上海洋山深水港区海域海床演变分析

根据洋山深水港区近期(2004—2013年)的水文泥沙、水深现场观测资料,较深入地分析了洋山港区海域海床冲淤变化情况,阐明了海床的冲淤变化原因,为后续工程规划设计提供基本依据。主要结论如下:洋山深水港区海域海床总体上保持了稳定状态,西北端颗珠山汊道的泄流出沙,对维持洋山深水港区前沿水域的安全起到决定性的作用;洋山港海域的泥沙运动及海床变化是与其水流动力条件相适应的,一、二、三期工程码头的建设、小洋山北岛链的封堵和四期码头岸线工程的建设是导致通道北侧冲刷,通道南侧淤积的主要原因。     

洋山港区堵汊工程对海底地形影响初探

基于洋山港海域内长系列ADCP断面走航及定点的水文观测资料进行统计分析,讨论洋山港区在Ⅰ—Ⅲ期工程影响下海域内潮动力的变化及其对海床冲淤的影响。结果表明,由于小洋山—镬盖塘、大乌龟—颗珠山及将军帽—大指头岛三个汊道的封堵及填海,在北岛链以小洋山岛为基础形成一长方形陆域,且在陆域南沿形成一长约5.7km的顺直岸线。工程后由于潮流运动的底、侧边界发生改变,流场随之发生变化,突显潮波运动的非线性效应和科氏力效应,在以潮动力为绝对主要的水动力自然环境下:北港区潮流速随着工程的进行先剧减后又回增;工程后海域在涨、落潮流转流时段形成潮流弱环流;主通道北侧涨潮流增强,南侧落潮流增强。海床冲淤环境也随之改变,北港区前沿水域海床发生微冲,主通道西南海床则淤积,海域内的-10m等深线也东西向呈现波状移动。     

温州南鳌江口海域海床近期冲淤演变分析

温州南部鳌江口海域近年来先后完成了筑坝促淤、围垦吹填、维护航道等一系列影响水流泥沙和地形地貌变化的大型工程。根据2010年实测水文泥沙资料和4幅不同时期(1963,2003,2005,2011年)地形图对比分析了鳌江口海域的地形变化趋势,结果显示鳌江口海域海床冲淤过程大体上经过了3个不同时期,即1963-2003年江南围涂等海区缓慢淤积期;2003-2005年该海域既冲刷又淤积的稳定期;2005-2011年整个水域以轻微冲刷为主的冲刷期。经过分析得知鳌江口海域海床近年来的变化主要是由航道疏浚、围垦吹填及工程促淤引起的,而围填海工程引起动力变化和泥沙减少也对海床冲淤有一定程度的影响。     

崎岖列岛海区水沙特征及近期冲淤演变

利用1999年冬季水文泥沙观测资料,分析了崎岖列岛海区冬季水动力条件及悬沙特征;根据1998,2004,2005和2006年水下地形资料,计算了该海区冲淤量及冲淤速率,探讨了研究区域近年来冲淤演变的特征及规律,得出最近8年来海区总体呈冲蚀状态、岛链峡道西部水城和岛闻汉道出现淤积的状况,出现这一状况的原因主要与长江入海泥沙减少和洋山港工程有关。洋山港堵汉工程改变了局部水动力环境,造成岛链峡道西部水域和岛间汊道的冲淤变化;长江入海泥沙减少和长江口、杭州湾大片围垦截沙,削减了对崎岖列岛海区的泥沙补给,导致了海区总体呈冲刷趋势。     

上海洋山深水港区12年来海床冲淤变化分析

洋山深水港区海域是由大、小洋山两条岛链围成的喇叭口型的海域,是以落潮流为主、高含沙量、强潮流的潮汐水道,泥沙运动主要以悬沙为主。通道内潮流基本为东南-西北向往复流,潮流平均流速为1.0～1.5 m/s,最大流速可达2.0～2.5 m/s,平均含沙量在1.4 kg/m3。对上海洋山深水港区的水文地貌特性、海床冲淤演变以及冲淤变化原因等作了分析。结果认为,伴随着工程建设的进程,陆域边界不断地改变,海床的冲淤演变也随着不断地调整,逐步形成了目前"南淤北冲"的海床冲淤格局。洋山港竣工后三年又步入了稳定的调整期,冲淤变化幅度趋于逐年减小。     

