论斑岩铜矿的成因

较系统地论述了国内外学者对斑岩铜矿成因的不同学术观点 ,包括“岩浆热液说”(岩浆结晶分异说 )、“板块构造成矿说”(含Cu洋壳重熔说 )、“活动转移说”及“变岩浆成矿说” ;分别对它们的立论依据及不足之处进行了较详细的分析 ,并根据作者对斑岩铜矿的时空分布、物质组分、结构构造及矿物中各种包裹体等特征的深入研究 ,提出斑岩铜矿主要是由深源 (地幔或下地壳 )富碱 (K、Na)、硅的热流体 (或与地壳岩石中的裂隙水、地下水混合 )交代或局部熔融上部地壳含Cu岩石而成     

斑岩铜矿若干问题的最新研究进展

斑岩铜矿是最重要的铜矿床类型,对其成矿作用的认识对找矿实践具有重要指导意义,为此,文章通过收集和整理有关文献总结了近年来斑岩铜矿研究在构造和岩浆对成矿作用的控制、成矿金属和成矿流体来源、矿石伴生金属组分含量的影响因素等方面所取得的成果。近几年的研究工作揭示:斑岩铜矿的大规模成矿作用与洋壳高浮力块体(包括无震海岭和洋底高原)的俯冲有关,高氧逸度的岩浆活动有利于斑岩铜矿的形成,与无矿斑岩体相比,含铜斑岩体一般具有低稀土元素含量以及亏损Ho和Er等特征;斑岩铜矿中铜和金多由俯冲洋壳所释放的流体对地幔中硫化物的氧化作用释放而来;在部分斑岩铜矿中,岩浆来源流体可构成绢英岩化期流体的主体;斑岩铜矿伴生金属组分的含量受许多因素控制,其中包括岩浆源区地幔演化、火成岩岩石类型、岩浆侵位深度和成矿温度等多个方面。部分研究成果应作为找矿标志在实践中运用。     

Some thoughts on gold-rich porphyry copper deposits

Porphyry copper deposits carrying more than 0.4 gm/ton gold are briefly described from northwest Argentina, northwest Pakistan, the Intermontane belt of British Columbia, the Philippines, Sulawesi, Papua New Guinea, Sabah and Puerto Rico. Gold is normally present in potassium silicate alteration, which commonly carries an unusually high magnetite content. High gold content is not directly related to geotectonic setting, composition of the host intrusive, nature of the wall rocks, age of mineralization, erosion level, size of the ore body, or the presence or absence of sericitic alteration. Conditions conducive to a high gold content are likely to have developed in porphyry copper systems at or near to their present sites in the crust rather than at deeper levels during magma generation and ascent.     

Rhenium in porphyry copper deposits of the urals

The overwhelming majority of porphyry Mo-Au-Cu deposits in the Urals are related to the low-K quartz diorite minor intrusions of the island-arc type, which were formed from Silurian Middle-Late Carboniferous. In the South Urals, the Cu/Mo ratio of ore decreases eastward along with enrichment in Re. At the same time, molybdenite is depleted in this metal in compliance with more sialic crust and potassium content in ore-bearing dioritic rocks. Quartz diorites at the highest-Re deposits contain 1–2 wt % K₂O. At most Early-Middle Devonian deposits and occurrences of the western Tagil-Magnitogorsk-West Mugodzhary femic megazone, molybdenite is sporadic. The Re content in rocks was mainly determined using the kinetic method and to a lesser extent with ICP-MS. A Cameca SX-100 microprobe was also used for study of molybdenite. The Cu/Mo ratio of ore exceeds 600; the Mo content is commonly 1–15 ppm (occasionally up to 30 ppm and higher); the Re content is up to 0.01–0.04 ppm, sporadically increasing to 0.08–0.17 ppm. At the same time, the Re content in molybdenite often reaches 0.2–0.4 wt %. The highest Re concentration was established in the ore of the largest Mikheevsky deposit formed in the Late Devonian-Early Carboniferous and localized in the easternmost part of the East Ural sialic-femic megazone. The Re content in the orebodies of this deposit often reaches 0.2–0.5 ppm (up to 1.4–2.7 ppm) and 0.21 wt % in molybdenite. The average Mo grade of ore is 80 ppm and Cu/Mo ratio is 66. These data and Sr isotopic composition of ore-bearing granitoid and metasomatic rocks [(⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_t = 0.7038–0.7051; (?_Nd)_t = 3–7] testify to the mantle source of matter with insignificant admixture of crustal material. The same is apparently valid for Re and Cu in contrast to Mo. This statement is corroborated by the inverse correlation between Cu/Mo and Mo/Re ratios in the ore. Fluid-crystal fractionation of ore-bearing dioritic rocks is accompanied by enrichment of ore in Mo and by decrease in Re content in molybdenite. In the Tarutino ore field, the pyrite-chalcopyrite mineralization gives way to the molybdenite mineralization in line with in-sequence intrusion of diorite with quartz-bearing groundmass and granodiorite porphyry. Because of increasing silica content in granitoids, the Re concentration in molybdenite commonly remains below 0.07 wt % as is noted at the rare deposits localized in the sialic megazones.     

