子洲气田山2气藏气井产水成因研究

在岩性气藏开发过程中,气井产水存在多种类型,气水分布在纵向和横向上都相对复杂.以子洲气田山 2 气藏为例,根据试气、测井和生产动态资料,将气井产水划分为纯水层、致密水层和气层产水 3 种类型,每种类型都受成藏环境、构造条件、储层岩性与物性等方面控制.除正常边底水类型的纯水层外,在岩性气藏部分井区中,由于储层条件变差,气体驱替能量不足,造成孔隙中水未受到天然气的大规模排驱而残留了大量地层水;形成致密水层和气层产微量地层水.     

靖边气田富水区扩大原因及控水措施

靖边气田马五气藏富水区的产水气井数目和产水量增长迅速,其面积不断扩大,已经严重影响了气藏开发.在将马五1气藏划分为富水区、水侵区和气区范围的基础上,从原始气水分布、储层物性、微观孔隙结构和气藏平面压力差异等方面研究富水区扩大的主要原因.结果表明:原始条件下,气水分布是富水区扩大的基础;储层物性差异是富水区扩大的潜在原因;储层微观特征反映水体储存和运移能力;因开发不均衡导致的平面压力不平衡是富水区扩大动力.提出3种控水采气方法:气井在控制水侵的压差下生产;排水采气工艺需与气井类型相适应,并确保其压差满足正常生产的需要;采取"内排外控"、"以排为主"与"区块压力控制"相结合的开发政策.     

苏西盒8气藏气井产水成因剖析

在岩性气藏开发过程中,气井产水存在多种类型,气水分布在纵向和横向上都相对复杂。根据试气、测井和生产动态资料,将苏西盒8气藏气井产水划分为纯水层、致密水层和气层产水三种类型,分析认为主要受构造条件,砂体分布,成藏环境,储层岩性与物性方面控制。除局部边底水类型的纯水层外,在盒8气藏部份井区中,孔隙中残留了大量地层水的主要原因是由于储层条件变差,气体驱替能量不足以使水大规模排驱而造成的,进而形成致密产水层和气层产少量水。     

苏里格东区苏77、召51井区山西组-下石盒子组沉积微相及气水分布规律研究

苏里格气田东区苏77、召51井区尚属新领域,研究程度还很薄弱,其气藏产水严重,气水关系复杂,气水分布规律及其主控因素认识不清,制约了气田勘探进程。利用测井、录井及生产测试资料进行综合研究,明确了研究区沉积微相类型、气水分布特征及其主控因素。苏77、召51井区山西组-下石盒子组发育曲流河-辫状河沉积体系,气藏主要发育于曲流河边滩及辫状河心滩微相,地层水水型为CaCl2型,显示出封闭还原的滞留水环境。控制气水分布的主要因素为烃源岩、沉积微相、储集层非均质性及局部微构造等。     

苏里格气田东二区气水分布及产水控制因素分析

针对低孔、低渗的致密砂岩气藏高效持续开发急需解决的气水分布及产水控制因素问题,通过苏里格气田东二区气藏地质和生产动态资料的综合分析,得出以下主要认识：地质构造和生烃强度控制本区气水分布的宏观格局,高产气井绝大多数发育在近烃源岩的低洼部位或微幅构造上;储层物性参数对气水分布起着关键的控制作用,物性好的砂体毛细管阻力小,天然气更易于驱替储集条件好的砂岩储层中的地层水形成气层,研究区气层孔隙度介于7%~14%之间,渗透率为（0.50~2.00）×10^-3 μm²;泥岩隔层等因素造成气水分布的复杂化,随着下伏山1段泥岩隔层厚度的增大,对应区域盒8段日产气量减小,日产水量增加;致密砂岩气藏产能受开发方式的影响很大,在气藏合理配产过程中,需要考虑压敏及速敏效应的影响：投产时间越长、配产及生产压差越大,气井出水速率越快,出水量越大。采用水平井开发,可增加气井的泄流面积、减小生产压差、提高产能、降低水气比,可以实现延长无水或低水采气期,从而提高采收率。     

