华庆长8油层砂岩中碳酸盐胶结物特征及形成机理

碳酸盐胶结物是鄂尔多斯盆地华庆地区砂岩储层中最重要的自生矿物,其发育严重影响储层质量。通过测试分析,该砂岩中碳酸盐胶结物主要为不含铁的微晶方解石和含铁的亮晶方解石;前者形成于早期,后者形成于晚期。无铁方解石主要是从沉积物饱和的碱性孔隙水中直接析出沉淀;含铁亮晶方解石演化发育较复杂。通过该方解石碳氧同位素分析,δ~(18)OPDB值为-22.5‰~-19.4‰,大部分为-8.4‰~-4.6‰。通过碳氧同位素计算古盐度和古温度,确定方解石胶结物形成环境为淡水,含铁的亮晶方解石形成温度在97℃~121℃之间,与碳酸盐包裹体测出的均一温度大致相符。碳同位素偏负的原因则可能是因为有机轻碳的加入,而有机物在高温高压下脱羧产生的有机酸与粘土矿物反应产的钙离子则为碳酸盐胶结物提供了成岩作用的Ca~(2+)来源。     

华庆长8油层砂岩中碳酸盐胶结物特征及形成机理

碳酸盐胶结物是鄂尔多斯盆地华庆地区砂岩储层中最重要的自生矿物,其发育严重影响储层质量。通过测试分析,该砂岩中碳酸盐胶结物主要为不含铁的微晶方解石和含铁的亮晶方解石;前者形成于早期,后者形成于晚期。无铁方解石主要是从沉积物饱和的碱性孔隙水中直接析出沉淀;含铁亮晶方解石演化发育较复杂。通过该方解石碳氧同位素分析,δ⁽¹⁸⁾OPDB值为-22.5‰(18)OPDB值为-22.5‰^-19.4‰,大部分为-8.4‰-19.4‰,大部分为-8.4‰^-4.6‰。通过碳氧同位素计算古盐度和古温度,确定方解石胶结物形成环境为淡水,含铁的亮晶方解石形成温度在97℃-4.6‰。通过碳氧同位素计算古盐度和古温度,确定方解石胶结物形成环境为淡水,含铁的亮晶方解石形成温度在97℃¹21℃之间,与碳酸盐包裹体测出的均一温度大致相符。碳同位素偏负的原因则可能是因为有机轻碳的加入,而有机物在高温高压下脱羧产生的有机酸与粘土矿物反应产的钙离子则为碳酸盐胶结物提供了成岩作用的Ca121℃之间,与碳酸盐包裹体测出的均一温度大致相符。碳同位素偏负的原因则可能是因为有机轻碳的加入,而有机物在高温高压下脱羧产生的有机酸与粘土矿物反应产的钙离子则为碳酸盐胶结物提供了成岩作用的Ca⁽²⁺⁾来源。     

梨树断陷营城组砂岩方解石胶结物碳、氧同位素特征

梨树断陷深层砂岩中广泛分布着方解石胶结物,方解石胶结作用对梨树断陷深部储层的致密化有着重要影响。以苏家屯-皮家地区砂岩储层中方解石胶结物为研究对象,结合岩相学特征,包裹体测试和碳、氧同位素分析,查明了方解石胶结物碳、氧同位素及其成因。研究表明,储层砂岩类型为岩屑质长石砂岩、长石质岩屑砂岩、长石砂岩。方解石胶结物碳同位素δ13 CPDB为-16‰~-0.4‰,平均值为-6.67‰。氧同位素δ18 OPDB为-23.2‰~-13.2‰,平均值为-20.1‰。通过对碳、氧同位素数据计算分析,得到碳酸盐的相对古盐度值(Z)介于83.48~117.61之间,表明其形成时的古流体具有淡水的特征。方解石的形成温度为94.06~179.43℃。方解石胶结物碳氧同位素特征分析结果表明,其形成与有机酸脱羧作用有关,可能来源于有机碳。     

鄂尔多斯盆地长8砂岩储层碳酸盐胶结物特征及其对物性的影响

为厘清鄂尔多斯盆地长8砂岩储层中碳酸盐胶结物的基本特征及其对储层物性的影响,综合运用铁氰化钾和茜素红混合液染色薄片、阴极发光和碳氧同位素等分析技术,对碳酸盐胶结物的矿物学和地球化学特征进行了研究。结果表明,长8砂岩储层主要发育3期碳酸盐胶结物,第一期(准同生期-成岩早期)碳酸盐胶结物以方解石为主,δ~(13)CPDB在-3.7‰~-2.4‰之间,δ~(18)OPDB为-10‰左右,其成因与碱性湖水中碳酸钙的过饱和相关;第二期(早成岩B期-中成岩A期)碳酸盐胶结物以铁方解石为主,δ~(13)CPDB为-14.8‰~-4.1‰,δ~(18)OPDB为-21.0‰~-13.2‰,其主要受有机质热催化作用形成的有机酸轻碳源的影响;第三期(中成岩B期)碳酸盐胶结物主要为铁白云石和铁方解石,δ~(13)CPDB为-9.5‰~-5.5‰,δ~(18)OPDB为-25.7‰~-22.3‰,其可能受有机碳源和早期碳酸盐胶结物发生溶蚀形成的无机碳源的共同影响。理论计算表明,碳酸盐胶结物导致长8砂岩储层孔隙度降低了约5.06%,其孔隙度损失率为12.05%~12.95%。该研究对有利砂岩储层的预测具有重要的借鉴意义。     