斑岩铜矿研究中若干问题探讨

文章从全球角度对斑岩铜矿的若干问题进行了评述,对斑岩铜矿的源区及岩浆岩特征、Mash带的地质意义、埃达克岩与斑岩铜矿的关系、过渡岩浆的地质意义、中国斑岩铜矿概况及斑岩铜矿的一般模式等问题进行了探讨。     

斑岩铜(钼-金)矿床的成矿流体

斑岩铜矿是主要的铜资源,是矿床研究和勘查的重要目标。斑岩铜矿按其与板块构造的关系可分为2种:俯冲带斑岩铜矿和碰撞造山带斑岩铜矿,它们在成矿流体方面有很多区别,其中较大的差别是碰撞造山带斑岩铜矿的钾化蚀变带比俯冲带斑岩铜矿的钾化蚀变带强得多,且范围也相对较宽。文章简述了这2种斑岩矿床的主要地质特征,着重从流体包裹体、蚀变作用和稳定同位素研究来探讨斑铜矿床成矿流体的主要特征,包括成矿流体的成分、形成温度和压力,氢、氧、碳和硫稳定同位素组成。这两种类型的斑岩铜矿中主要发育5种包裹体:M熔体包裹体;Ⅰ液体包裹体;Ⅱ气体包裹体;Ⅲ含子矿物的多相包裹体和CO2_H2O包裹体。Ⅱ类和Ⅲ类包裹体常共存,且均一温度相似,表明成矿流体经历了不混溶和沸腾作用。在Ⅲ类含子矿物的包裹体中发现了含金属硫化物(黄铜矿、黄铁矿)和氧化物(赤铁矿、磁铁矿)子矿物。在斑岩金矿和碰撞造山带的斑岩铜矿中出现CO2_H2O包裹体,在斑岩的斑晶和一些早期石英脉的石英中可见到熔体包裹体以及熔体_流体包裹体,它们代表斑岩岩浆的样品,说明斑岩铜矿的形成经历了岩浆和热液阶段。最近的研究表明,斑岩铜矿的初始流体是中等盐度和密度的岩浆流体。这种流体在上升过程中因压力释放而发生沸腾,形成气体包裹体和含子矿物的高盐度包裹体。     

纳米比亚西南部斑岩型铜矿地质特征

纳米比亚西南部奥兰治河海伯地区是纳米比亚重要的铜矿产地之一,区内的海伯铜矿和罗雷铜矿具有明显的斑岩型成矿特征。控制铜矿的斑岩体为古元古代威尔斯锥夫岩基的岩枝、岩株状分支,矿体的围岩为古元古界奥兰治河群海伯亚群。威尔斯锥夫岩基与奥兰治河群均为钙碱性火成岩和火山-沉积岩组合,形成于大陆边缘俯冲带的构造背景环境,结合海伯铜矿和罗雷铜矿地质及同位素特征,文章认为该区斑岩型铜矿可能为板块构造成矿。     

中国大陆斑岩铜矿若干问题

斑岩铜矿床的铜金属储量占世界的一半以上,是全球最具经济意义的矿床类型.中国大陆具有独特的地质演化历史,显生宙以来一系列构造-岩浆活动,促成了富水岩浆的浅成、超浅成侵位,为斑岩铜矿床的形成创造了有利的环境.文章立足于中国大陆的成矿地质背景,对中国大陆的斑岩铜矿床的时空分布再次进行了梳理和分析,在三大古板块边界控制成矿域的基本体制下,进一步强调次级“微板块”构造与斑岩铜矿床的成因联系,提出了“3大成矿域、7大成矿区”的区划方案,并以特提斯成矿域“陆缘增生-陆内深熔作用”为重点,探讨了具有中国大陆特色的板内成矿作用.     