莺歌海盆地东方13气田气水分布模式

气水分布复杂是莺歌海盆地东方13气田天然气勘探的难题。基于7口井岩性、测井解释的资料分析和2条连井剖面的对比,结合过井地震剖面解释、气田地质特征研究,揭示了东方13气田的气水空间分布规律和模式。研究表明:气藏主要分布在海底扇的水道发育部位,平面上呈低部位是水、高部位是气的边水气藏结构,从东方13-2构造至东方13-1构造的东部,气藏规模逐渐变小,且变得分散。地层水可分为统一边水、局部深切水道底水、致密砂岩引起的层内水等3种类型。局部深切水道底水和致密砂岩引起的层内水常见于东方13-2构造和东方13-1构造统一边水气藏的中部,这使得气藏的气水分布关系复杂化。基于气水关系和气藏规模推断,东方13气田是由东方13-2边水整装大型气藏、东方13-1边水中型气藏和东方13-1边部分散小型气藏构成,气水按该3种气藏模式有规律地分布。     

四川盆地元坝二叠系长兴组气藏气水分布特征及水侵早期识别

探讨四川盆地元坝二叠系长兴组气藏气水分布特征及水侵早期识别,可为下一步开发部署指明方向,为气藏稳产提供实用方法。通过动态跟踪气井流体变化特征,结合静态地质特征,明确气藏气水分布特征及控制因素,在此基础上根据产水气井出水类型,建立基于生产数据及产出液化学特征的水侵早期识别模式。研究认为:元坝长兴组气藏气井产出液中凝析水与地层水并存,总矿化度与日产水量、日水气比均呈指数正相关关系。游离气与溶解气并存,随着水侵程度增加,CH4含量降低、H2S含量增加。(3)、(4)号礁带以游离气为主,古油藏应该位于此或范围更小;(1)、(2)号礁带及礁滩叠合区为气水过渡带,局部构造及储层非均质性调整气水分布。裂缝发育程度控制气井产水速度,水产量的上升与多条裂缝逐渐被突破而沟通周边水体相关;元坝长兴组储层裂缝欠发育,气井出水生产类型以线性型为主,存在水侵预警期;对裂缝发育、出水生产类型为多次方型的气井,应加强监控,开展合理配产分析,延长无水采气时间。构造高部位或构造相对低部位裂缝欠发育的礁滩发育区为开发部署首选目标。建立的水侵早期识别模式可推广应用。     

四川盆地磨溪区块龙王庙组气藏流体分布控制因素

随着勘探开发的深入,对四川盆地磨溪龙王庙组气藏流体分布的认识发生变化,由早期的无水气藏或无边底水气藏转变为存在边底水、局部封存水,表现出复杂的气水关系,这制约了气藏的高效开发。为此,本次研究综合现有录井、岩心、测井、地震、测试及生产资料,识别出溶蚀孔洞发育区,在此基础上,采用印模法恢复研究区龙王庙组古地貌格局,结合现今构造特征,综合分析认为:(1)油气分布既受现今构造圈闭控制,又受有利岩相控制,也受古地貌影响;(2)古地貌控制了早期油气聚集,在地势较高的缓坡区聚集油气,在局部洼陷区滞留地层水,在地势变陡的低部位形成富水区;(3)在现今构造圈闭范围内,由于物性、闭合度和海拔高差存在差异,导致东、西部井区含气性不同,西区富气程度优于东区;(4)结合古今构造格局,在古地貌地势低部位(地势低于-300m)、现今构造低部位(海拔低于-4385m)广泛分布边水;(5)当古地貌地势低于-300m时,在现今构造和古地貌相对凸起部位存在局部油气聚集。     

沁水盆地夏店区块煤层气藏气水分异特征

沁水盆地夏店区块煤层气藏属低孔低渗致密气藏,区块试采情况证实该区气水分布关系复杂。为了明确研究区气水分布规律,对夏店区块试采区煤层气地质条件、压裂和生产动态资料进行分析,阐明夏店区块试采区的气水分布特点,探讨气水分布差异主控因素。结果表明,研究区气水分异主要表现为2种情况,一是高部位产气、低部位产水的重力分异;二是局部井区受断层影响,出现高部位产水、低部位产气的气水倒置现象。根据气水分布特征,以构造形态为骨架,结合储层、压裂及生产动态资料,建立了封闭断层–褶曲、类气顶、开放断层控制、微构造控制、顶底板岩性控制等5种气水分布模式,明确了沁水盆地夏店区块气水分布主要受构造及压裂控制影响,同时提出差异化的井位部署建议,可以指导该区煤层气进一步的勘探开发。      

