乌东德水电站特高拱坝施工期坝基岩体质量工程地质评价

特高型拱坝坝拱座岩体承受的荷载巨大,坝基岩体质量是拱座稳定的关键,在施工期如何准确评价坝基岩体质量,是拱坝建基岩体工程地质研究的重要问题。本文以工程地质条件研究为基础,从岩性、岩体结构分布着手,研究建基岩体工程地质特征;以现场、室内试验、声波测试为依据,建立坝基岩体质量评价标准。对乌东德拱坝施工期揭露的建基面岩体进行质量划分,研究发现：乌东德拱坝建基岩体质量优良,以Ⅱ级岩体占绝大多数,少量Ⅲ₁级岩体,极少量Ⅲ₂级岩体,与可研成果高度吻合;建基岩体满足岩体质量与声波验收要求,岩体质量空间分布较连续,且相对均匀,有利于承受拱坝推力。     

隧道层状岩体质量评价的BQ分级改进

国标BQ分级方法是一种多因素、多变量、定性与定量结合的分级方法,该方法选取岩石饱和单轴抗压强度和岩体完整性指数计算出岩体基本指标,再考虑到工程岩体现场工况对其修正,既保证了分级的客观性,又降低了现场分级的难度。但在一些复杂地质条件下,如层状岩体等,BQ分级存在修正系数定性评价的局限性。由于现场工程人员的主观判断不同,导致两种岩体分级交界处往往会出现分级交错的现象。基于室内力学试验,本文阐述了层理倾角与围压对层状岩体力学参数的影响规律。采用Jaeger-Donath与Mogi-Coulomb强度准则提出针对层状岩体的结构面产状修正系数K₂以及初始地应力状态修正系数K₃的计算公式,并通过木寨岭铁路隧道围岩分级计算进行了验证。     

Computerization of Rock Engineering Systems Using Neural Networks with an Expert System

Summary With the Rock Engineering Systems (RES) methodology, rock mechanics and rock engineering problems are studied systematically using a total systems approach, incorporating rock mass properties, interrelated parameters, complex interaction mechanisms and dynamic behavioral modes. In this paper, a method of implementation and computerization of RES is considered, using neural networks together with an expert system. The computerized RES starts with the data processing of rock mass properties and boundary conditions and data base management of rock engineering case records. This step is followed by building and operating parameter interaction matrices with the combined use of backpropagation networks and an expert system. Finally, a simulator for modelling the dynamic process of rock engineering systems using the Hopfield network is incorporated. With the aid of neural networks' learning capability and expert system's symbol-reasoning capability, the RES approach is implemented in an “intelligent” mode.     

The mechanics of spall fracture in rock and concrete

Spalling is a wave-induced dynamic fracture phenomenon. The waves can be either one: elastic, elasto-plastic, or shock waves. From a continuum mechanics point of view, fracture mechanics and wave propagation form the main ingredients in the formation of spalls. Recently, however, micro-structural effects have become important in the initial stages of spall formation in a variety of engineering materials ranging from metals to rock and concrete. From a structural geology point of view, the rock mass cannot be modelled as a continuum. In this case, a discontinuum approach has to be taken where the individual features of the rock mass such as joints and faults need to be taken into account. From an application point of view, spallation is important where rapid loading by explosives, impact, or energy deposition, occurs. The range of applications stretches from blasting in mining engineering to damage prevention to structures under explosive excitation.

This contribution offers a multi-faceted and multi-disciplinary approach to the study of spalling with special attention to analytical and experimental work. The reader is assumed to be somewhat familiar with the basics of continuum mechanics, fracture mechanics, and propagation of elastic, plastic and shock waves. The application to rock and concrete will show the effects of structural geological discontinuities such as open and closed joints - and to some degree also faulting - in rock, as well as the micro-structure of concrete on the (shock) wave field.

Extensive use will be made of time-space diagrams which proved very useful in practical applications to blasting problems [Rossmanith, H.P., 2002, The use of Lagrange diagrams in precise initiation blasting. Part I: two interacting blastholes, Fragblast 6, 104-136].     

