析,重点揭示其中尺度系统特征。结果表明生命史10 h的中尺度对流系统(MCS)是大暴雨的直接原因。而MCS是天气尺度和中尺度系统共同影响造成的:天气尺度东北急流提供大尺度辐合上升运动动力、水汽输送、辐合,从而使关中水汽、稳定度演变为利于对流性降水天气发生,且携带冷空气触发形成MCS,地面中尺度切变线提供带状辐合使对流组织加强。雷达图上,带状、块状强回波对应强降水,当组合反射率因子40 dBz、垂直液态含水量5 kg.m-2、回波顶高9 km时,雨强≥16 mm/h(出现短时暴雨)。     

华南前汛期强降水个例模式降水预报误差成因初探

2015年5月19—20日,华南出现一次暴雨过程。检验表明欧洲中期天气预报中心全球确定性预报模式(以下简称EC模式)预报的20日强降水落区在广东境内较实况明显偏北,高估了天气尺度系统附近的降水强度,漏报了其南侧暖区内中尺度对流系统(mesoscale convective system,MCS)造成的降水,华东中尺度模式预报明显优于EC模式。利用高分辨率中尺度天气研究预报模式(以下简称WRF模式)对该暴雨过程进行了模拟,对比EC模式降水物理过程,初步探索了EC模式降水预报误差的成因,结果表明:20日位于广东暖区内的对流组织发展成MCS,并造成明显的低层冷池出流和中高层潜热加热,二者共同作用使得中低层气旋式环流在广东中东部发展,配合其南侧的强西南风水汽输送,在气旋式切变附近不断触发新的对流并南移使得广东中南部暖区内出现强降水,WRF模式能较好地模拟出该过程,而EC模式未能预报出暖区对流及其反馈,从而导致其漏报了广东中南部的强降水;EC模式预报的降水与天气尺度环流之间的正反馈进一步加大了降水的预报偏差。EC模式预报的20日白天的强降水主要位于华南北部切变线附近,且以层状云降水为主,降水产生的潜热使得对流层低层切变线附近减压更明显,预报的切变线辐合较分析场明显偏强,使得其预报的切变线附近降水较实况偏强。     

台风“鮎鱼”极端降水分析

1617号台风"鮎鱼"的降水异常强大,温州、丽水部分县市的过程雨量和日雨量超过历史极值,灾害严重。利用NCEP 0.5°×0.5°再分析资料、FY-2G卫星资料、多普勒雷达探测资料和自动站加密观测等资料,对其成因展开分析。结果表明:"鮎鱼"东面与强大稳定的副高之间构成东南急流;北面与缓慢东移的华北高压之间构成偏东风急流;南面是与西南季风相连接的西南急流;3支低空急流构建的切变辐合区是水汽辐合和不稳定能量的集合区,也是中尺度对流的强烈发展区,温州、丽水部分县市的极端降水由中尺度对流的持续发生发展引发。低空急流的长时间持续,特别充沛的水汽输送和冷空气的影响是"鮎鱼"极端降水的主要影响机制。冷空气影响期间,降雨回波发展旺盛,结构紧密,回波强度和降水效率等明显强于无冷空气影响时台风本体环流降雨回波。云顶相当黑体亮度温度(TBB)与台风降水有较好的对应关系,有一定预报参考价值。     

淮北地区一次弱天气尺度强迫背景下MCS过程分析与模拟

利用多源观测资料和WRF中尺度数值模式对2016年8月7日淮北地区一次中尺度对流系统（Mesoscale Convective Systerm,MCS）过程进行诊断分析和模拟。结果表明,本次MCS过程发生在弱天气尺度强迫背景场下,系统性上升运动较弱,对流层低层存在较弱的源自西北太平洋的偏东风转东南风的水汽输送作用;MCS移动和形态变化与地面辐合线演变特征较为一致,地面流场的演变与降水强度之间有着密切的联系;WRF模式较好地模拟出本次降水的分布特征以及MCS演变过程中对流活动和地面辐合线相互作用的特征。模拟结果表明,本次过程中MCS在逐渐南移过程中完成了对流单体的更替,地面辐合线在此过程中发挥重要作用,并且处于不同发展阶段的对流单体环境场的对流不稳定度的垂直分布存在明显差异。     