鄂尔多斯盆地苏里格气田盒8气藏含水特征及气水分布主控因素分析

鄂尔多斯盆地苏里格气田是低渗透砂岩气藏的典型代表,主力含气层盒8段储层物性差、非均质性强、气水关系复杂。根据储层非均质性、孔喉结构配置关系将盒8段储层水分为吸附水、毛细管水、自由水3类,其中吸附水主要吸附于岩石颗粒表面;毛细管水存在于非均质性较强储层的毛细管中;自由水发育在孔隙结构和物性较好的储层。根据区域生烃强度、储层非均质性及微观孔隙结构特征,分析了控制气水分布的主要因素:生烃强度控制气水分布总格局,储层横向非均质性控制储层局部气水分布,微观孔隙结构控制地层水赋存状态。     

南襄盆地泌阳凹陷赵凹安棚油田深盆油(气)藏

泌阳凹陷赵凹安棚油田深层系部分油(气)藏属于深盆油(气)藏,即深盆致密砂岩油(气)藏。利用深盆气藏理论和分析方法,通过对其成藏要素分析,发现其深层系油(气)藏具有深盆油气藏的典型特征。构造呈现单斜背景上的鼻状,自西北向东南生油中心倾没;赵凹安棚油田深层系内油水分布较为复杂,在横向连续储层内,出现了油水关系倒置的深盆油(气);储层属非均质低渗透储层;从深盆油(气)观点看,属一种动态致密砂岩油(气)藏;地层压力异常低,甚至负异常压力。在泌阳凹陷勘探程度极高油区,如果进行思想变革,就能实现资源的突破。     

Geological features and hydrocarbon accumulation in the Xinken oil field, Tarim Basin

Recently,a large-scale Ordovician oil and gas pool has been discovered in Xinken,north of the Tarim Basin,and it has strongly heterogeneous reservoirs and complicated fluid distribution.Through analyzing oil,gas and water samples collected from this area,in combination of field production and testing data,this study reveals that the Xinken oil pool contains dominantly normal oil characterized by low viscosity,low sulphur,and high wax.It has a low content of natural gas,which presents typical characteristics of wet gas and is oil-associated gas.Oil-gas correlation shows that the oil was from the Middle-Upper Ordovician source rocks and the charge and accumulation of oil and gas took place in the Late Hercynian Period.Controlled by paleogeomorphology,sedimentary facies,ancient karstification,faults,and other factors in the Caledonian Period,the Ordovician carbonate reservoirs are dominated by dissolved pores,cavities and fractures.The reservoir body of fractures and cavities is distributed in the shape of strip and laminate along faults and excellent reservoirs are mostly in the range of 70–100 m below the top of the Yijianfang Formation.As a whole,the Xinken oil pool is a fracture-cavity pool controlled by interbedded karst reservoirs and is a complex composed of stacked karst fractures and cavities of various sizes.It contains oil in large areas horizontally,which is quasi-laminated in distribution,and the accumulation of oil and gas is controlled by the distribution and development degree of the Ordovician carbonate reservoirs.The study shows that this area has abundant resources and a great exploration potential for oil and gas.     

MIGRATION AND ACCUMULATION OF OIL AND GAS ACCORDING TO THE SOURCE-ROCK THEORY

Practically all oil and gas accumulations throughout the world are associated with some extensive productive series which consist of highly permeable rocks containing oil and gas pools, interbedded with shales and marls containing dispersed organic matter. All of the important recent discoveries between the Volga and the Urals were based on the observed association of oil and gas pools with certain lithologic-stratigraphic complexes of the Devonian, Carboniferous, and part of the Permian; although accumulation is related to many diverse Structural zones. Here, the productive series is the source rock as well, for the pelites contain dispersed organic matter including bitumen whose composition is related to the oils.