近50年来杭州湾七姊八妹列岛海域海床演变分析

七姊八妹列岛海域位于杭州湾南部的灰鳖洋内,除了岛礁周围局部存有深沟外,其余地区海床平缓.为了探究该海域海床演变情况,在了解杭州湾来水来沙特征基础上,分析了七姊八妹列岛海域的水动力、悬沙和底质分布特征.不同时期海图的对比分析表明,该海域近岸水深较小,人类活动频繁,围涂筑堤工程较多,一直处于淤积状态,属淤涨型岸滩,而离岸较远的海域,泥沙难于落淤而随潮反复搬运,基本处于冲淤平衡状态.1962～2008年这46 a间,七姊八妹列岛海域总体呈现与岸线走向一致的淤积、冲刷间隔分布的冲淤带.平均淤积厚度约2.2 m,淤积幅度约5.0 cm/a,大多数地方平均冲刷厚度约2.4 m,冲刷幅度约5.0 cm/a.这些特点与当地的水动力条件和泥沙沉积特性相一致.     

象山港航道冲淤变化初步分析

利用象山港海湾不同年份的水深地形资料,运用GIS技术采用航道轴线剖面水深地形叠加对比和海床平面冲淤计算相结合的方法,应用以往水文泥沙等资料综合分析象山港航道区域的冲淤变化。结果表明40a来象山港航道区域总体冲淤基本平衡,大致以双德山附近海域为界,以东牛鼻山浅段和西屿山-双德山深段两区段以微淤为主,平均厚度分别为0.08~0.24m和0.51~0.58m,并具有缓慢淤积的趋势;以西的浅段和深段则以微冲为主,平均厚度为0.32~0.62m,并具有轻微冲刷的趋势。     

潮流作用下洋山港水域悬沙和底沙的交换

通过对泥沙起动流速、淤积流速和不淤流速的计算,划定了悬沙和底沙交换的各个时段,提出了冲刷悬沙浓度、淤积悬沙浓度和不淤悬沙浓度的概念及其计算方法;继而导出了潮流作用下悬沙和底沙在交换层面上单位面积的日交换量计算式,并用于洋山港水域的冲淤计算。结果表明:自然状况下洋山港水域北部年淤积量为37.5 kg/m2,淤高了1.77 cm/a,属微淤;中部年冲刷量为10.0 kg/m2左右,刷深不超过0.52 cm/a,可认为冲淤平衡;南部年冲刷量为55.5 kg/m2,刷深了2.60 cm/a,属微冲。这一结果与该水域海床的自然冲淤状况相吻合。     

东营港海区悬沙特征及冲淤分析

简述了东营港扩建工程所在海区的水文泥沙特征,分析水动力作用对海床的冲淤演变以及修建港口、航道等工程对海域地形冲淤的影响,为该地区海域水工建筑物布置方案的确定提供参考依据.     

青草沙水库工程对附近水域河床冲淤的影响

青草沙水库是长江河口的一个重大工程,显著改变了北港上段的河势。河势的变化会引起流场和泥沙质量浓度的变化,进而影响河床的冲淤。本文应用三维水动力和泥沙数值模式,计算和分析了青草沙水库工程对附近水域流场、泥沙质量浓度和冲淤的影响。青草沙水库工程建设后,北港河道束窄,导致水库北侧河道主槽流速和泥沙质量浓度增加。水库工程使得进入北港的径流量和纳潮量减少,导致青草沙水库以东、北港下段和拦门沙区域流速和泥沙质量浓度下降。应用半理论半经验河床冲淤公式和模式计算的工程前后流速、泥沙质量浓度和水位数据,给出了由水库工程造成的河床冲淤变化分布。在水库以北北港水域发生普遍冲刷,冲刷强度最大可达2~3 m,冲淤分布和量值与工程前后实测水深变化吻合良好。数值模式较好地模拟了青草沙水库工程对附近水域冲淤分布的影响和变化量值。     

基于Flow-3D的抗拖网海床基冲刷数值模拟

基于Flow-3D软件,建立抗拖网海床基沙土基床冲刷的三维数学模型,控制水流流速和泥沙粒径,对不同条件下抗拖网海床基周围沙土基床的冲刷进行数值模拟,并分析了抗拖网海床基最大冲刷深度随这两种因素改变的趋势。结果表明,抗拖网海床基沙土基床冲刷坑深度随海流流速增大而增加,在设定其他条件不改变的情况下,冲刷坑的加深速度随着流速增大会逐渐减缓,最终达到冲淤平衡。同时,由于海底环境复杂多变,导致模型与实际情况有一定的差异,还需在后续的研究中进一步进行优化。     