Tunnelling in squeezing rocks: Case histories

Summary Squeezing rock conditions have posed and continue to pose a major obstacle to the construction of tunnels through mountains, as experience dating back more than a century shows. The paper deals with the study of past experiences in the light of present geotechnical engineering knowledge. Many of the transalpine tunnels were constructed before geotechnical engineering had been developed, and the principles underlying squeezing were not yet understood. Also construction techniques have changed with time. By studying past experience in the light of our present knowledge in geotechnical engineering (rock and soil mechanics), one may gain more insight into the nature and causes of squeezing ground behaviour. Here, a number of older and newer case histories are summarised, providing substantial insight into the phenomenon of squeezing rock. Squeezing rock behaviour is influenced by rock type and structure. Usually, in squeezing zones the rock is strongly jointed and fractured and has low strength. Overburden has also a significant effect and squeezing behaviour may occur abruptly in a tunnel once a limiting overburden has been exceeded. Water pressures in strongly jointed and often crushed rock are important and so are the adopted construction procedures and sequences. A support of substantial structural strength may be necessary to prevent long-term deformations and to withstand increased loading on the tunnel liner from the rock mass surrounding the tunnel.     

基于渗流-损伤-应力耦合作用下考虑力学参数弱化的巷道围岩变形破坏分析

地下工程岩体渗流-损伤-应力耦合问题的研究对于巷道围岩的稳定性分析具有重要意义。本文在总结分析了巷道变形破坏类型影响因素的基础上,基于弹塑性力学、渗流力学以及损伤理论建立了岩体渗流-损伤-应力耦合模型。该模型充分考虑了多物理场耦合过程中,工程岩体的非均质性,岩体力学参数发生的动态弱化过程,围岩塑性屈服的峰后特性以及渗透系数在损伤过程中的突变性。基于多物理场耦合软件,数值模拟结果分析得到,使用该模型能更好地反映巷道围岩的屈服破坏程度和渐进破坏过程。应用该模型分析不同深度下的巷道围岩渐进性破坏过程可以得出:水平地应力为主导的地层中的巷道,屈服破坏主要发生在顶拱和底板,竖直地应力为主导的地层中的巷道,屈服破坏主要发生在两侧边墙,水平地应力和竖直地应力相近的地层中,巷道四周均发生不同程度的破坏,这与工程实际有很好的符合。     

Engineering geological and geotechnical responses of schistose rocks from dam project areas in India

For a rational and safer design of civil and mining engineering structures in or on rocks, a proper understanding of the quality of rock mass is required. To assess the rock mass quality, evaluation of physical and mechanical characteristics of the intact rocks is essential. Especially if the rock is anisotropic in nature, the genetic complexity associated with its petrofabric makes it more difficult to predict its behaviour. In this paper, a comprehensive study of the compositional, physical and geotechnical responses of four varieties of schists, i.e., quartzitic, chlorite, quartz mica and biotite schists obtained from two hydroelectrical project sites in the foot hills of Himalayas, India, has been presented.

Anisotropic strength behaviour of the schists has been brought out through the testing of specimens with varying orientation of schistosity with respect to the major principal stress under uniaxial and triaxial conditions. The significance of anisotropic response for consideration in the design is emphasized.     

核废料贮库围岩介质THM耦合的定解问题及其加权积分方程

以核废料贮库裂隙岩体介质热-液-力耗散过程的定力解方程为基础，结合核废料地下贮存，分析了热、液、力三方面的边值及初始条件。根据计算力学加权残值法，导出了定解问题的加权积分方程，为实现核废料贮库围岩介质THM耦合有限元数值计算，打下了理论基础。     

基于Hoek-Brown准则确定核电工程场地岩体力学参数

岩体与岩石的力学强度之间既有内在联系又存在明显的差异,场地岩石力学指标对于评价场地岩体的力学特性至关重要。以三门核电场地为研究对象,在室内岩石力学试验的基础上,结合野外地质调查,综合考虑岩体结构特征和应力分布状态等因素的影响,引入定量描述岩体结构特征和风化程度的地质强度指标（GSI）,采用Hoek Brown强度准则估计岩体力学参数,同时与岩体地质力学分类法（RMR）计算得到的岩体力学参数进行对比分析。基于GSI的Hoek-Brown法得到的中等风化凝灰质砂岩、微风化凝灰质砂岩和微风化安山玄武岩岩体的c值分别为4.03、6.20、6.10 MPa,φ值分别为31.96°、34.37°和33.87°。基于RMR评分的Hoek-Brown法得到的c值分别为4.42、6.44、7.24 MPa,φ值分别为28.92°、32.43°和34.51°。研究结果表明,采用Hoek-Brown准则确定的核电场地岩体力学强度指标比较合理,得到的岩体力学指标可以作为核电站基础设计的重要依据。     