Where accumulations occur in sediments deposited under oxidizing conditions, factors are sought which favor migration from possible source rocks along faults, unconformities, or surfaces of facies change. For example, in Azerbaidjan and Turkmenistan large oil and gas accumulations in Pliocene continental beds occur along structural zones that allowed migration from underlying, principally Paleogene and Miocene, deposits.

As shales compact, their organic constituents gradually change; the coaly part from a ligniferous to a carboniferous stage and, ultimately, to graphite. The mobile bituminous substances formed by dissociation of organic matter and disproportioning of hydrogen, change from asphaltines and resins to oils and then to methane in the subcapillary pores of pelites, where they are in a dispersed, loosely bound state. Compaction causes slow removal of the loosely bound water and molecular migration with differentiation of the bituminous substances. After differentiation, the more mobile hydrocarbons are carried by the water into reservoir rocks. The bituminous substances move from small to large pores also by capillary forces. Migration in subcapillary pores apparently ceases when rocks become lithified and are no longer plastic.

In the super-capillary pores and fissures of reservoir rock, free migration takes place as both molecular migration and movement in larger masses. Water circulates in reservoir beds from elevated areas of the outcrop toward lower discharge areas. When the hydrocarbon-bearing water moves into different environments of temperature and pressure, the hydrocarbons may come out of solution, rise to the top of the carrier-beds, and unite into oil and gas pools if traps are available. The location of oil and gas reflects the present equilibrium of fluids with the structural pattern and hydrogeological environment. --D. C. Van Siclen.     

临清坳陷东部高古4井煤成气藏成藏特征

为了查明临清坳陷东部上古生界煤成气藏的勘探潜力,通过多种方法对其成藏条件进行研究并对高古4井煤成气藏进行解剖。结果表明:该区主要发育煤岩和砂泥岩互层沉积,其中煤岩和泥岩可作为烃源岩,干酪根类型多为Ⅲ型和Ⅱ2型,生气为主,砂体可作为储层,与煤岩和泥岩形成储盖组合;高古4井太原组气藏中的天然气主要来源于本组煤岩,储集空间以溶蚀孔隙和微裂缝为主,上覆煤岩封盖和侧向泥岩遮挡形成断块圈闭,定型于新近纪,烃类聚集主要发生于新近纪之后,其它组段砂岩由于侧向遮挡条件不利而未成藏。高古4井煤成气成藏具有"近源自生自储、超晚期生烃成藏、断层侧向遮挡"的特点,发育类似成藏条件的区域应该成为该区今后勘探的重点。      

成都市白垩系灌口组富膏盐红层溶蚀特征与机理

成都市白垩系灌口组近地表红层富膏盐地层因富含膏盐、钙芒硝等易溶矿物普遍发育红层类岩溶现象,制约着地下空间的开发利用.为梳理出成都市域灌口组富膏盐红层溶蚀规律与机理,防范红层硫酸盐岩溶相关的工程地质问题,综合利用钻孔岩芯、物探、测井、物性测试、溶解实验等资料,分析区域内富膏盐地层的分布规律、富膏盐红层溶蚀特征、溶蚀发育的...     

Petroleum Migration Direction of the Silurian Paleo-pools in the Tarim Basin, Northwest China

The results obtained in this paper indicate that carbazole-type compounds have high thermal stability and also show stability in oxidation and bio-degradation. This kind of compounds still has a high concentration and complete distribution in the analyzed dry asphalt samples, showing that they are particularly useful in studying petroleum migration of paleo-pool. During the basin＇s first-stage of oil-gas pool formation in the Silurian in Tazhong and Tabei areas of Tarim Basin （at the end of Silurian period） and the second-stage in the Awati area （in Permian）, the petroleum experienced a long-distance migration. During the formation of the Silurian paleo-pools in Tazhong Uplift at the end of Silurian, the petroleum mainly came from the lower and middle Cambrian source rocks in the Manjiaer sag. The petroleum migrated towards the southwest-south entering the Silurian reservoir beds in Tazhong first. Then, it further migrated within Silurian from northwest to southeast along the highs of the Structural Belts to the region of the Silurian pinchout boundary in Tazhong. In Tabei Uplift, during the first-stage of pool formation, the petroleum was also from the lower and middle Cambrian source rocks in the Manjiaer sag. It migrated northwest entering the Silurian reservoir beds in the Tabei Uplift firstly, and then the migration continued in the same direction within the Silurian reservoirs and finally the petroleum was trapped in higher positions. During the second-stage pool formation in the Silurian beds in the areas around Awati sag, the petroleum mainly came from the lower-middle Cambrian source rocks in the Awati sag. The petroleum migrated from the generation center to Silurian reservoirs in all directions around the sag through major paths, and the petroleum was finally trapped in higher locations.     