渤海湾连片开发对湾内水沙通量的影响研究

渤海湾内海岸的连续开发导致岸线 、海床发生较大变化, 同时影响着湾内的水沙通量。根据不同时期的遥感影像、 实测地形和水文泥沙资料, 统计分析了渤海湾岸线 、面积和海床冲淤变化, 构建了渤海潮流泥沙数学模型, 模拟了 1984 年、 2006 年和 2015 年三个时期的水沙分布, 探究了海岸连续开发对水沙分布和通量引起的累积效应。结果表明： 渤海湾岸线和 海湾面积变化主要发生于 2005 年后, 与 1984 年相比, 2020 年的岸线长度增长超过 185%,海湾面积减少近 19%;曹妃甸港 区南侧海域冲刷基本在 2 m 等深线以内, 而近岸和港池水域基本呈现淤积状态, 淤积幅度在 2 m 以内; 海湾的连续开发利用 使得湾内分潮波振幅增大 、传播速度减缓, 近岸海域的余流变化较为明显,南部较北部海域更甚;西北湾顶 0.2 kg/m3 悬沙 分布区域不断缩小, 西南近岸 0. 15 kg/m3 悬沙分布区域向中部海域推进; 悬沙通量变化与潮流通量并不完全一致, 呈外海增 加、近岸整体降低的变化特征, 湾内向外海输移泥沙的能力减弱。     

Morphodynamic responses to the deep water harbor development in the Caofeidian sea area,China's Bohai Bay

Vast bay-type tidal inlets can be found along the coastal zones of China. They are generally suitable for deep water channels and large harbors because of the presence of large water depth and good mooring conditions. The deep channel, in front of the head of Caofeidian Island in Bohai Bay, China, is a typical bay-type tidal inlet system. The tidal current, a type of reverse flow, makes the key contribution to maintain the deep water depth. The co-action of waves and tidal currents is the main dynamic force for sediment motion. Waves have significant influence on the sediment concentration. Based on the characteristics of waves, tidal currents, sediment and seabed evolution in Caofeidian sea area, a 2D mathematical model for sediment transport under influence of waves and tidal currents is developed to study the development schemes of the Caofeidian Harbor. The model has been verified for spring and neap tides, in winter as well as in summer of 2006. The calculated tidal stages, flow velocities, flow directions and sediment concentrations at 15 stations are in good agreement with the observations. Furthermore, the calculated data on pattern and magnitude of sedimentation and erosion in the related area agree well with the observations. This model has been used to study the effects of the reclamation scheme for Caofeidian Harbor on the hydrodynamic environment, sediment transport and morphological changes. Attentions are paid to the project inducing changes of flow velocities and morphology in the deep channel at the south side of Caofeidian foreland, in the Laolonggou channel and in various harbor basins. The conclusions can provide the important foundation for the protection and use of bay-type tidal inlets and the development of harbor industry.     

辽河油田太—葵管道路由区海底冲淤变化研究

辽河油田太—葵管道路由区位于辽东湾顶潮汐水道区。通过不同时期实测水深对比,得出该区海底冲淤变化趋势:海区总体呈微淤态势,潮汐水道两侧浅滩淤积,两侧边坡一侧侵蚀另一侧淤积,发生平面迁移。管道路由一线蚀淤幅度较小,一般不超过0.5 m,最大侵蚀区发生在水道底和两侧边坡,是海底输油管道容易冲刷悬空的潜在危险区,需采取深埋措施提高安全性。     

Effect of Development of Caofeidian Harbor Area in Bohai Bay on Hydrodynamic Sediment Environment

Based on the characteristics of waves, tidal currents, sediment and seabed evolution in the Caofeidian sea area in the Bohai Bay, a 2D sediment mathematical model of waves and tidal currents is employed to study the development schemes of the harbor. Verification of spring and neap tidal currents and sediment in the winter and summer of 2006 shows that the calculated values of tidal stages as well as flow velocities, flow directions and sediment concentration of 15 synchronous vertical lines are in good agreement with the measured data. Also, deposition and erosion of the sea area in front of Caofeidian ore terminal induced by suspended load under tidal currents and waves are verified; it shows that the calculated values of depth of deposition and erosion as well as their distribution are close to the measured data. Furthermore, effects of reclamation scheme of island in front of the land behind Caofeidian harbor on the hydrodynamic environment are studied, including changes of flow velocities in the deep channels at the south side of Caofeidian foreland and Laolonggou and in various harbor basins, as well as changes of deposition and erosion of seabed induced by the project.     