Exploration potential of Cu isotope fractionation in porphyry copper deposits

We examined the copper isotope ratio of primary high temperature Cu-sulfides, secondary low temperature Cu-sulfides (and Cu-oxides) as well as Fe-oxides in the leach cap, which represent the weathered remains of a spectrum of Cu mineralization, from nine porphyry copper deposits. Copper isotope ratios are reported as δ⁶⁵Cu‰ = ((⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu_sample/⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu_{NIST 976 standard}) − 1) ? 10³. Errors for all the analyses are ± 0.14‰ (determined by multiple analyses of the samples) and mass bias was corrected through standard-sample-standard bracketing. The overall isotopic variability measured in these samples range from − 16.96‰ to 9.98‰.     

大型斑岩铜矿成矿的深部构造岩浆活动背景

笔者以深部地球物理探测结果为基础，将地球物理与地质、地球化学资料结合起来分析了南美稳态的洋陆俯冲体制下安第斯斑岩铜矿带、藏南不稳态的陆陆碰撞体制下冈底斯斑岩铜矿带和不稳态的陆岛陆碰撞体制下三江地区的玉龙斑岩铜矿带渐新世以来深部成矿的构造岩浆活动背景条件，总结归纳出6条成矿的基本条件：（1）要有上地幔来源的高温岩浆热液的大量供给；（2）要有区域性铜的萃取来源；（3）要有上地壳的部分熔融层或岩浆房。以提供含铜热液的循环沉淀条件；（4）地壳上层构造体系中的张性断裂。以供岩浆热液的就位；（5）围岩的化学性质对矿质沉淀是重要的；（6）构造的相对稳态期。为矿质大量沉淀积累创造条件。在不稳态体制下要寻找相对稳态的时段。陆陆碰撞体制与洋陆俯冲体制下成矿作用的主要不同之处是构造的不稳态期长、陆壳加厚与构造复杂化．岩石层碎裂发育机制等。提出了冈底斯带的新的找矿远景地带。     

Platinum-group elements in porphyry copper deposits: a reconnaissance study

Summary Sulphide and flotation concentrates from 33 porphyry copper deposits have been investigated for platinum-group elements (PGE), Au, Cu and platinum-group minerals (PGM). The major sulphides in the samples studied are chalcopyrite and pyrite. Bornite is less frequent and molybdenite occurs in traces only. PGM (merenskyite, sperrylite and an unidentified Pd-Sb telluride) have been found as inclusions in chalcopyrite.Pd and Pt are present in concentrations above the analytical detection limit (> 8 ppb) in 70% respectively 30% of the deposits studied. The contents of Os, Ir, Ru and Rh are below detection limits in all samples. The analytical results show that 7 deposits (six of island arc and one of continental margin setting) reveal relatively high Pd contents (130–1900 ppb) which are associated with high Au contents (1–28 ppm). In five of them discrete PGM can be identified in accordance with elevated levels of Pd. Correlations of Au, Pd and Pt point towards a common origin.Even though the data base is relatively small, a trend is obvious, suggesting that Au-rich island arc porphyry copper deposits might host more Pd and Pt than the continental margin type ones. Other aspects of intrusive rocks, such as geological age, chemical composition and magma type do not seem to influence PGE contents.

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Platingruppen-Elemente in porphyrischen Kupfer Lagerstätten: eine Überblicksstudie