千米桥古潜山岩溶地貌演化及古岩溶洞穴发育特征

运用印模法和残厚法以及地震相位追踪对比等古地貌分析法研究揭示,千米桥古潜山岩溶地貌的演化形成先后经历了加里东—海西暴露发育期、印支—燕山暴露改造期、喜马拉雅埋藏定形期等演化阶段。古岩溶洞穴的发育和分布不仅受地貌形态及潜水面的控制,而且与岩性组合、古水文环境及断裂构造密切相关。加里东—海西暴露期地壳的持续抬升和区域潜水面的不断下移,造成古岩溶洞穴的多旋回层状分布,孔洞多被砂泥质充填,有效孔洞保存较少;印支—燕山暴露期发育的古岩溶洞穴受断裂体系影响,分布具有一定随机性,并且多被埋藏期化学半充填,成为目前古潜山油气储层的主要储集空间。利用钻井和测井信息及洞穴充填物,可在生产现场识别古岩溶洞穴的存在及分布,为古潜山油气储层的综合评价提供依据。     

浅水三角洲沉积体系与储层岩石学特征

浅水三角洲已经成为当前沉积学研究和油气勘探的重点领域,浅水三角洲常规和非常规砂岩储层中发现了丰富的油气资源。鄂尔多斯盆地中—古生界发育大型浅水三角洲沉积,结合岩芯、测井、分析化验等资料,对盆地西部地区山1—盒8段浅水三角洲的母岩特征、沉积充填、砂体展布与储层岩石学特征进行研究,为研究区常规砂岩储层和致密砂岩油气勘探提供地质依据。分析表明,研究区南部和北部砂岩重矿物组合相似,以锆石和白钛矿为主。综合La/Yb-REE与Dickinson三角图解、稀土元素配分模式和碎屑锆石定年分析认为,北部物源主要来自盆地西北部阿拉善古陆太古界和元古界花岗岩、片麻岩、石英砂岩,向南影响到陇东地区北部;南部物源主要来自盆地南部北秦岭地区太古界、元古界花岗岩、片麻岩和片岩,向北影响陇东地区中南部。山1段发育曲流河三角洲,盒8段发育辫状河三角洲,孤立型与垂向叠置型水下分支河道砂体是主要的砂体类型。盒8段沉积时期,古湖泊可能萎缩;南北物源形成的三角洲在研究区中部环县东南一带交汇混合。砂岩类型主要为岩屑质石英砂岩、石英砂岩和岩屑砂岩,结构成熟度中等—较差。砂岩成岩改造强烈,水—岩反应复杂,压实作用是储层致密化的主因,多期胶结作用使砂岩的孔喉结构变得十分复杂。孔隙类型以微米—纳米级的岩屑溶蚀孔、剩余粒间孔和高岭石晶间孔为主,整体上属于非常规致密砂岩储层。砂体分布与“甜点”预测是研究区致密油气勘探的关键。     

鄂尔多斯盆地靖边气田J井区储层小幅度构造研究

鄂尔多斯盆地靖边气田现今构造面貌为一区域性西倾大单斜,其下古生界奥陶系主力气层为马五段马五31小层,该小层顶面构造是在极其平缓的构造背景上发育的小幅度褶皱,且局部小幅度构造与产能关系密切,是寻找高产区的有利指向。应用地震解释成果和测井、钻井资料,研究J井区主力气层马五31顶面的小幅度构造分布特征;分析马五31顶面与本溪组9号煤顶、马家沟组标志层(K1、K2)构造的相关性;总结鼻状构造的组合类型;研究鼻隆构造与天然气富集的关系;总结构造圈闭与复合圈闭类型;分析小幅度构造成因动力学特征。这些认识对该井区井位部署、扩边挖潜及水平井动态调整,提高气田开发钻井成功率有着重要的现实意义。