Scour and Burial Mechanics of Objects in the Nearshore

A process-based, numerical, hydrodynamic vortex lattice mine scour/burial model (VORTEX) is presented that simulates scour and burial of objects of arbitrary shape resting on a granular bed in the nearshore. There are two domains in the model formulation: a far-field where burial and exposure occur due to changes in the elevation of the seabed and a near-field involving scour and transport of sediment by the vortices shed from the object. The far-field burial mechanisms are based on changes in the equilibrium bottom profiles in response to seasonal changes in wave climate and accretion/erosion waves spawned by fluxes of sediment into the littoral cell. The near-field domain consists of one grid cell extracted from the far-field that is subdivided into a rectangular lattice of panels having sufficient resolution to define the shape of the object. The vortex field induced by the object is constructed from an assemblage of horseshoe vortices excited by local pressure gradients and shear over the lattice panels. The horseshoe vortices of each lattice panel release a pair of vortex filaments into the neighboring flow. The induced velocity of these trailing vortex filaments causes scour of the neighboring seabed and induces hydrodynamic forces on the object. Scour around the object and its subsequent movement into the scour depression contribute to burial, while far-field changes in local sand level may increase burial depth or expose the object. Scour and burial predictions of mines and mine-like objects were tested in field experiments conducted in the nearshore waters off the Pacific coast of California at Scripps Pier, the Gulf Coast of Florida at Indian Rocks, and off the Atlantic coast of Massachusetts at Martha's Vineyard. Model predictions of mine scour and burial are in reasonable agreement with field measurements and underwater photographs.     

杭州湾北岸金山咀—龙泉港岸段近岸滩槽冲淤演变分析

以杭州湾北岸金山咀—龙泉港岸段边滩及海床为研究区域,利用1989—2014年实测及海图资料分析岸滩断面地形变化和岸段冲淤变化。结果表明:在该研究时段,岸段存在长期稳定的冲刷深槽;近岸海床的冲淤表现出“波动性”,5 m等深线(2014年)以浅区以淤积为主,5 m等深线以深冲淤更迭,1989年以来总体呈现冲刷态势。长江入海泥沙量变化为该岸段发生侵蚀/淤积的影响因子之一,台风大浪及海床侵蚀/淤积波的移动导致海床冲淤复杂化。     

湛江湾填海工程对海床冲淤的影响预测

建立了湛江湾泥沙数学模型,模拟了湛江湾海床冲淤演变,模拟结果表明,湛江湾海床较为稳定,年冲淤强度小,模拟冲淤分布与历史海图资料得出的长期演变趋势符合。模型用于湛江湾围填工程对海床冲淤变化的影响预测,结果表明工程后海床冲淤强度没有明显的改变。另外,优选了围填方案,估计了港池的淤积强度。     

日照港西部海域海底地形与表层沉积特征

利用单波束测深仪和蚌式取样器进行了日照石臼港扩建码头西侧约50km~2海域1:2 000~1:10 000的水深地形测绘和底质分析工作。调查结果表明,日照港西部海域可分4个水深区,其地形和沉积特征如下:1)航道区,浅水航道区等深线平行于码头岸线,水深11m,经过疏浚已形成向南倾斜的四级阶梯地形,疏浚中心处水深24m。航道区底质以分选中等的砾砂为主;2)港池区,水深6 m,等深线与港池岸线平行,水深向南渐增,海底地形平坦,坡降比3‰。底质以分选较好的粉砂和砂质粉砂为主,近岸有少量分选较差的泥质砂质砾;3)涛雒-付疃河口区,水下三角洲地形明显,5m以浅等深线呈弧形向东南方向凸出,坡降比最大可达14.2‰,底质类型为分选极好的砂和粉砂质砂;4)浅海区,海底地形平坦,平均坡降比1.9‰,6~10m等深线呈NE-SW向平行向外海增大,近南扩码头端向东偏转,底质类型为分选好的砂质粉砂和粉砂,并呈平行于海岸线向深水区呈粗-细-粗的带状分布。底质类型分布与水深条件基本吻合,但深水区出现的底质粗化现象,分析认为可能与南扩码头的挑流作用有关,海底沉积物呈向南运移趋势。