华南前汛期锋面对流系统和暖区对流系统的多尺度特征和集合预报敏感性对比分析

2018年5月7日华南地区受锋面中尺度对流系统和暖区对流系统影响,出现多条中尺度雨带。其中锋面对流系统形成降雨区范围较广,雨量分布不均;在锋前30～200 km暖区内,多个离散的短生命史β中尺度对流系统形成范围较小的中尺度雨带;而在华南沿海地区中尺度线状对流长度超过300 km,稳定维持时间超过12 h,形成局地300 mm以上的沿海强降雨带。雷达回波分析表明华南地区的锋面对流系统、暖区对流系统均以低质心型对流单体为主,其中锋面对流单体35 dBz回波顶高平均为5.5 km,暖区对流系统35 dBz回波顶高平均为4.7 km。利用ERA5再分析资料诊断降水效率表明,锋面系统降水效率平均在10%～15%,暖区对流系统的降水效率波动明显,瞬时降水效率可超过90%。此次降雨过程中雨滴谱分析表明,小粒子直径、高雨滴数密度的暖云降水特征突出,沿海暖区对流系统在各个降水强度量级上都具有更大的粒子直径和数浓度,因此降水效率较高。预报检验表明主流业务数值模式对于暖区对流性降水预报能力有限,欧洲中心再预报改善了暖区对流性降水离散度分布,中尺度区域数值模式能够反映锋面对流和暖区对流的基本特征,但在沿海暖区对流系统的强度、组织上仍然有偏差。比较锋面降水和暖区降水的集合预报敏感性表明,锋面降水对于锋前低压槽、低空急流等天气系统强迫具有较高预报敏感性,而沿海暖区降水对于上游入流区不稳定能量分布具有更显著的敏感性。     

GRAPES_3 km数值模式对流风暴预报能力的多方法综合评估

利用传统点对点TS评分、邻域法以及对象检验等多种方法,综合评估了GRAPES_3 km模式的对流风暴预报性能,分析了传统检验方法和新型空间检验方法对高分辨率模式评估的适用性和差异性,并同GRAPES_Meso模式的相关结果进行了对比。结果表明:对强对流典型个例的预报评估发现,综合应用多种评估方法能够更全面地评估对流风暴预报,获取模式在对流风暴初生和发展变化过程中的预报性能。使用点对点评分方法,GRAPES_3 km模式对风暴和强风暴的预报都明显优于GRAPES_Meso模式。对于模式不同起报时间的预报,起报时间越新预报效果越好。邻域TS方法考虑了时空偏差,GRAPES_3 km模式20和35 dBz采用时间邻域1 h,空间点对点时预报技巧最高;50 dBz时空偏差较大,时间邻域尺度为3 h技巧最高。分数技巧评分(FSS)显示GRAPES_3 km模式对不同阈值的对流风暴预报均能达到最低技巧尺度,而GRAPES_Meso模式对35 dBz以上的对流风暴基本无预报能力。对象检验可以评估对流风暴特征的预报效果,GRAPES_3 km模式的对流风暴个数预报与实况较为一致,但面积预报明显低估。该模式对β中尺度的对流风暴形态、位置等预报较好,对γ中尺度的对流风暴预报尺度偏大、形状偏圆、轴角偏小,对α中尺度的对流风暴预报尺度偏小、形状偏扁、轴角偏大。GRAPES_Meso模式的对流风暴面积、个数、尺度预报较实况均偏小,位置预报偏差较大,形状预报较实况偏圆、轴角偏小。传统点对点TS评分方法和新型空间检验方法对高分辨率模式对流风暴预报的检验结论一致,依然具有一定的参考价值,但新型空间检验方法能够提供更详细的评估信息。     

高低空急流与水汽凝结过程对暖锋环流演变的影响

利用包括水汽凝结过程的原始方程模式模拟了高空西风急流和低空南风急流中暖锋环流的演变以及凝结的发生。计算结果显示,水汽凝结过程对暖锋环流有非常重大的作用,是暖锋锋区产生强中尺度深对流的重要机制。与干模式大气中高空西风急流对暖锋环流的影响远大于低空南风急流的结论相反,在含有水汽凝结过程的湿大气中,低空南风急流的作用远大于高空西风急流,它是暖锋锋区中产生强中尺度降水的更重要因子;高低空急流的共同作用,对湿暖锋锋区中多重中尺度雨带的形成具有重要作用。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.