西湖凹陷平湖组碳酸盐胶结物形成机制及其对储层的影响

碳酸盐胶结物是西湖凹陷平湖组储层砂岩中含量最多,对储层质量影响最大的自生矿物。通过岩心观察、薄片鉴定、阴极发光、元素成分分析及碳氧同位素分析结果表明,西湖凹陷平湖组储层砂岩中碳酸盐胶结物的主要矿物类型是方解石、铁方解石、白云石和铁白云石,偶见菱铁矿。碳酸盐胶结物的碳同位素(δ13C)值分布范围较集中,为-7.80‰～1.40‰,平均值-2.11‰,氧同位素(δ18O)值整体偏负,为-19.26‰～-9.99‰,平均值-13.79‰。据胶结物碳氧同位素分析恢复古盐度Z值及测算古地温判断碳酸盐胶结物的成岩流体主要为淡水水体,存在部分海水的影响;碳主要来自湖相碳酸盐岩溶解的产物和有机质成熟过程中排放的有机酸。不同类型和时期形成的胶结物对储层影响不一,白云石和大部分方解石形成在中成岩B期堵塞喉道,对储层起破坏作用,但成岩早期靠近不整合面受到了大气淡水影响的方解石对储层影响是保持性的;而埋深较浅,形成温度低的铁白云石对储层起建设性作用。     

川西坳陷中段须家河组四段砂岩中碳酸盐胶结物碳、氧同位素特征及成因探讨

碳酸盐胶结物是川西坳陷须家河组四段砂岩中最常见的成岩矿物。应用激光微区取样碳、氧同位素测试方法，对研究区须四段砂岩中不同类型的碳酸盐胶结物的碳、氧同位素特征进行了精细分析，结合岩相学特征和流体包裹体分析，查明了不同类型碳酸盐胶结物的形成时间和成因机制。研究表明，研究区须四段砂岩中发育Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ三期碳酸盐胶结物。第Ⅰ期方解石的δ13CPDB值为-0. 13‰~1. 53‰，δ18OPDB值为-9. 92‰~-6. 41‰；第Ⅱ期方解石的δ13CPDB值为-2. 44‰~1. 85‰，δ18OPDB值为-13. 97‰~-10. 06‰；第Ⅲ期方解石的δ13CPDB值为-5. 34‰~0. 75‰，δ18OPDB值为-16. 55‰~-14. 44‰，第Ⅲ期白云石的δ13CPDB值为-0. 97‰~-0. 81‰，δ18OPDB值为-13. 32‰~-12. 91‰。从早期到晚期，碳酸盐胶结物的碳、氧同位素均表现为逐渐变轻，说明其沉淀温度逐渐升高，受有机流体影响逐渐加深。第Ⅰ期碳酸盐胶结物形成于晚三叠世末，储层处于浅埋藏阶段，是从早期过饱和碱性孔隙流体中直接沉淀出来的，其“碳”源主要来自沉积水中溶解的CO32-。第Ⅱ期碳酸盐胶结物形成于早侏罗世，沉淀温度约45~70℃，其形成有少量有机流体的参与，有机轻“碳”、原始孔隙水中溶解的“碳”以及少量溶蚀作用释放出的重“碳”共同为该期碳酸盐胶结物提供“碳”源。第Ⅲ期碳酸盐胶结物形成于晚侏罗世，沉淀温度约100~140℃，其成因与有机酸性流体关系密切，有机成因的轻“碳”和部分由溶蚀作用释放的重“碳”是该期方解石的主要“碳”源；而该期白云石的沉淀受砂岩中碳酸盐岩岩屑溶蚀的控制更明显，由溶蚀作用产生的重“碳”是其主要“碳”源。     