钻孔弹模法在某核岛岩体力学特性中的应用研究

钻孔试验法的最大优点是可测试深部岩体力学参数(变形模量或弹性模量),为工程支护设计、工程安全性评价提供最为不可缺少的参数。本文结合某核岛工程,介绍了钻孔弹模法在岩体力学特性的工程应用。研究表明:该方法能够反映岩体结构特征,测试获得的压力变形曲线符合实际,规律性良好。在低压力段,变形发展很快,压力与变形曲线呈非线性; 在中压力段,钻孔弹模计的承压板在不断输出增大的压力下与孔壁岩体达到全接触,裂隙闭合,压力与变形曲线接近线性; 在高压力段以上,压力与变形曲线在经历了低压力段非线性,中压力段接近线性后最终呈线性。考虑到岩体本身结构质量变化,弹性模量与变形模量会随深度发生一定的变化。经进一步分析核岛岩体变形模量或弹性模量可知,微风化至新鲜的花岗岩岩体各向异性不明显,部分受裂隙和结构面切割影响的测段岩体模量值小于其他测段,岩体模量比值较大,表现出较强的各向异性。最终,本文还给出了微风化至新鲜的花岗岩变形模量值NS向标准值为24.021.61GPa, EW向标准值为23.921.56GPa,综合变形模量标准值为23.971.10GPa; 弹性模量值NS向标准值为45.152.58GPa; EW向标准值为44.252.57GPa; 综合弹性模量标准值为44.701.79GPa。     

温家山莲花状构造及其岩体工程地质力学特征

地质力学在工程地质学上的应用有着广阔前景。本文在分析温家山莲花状构造体系的基础上,应用岩体工程地质力学的方法,分析和讨论了该体系内岩体结构的形成、分布和力学特征及其岩体工程地质力学条件。     

Modeling of a jointed rock mass under triaxial conditions

One of the most important aspects of designing a structure on or in a rock mass is based on the strength response of a jointed rock mass. Understanding this important aspect, the present study was undertaken to understand the strength response of a jointed rock mass with the help of a finite difference package FLAC^3D. In the present work, an attempt has been made to understand the effect of discontinuity angle on the failure mode and strength of the rock mass. For this purpose, stress and displacement in the model were studied and various stress–strain histories were recorded at constant strain loading rate. Rock discontinuity plays a critical and vital role to understand physico-mechanical characteristics of a rock mass. It has wider application in the rock excavation engineering, e.g., caverns, tunnels, slope stability, dams, etc. Simulated rock results are compared with the analytically calculated results of the jointed rock mass and found in good agreement.     

Investigation of a Limestone Pillar Failure Part 2: Stress History and Application of Fracture Mechanics Approach

Summary Observed pillar failure could not be explained by comparing pillar strength with stresses on the pillar induced by mining activities. Instead, the effects of the combined stress history of strata and pillar on the deformational response of rock mass and rock were assessed. Application of the principles of fracture mechanics, i.e., extension strain and strain energy release rate criteria gave a reasonable explanation for the observed pillar behavior. The derivation of the required fracture mechanics parameters from laboratory tests is described, and the necessity of an interdisciplinary approach to rock engineering, i.e., the use of historical geology, engineering geology, mining engineering and rock mechanics, is mandated.     

川藏交通廊道黏土化蚀变岩发育特征及其对大型滑坡的促滑作用

黏土化蚀变岩是在岩浆期后热液作用或后期水热作用下形成的具有不良工程地质性质的特殊地质体.在野外调查、黏土矿物测试和物理力学试验分析的基础上,阐述了川藏交通廊道黏土化蚀变岩的形成条件、区域分布特征、地质特征及蚀变程度的判据,以白格滑坡为例揭示了黏土化蚀变岩对大型滑坡的促滑作用.结果表明,黏土化蚀变岩的区域分布受活动断裂、热液作用和地层岩性控制,常沿侵入岩脉、断裂带、岩浆岩节理密集带、侵入岩体与其他岩层的接触带等部位发育,其蚀变程度按蚀变系数可划分为微蚀变、弱蚀变、中等蚀变和强蚀变4个等级,在干湿交替和松弛条件下极易发生崩解、软化,中等-强蚀变的岩体抗剪强度低.黏土化蚀变岩对滑坡的促滑作用主要体现在强度弱化效应、岩体结构劣化效应及失稳滞后效应3个方面,是促进构造混杂岩带深切河谷斜坡失稳、形成大型滑坡不可忽视的重要因素.      

地质强度指标量化方法综述

在广义Hoek-Brown强度准则中,如何量化地质强度指标GSI取值进而获得贴近工程岩体力学参数的问题,是众多专家学者一直在研究的课题.本文详细介绍了国内外专家对于此问题的最新研究成果,并提出了两个问题:各GSI取值方法的准确程度无法评价的问题;在改进的获取GSI表中,如何选取两个最具代表性的因素来表征岩体结构特征和岩体结构面特征的问题,这两个问题的研究将会推动岩体工程的进步.     