柴北缘平台地区下干柴沟组下段碳酸盐胶结物特征及意义

综合运用岩石学、矿物学和地球化学等方法,对柴达木盆地北缘中段平台地区古近系下干柴沟组下段储集岩中碳酸盐胶结物的成岩温度、形成环境和物质来源等进行了系统研究。结果表明,平台地区储集砂岩中主要发育方解石和白云石两种碳酸盐胶结物。自生黏土矿物主要以伊利石、绿泥石和伊-蒙混层为主,测定其碳同位素(δ~(13)C)值分布范围在-7.5‰~-1.4‰之间,平均为-4.0‰;氧同位素(δ~(18)O)值分布范围在-14.4‰~-10.1‰之间,平均为-11.6‰,推算古盐度(Z)值分布范围为106.38~119.23,平均值为113.24。平台地区古近系下干柴沟组下段储集岩在成岩阶段早期有少量有机碳加入,成岩流体以淡水环境为主。碳酸盐胶结物的形成温度在71.49~101.01℃之间,平均值为81.32℃。根据成岩特征及形成温度,揭示平台地区古近系下干柴沟组下段储集岩主要处于早成岩阶段晚期。     

莺歌海盆地乐东区碳酸盐胶结物成因及地质意义

为探讨乐东区碳酸盐胶结物的分布规律、成因机制及其对储层质量的影响,应用铸体薄片、碳氧同位素、包裹体对碳酸盐胶结物岩石学、地球化学等特征进行综合分析.研究结果表明,从斜坡带往凹陷中心,碳酸盐含量由18.0%降至5.0%;其δ13C值分布在-4.78‰~+1.03‰,δ18O值分布在-10.99‰~-6.34‰,Z值分布在111.27~123.59,古海水温度分布在11.36~32.02℃,古盐度分布在3.24%~6.91%;碳酸盐胶结物的形成主要与碳酸盐岩或高钙质砂岩母岩的溶解再沉淀有关,其受控于水介质温度、成岩温度与盐度,由斜坡带往凹陷中心,水介质温度降低、盐度增高,胶结变弱.低含量的早期（铁）方解石与高温热流体溶解高含量早期（铁）方解产生的低或高含量的晚期（铁）白云石区均可发育中渗“甜点”储层.      

东胜地区直罗组含铀砂岩中方解石的碳氧同位素组成及铀成矿意义

方解石是东胜地区直罗组含铀砂岩中重要的胶结物类型,同时碳酸盐化与铀成矿作用关系密切。通过方解石胶结物岩石学、矿物学、碳氧同位素分析,研究了含铀砂岩中方解石碳氧同位素组成、沉淀机制及铀成矿意义。研究表明,东胜地区砂岩类型为长石岩屑砂岩、岩屑砂岩和石英砂岩,粘土矿物主要由蒙皂石、伊利石、高岭石和绿泥石组成,方解石类型以含铁矿方解石为主,其次为铁方解石。方解石δ~(13)C_(PDB)为-15.7‰~-1.6‰,平均-9.08‰,δ~(18)O_(PDB)为-15.6‰~-10‰,平均-12.4‰,显示其形成与有机酸脱羧作用有关,碳来源为有机碳。碳氧同位素分析数据计算表明,与方解石平衡的水相氧同位素组成变化范围较宽,为-7.66%-9.71‰,推测较轻的同位素组成具有封存大气降水的特征,而较重同位素组成则反映成岩成矿过程中深部富含油气低温热流体的加入。综合分析认为,东胜地区直罗组砂岩中方解石是地表水和深部油气共同作用的结果:早期有机酸促使长石类骨架颗粒溶蚀,形成石英颗粒次生加大边,并伴随着自生高岭石沉淀;后期随着大量烃类注入砂岩中,成岩成矿环境由酸性向碱性转变,还原性增强,介质水中的CO_2与Ca~(2+)圾Fe~(2+)结合形成含铁为特征的方解石,沉淀在原生粒间孔和各类次生溶蚀孔隙中。整个过程都伴随有铀元素运移和沉淀,暗示东胜铀矿床是地表水和深部油气混合作用形成的。     

柴北缘西段鄂博梁构造带储层碳酸盐胶结物成因及其油气地质意义——来自碳、氧同位素的约束

碳酸盐胶结物是古流体活动的产物,蕴含着成岩环境、成岩流体演化等方面的有益地质信息。综合运用岩石学、矿物学和地球化学方法,对柴北缘西段鄂博梁构造带侏罗系、古近系、新近系储层中普遍存在的碳酸盐胶结物的成因机制进行了研究。结果表明,研究区碳酸盐胶结物以方解石和含铁方解石为主。鄂博梁I号构造主要见方解石,其碳、氧同位素分布范围较大:-13.47‰ <δ13C_PDB <2.54‰,-15.93‰ <δ18O_PDB <-4.74‰,成因多种多样,与有机质脱羧、同生-准同生、甲烷生成等作用有关;鄂博梁III号-鸭湖构造则主要见含铁方解石,其碳、氧同位素分布集中:-4.24‰ <δ13C_PDB <-1.99‰,-11.17‰ <δ18O_PDB <-9.41‰,为沉积压实水沉淀而成。碳酸盐胶结物的成因揭示了鄂博梁构造带无机-有机流体的活动信息,从而为该地区油气成藏研究提供了重要依据。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.