融化作用下含冰裂隙冻岩强度特性及寒区边坡失稳研究现状

如何科学评价裂隙冻岩质边坡稳定性、如何采用有效措施保证冻岩边坡工程的安全建设和运营,已是目前岩石力学研究领域的一个重要课题.首先对青海木里地区含冰裂隙冻岩地层煤矿露采过程中的大规模边坡工程问题开展现场勘察和试验研究,分析了高寒地区冰体赋存特征、含冰地层消融特征及含冰地层融水出流特征;结合前人研究,较为全面地总结了含冰裂隙冻岩强度特性及冻岩边坡普遍性的变形失稳特点,提出寒区冻岩边坡失稳机理为冰-岩系统在热侵蚀和荷载共生作用下的热力耦合结果;对消融作用下含冰裂隙冻岩的物理力学、热力耦合特性及裂隙冻岩质边坡稳定性评价等方面的国内外研究现状进行了综述和讨论;认为开展融化作用下含冰裂隙冻岩体强度特性及边坡失稳研究将是与冻融损伤并重的一个新的研究方向.     

四川名山白马沟危岩体稳定性评价与落石轨迹分析

危岩体是指由结构面切割形成的在一定诱发因素下失稳破坏的岩体,其作为常见的自然地质灾害之一,严重影响山区人类生命财产安全。对危岩体的勘查、稳定性评价、风险评价是地质灾害预防的研究难题。受人类工程活动影响,名山县新店镇白马沟内存在多处危岩体。通过对国内外研究文献的查阅分析并结合白马沟危岩体的分布特征、发育特征、崩塌落石运动特性进行分析与研究,初步总结出了白垩系上统灌口组(K2g)危岩体的形成、分布规律及成灾机理,并对该区4个危岩体利用Rockfall进行数值模拟计算,计算其运动速度及运动轨迹,计算岩石弹跳高度及距离等。为此类工程地质条件下的的危岩体稳定性评价及运动轨迹的分析提供参考,同时对于崩塌危岩体灾害预防与减灾技术研究有积极意义。     

雪峰山隧道岩爆问题预测研究

通过对雪峰山隧道的工程地质条件、地应力场的研究, 并结合岩石力学试验研究, 运用地质综合分析和σ_θ/Rb判据这两种较为适用、有效的预测方法, 对雪峰山隧道的岩爆问题进行了预测研究。预测结果表明, 雪峰山隧道不会出现高烈度的岩爆, 但某些地段可能出现Ⅰ级或Ⅱ级的岩爆。研究成果为雪峰山隧道的设计提供了依据。      

极震区岩体地震动力破坏若干问题探讨

汶川地震时极震区产生了严重的地震地质灾害,其中强烈地震动造成的岩体动力破坏是造成灾害的根本原因。从极震区含义、地震动特征、岩体地震动力破坏概念、地震松动岩体和方法论等方面初步探讨了极震区岩体地震动力破坏问题。极震区是未来地震的潜在震源区,区内的地震属于直下型。极震区地震动具有不同于非极震区的地震动特征,岩体地震动力破坏的复合性特点就是地震动的不确定性造成的。对极震区岩体动力破坏概念的理解应考虑地震动的特点。地震松动岩体是极震区地震动造成的一种特殊破坏类型,是形成震害次生灾害的重要原因。岩体工程地质力学等学科的思想方法和技术手段为研究极震区岩体地震动力破坏这一命题提供了良好的基础,预测和评价极震区因岩体动力破坏造成的工程震害和地质灾害,减轻和预防未来地震时的灾害损失,是极震区岩体地震动力破坏研究的目标和方向。     

水平薄层岩体中大跨度地下洞室工程地质研究

山西西龙池抽水蓄能电站地下厂房围岩为水平薄层岩层,工程竣工发电已多年,施工及运行期安全,但工程开工前,还没有在水平薄层岩体中开挖大跨度高边墙地下洞室的成功范例,鉴于此,以山西西龙池抽水蓄能电站工程为依托,从工程地质角度,对水平薄层围岩岩性特征、岩体结构特征、岩体力学特性、大跨度高边墙地下洞室围岩分类、围岩变形特征等方面进行了研究,依据研究成果,对洞室开挖支护施工、围岩变形监测等进行了分析,依据围岩变形监测成果对围岩力学参数进行了反演,验证了前期勘察成果,取得了在水平薄层状地质环境中开挖大型地下洞室的宝贵经验,进而为在水平薄层状地质体中修建大跨度、高边墙地下洞室提供了更多的技术支持,对此类不良地质条件下大型地下洞室群建设具有重要的指导意义。