Zusammenfassung Es wurden Sulfid- und Flotationskonzentrate aus 33 Porphyry Kupfer Lagerstätten: auf Platingruppenelemente (PGE), Au, Cu and Platingruppenminerale (PGM) untersucht. Die Hauptsulfide im untersuchten Probenmaterial sind Chalkopyrit und Pyrit. Bornit ist weniger häufig and Molybdänit tritt nur in Spuren auf. An PGM wurden Merenskyit (in den Lagerstätten: Elacite, Majdanpek and Skouries), Sperrylith und ein nicht näher identifizierbares Pd-Sb- Tellurid (in der Lagerstätte Mamut) als Einschlüsse in Chalkopyrit festgestellt.Pd ist in 70% and Pt in 30% der untersuchten Lagerstätten: nachweisbar (> 8 ppb), während die Gehalte von Os, Ir, Ru and Rh in allen Proben unterhalb der Nachweisgrenze liegen. In 7 Lagerstätten: (davon sechs vom Inselbogen- und eine vom Kontinentalrandtyp) wurden relativ hohe Pd-Konzentrationen (130–1900 ppb) festgestellt, die auch durch hohe Au-Gehalte (1–28 ppm) gekennzeichnet sind. In 5 Lagerstätten: sind entsprechend den hohen Pd-Gehalten PGM nachweisbar.Geochemische Korrelationen zwischen Au, Pd and Pt weisen auf eine gemeinsame Herkunft dieser Metalle hin. Obwohl der Datenbestand noch relativ klein ist, ist ein Trend bereits sichtbar, daß Au-reiche Inselbogenporphyries Where Pd- und Pt- Gehalte erwarten lassen als der Kontinentalrand-Typ. Andere Aspekte wie geologisches Alter, Magmentyp and Chemismus der betreffenden Intrusivgesteine spielen bei der PGEFührung offensichtlich keine Rolle.

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With 8 Figures     

斑岩铜矿的源岩或源区探讨

世界斑岩铜矿主要产于中亚-蒙古带，环太平洋带和特提斯带，上述三个地带分别为古生代、中新生代和新生代聚合板块最活跃的地区。还有少数斑岩铜矿产于前寒武纪造山带，推测类似的板块聚合的地质环境可能从前寒武纪就开始了。作者结合斑岩铜矿产出的地质环境分析，利用大量锶初始值、εNd(t)，εSr(t)和REE等资料，说明成矿斑岩的源岩或源区与大洋玄武岩(或亏损上地幔)比较接近。由此推测成矿斑岩主要是洋壳或上地幔部分熔融的产物，但也有部分下地壳混合的证据。斑岩铜矿带在空间上与活动大陆边缘相吻合，与板块缝合带相伴生(产于板块缝合带的上盘)；在时间上从洋壳俯冲(Subduction)到陆陆碰撞造山过程(Continent-continent collision orogeny)都有斑岩铜矿产生，因此，它们贯穿活动大陆边缘增生到岩石圈折沉整个过程。     

西藏东缘玉龙斑岩铜矿带含矿岩体时代及斑岩铜金矿床形成研究

西藏东缘玉龙斑岩铜矿带是中国最大的新生代斑岩铜矿带。玉龙斑岩铜矿床位于红河-哀牢山断裂带北延，主要由5个含矿斑岩体组成，从NW往SE依次为玉龙、扎拉尕、莽总、多霞松多及马拉松多。玉龙斑岩铜矿带含矿斑岩体锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Th-Pb年龄表明含矿斑岩体形成时代在41.2~36.9 Ma之间，含矿斑岩形成时代从NW往SE逐渐减少。含矿斑岩活动时代和红河-哀牢山及其北延的走滑断裂活动时代一致。含矿斑岩体年龄变化特征及微量元素特征表明含矿斑岩体形成受走滑俯冲构造控制。含矿斑岩体锆石Ce⁴⁺/Ce³⁺比值较高，表明含矿岩浆为高氧化性岩浆。岩浆阶段岩浆中的硫多为氧化硫，而成矿时则为还原硫占优势的还原环境，因此，岩浆演化晚期斑岩铜金矿床成矿系统从氧化硫占优势的氧化环境还原成还原硫占优势的还原环境，为斑岩铜金矿床形成提供充足的硫源，在成矿中起着关键作用。     

西藏斑岩铜矿的前景展望

世界斑岩铜矿主要产于中生代一新生代环太平洋带、古特提斯带和古生代中亚—蒙古带，因为上述3带为聚合板块集中分布地区。中国西藏集中了金沙江聚合带、雅鲁藏布江聚合带和怒江—班公错聚合带，为世界上聚合板块最发育地区之一，具有较长的大洋板块俯冲和陆—陆碰撞的造山历史，构造—花岗质岩浆十分发育，其中深源高侵位的花岗质斑岩分布广泛，对于形成斑岩铜矿和其他相关矿床十分有利，为找矿评价斑岩铜(金)矿很有前景的地区。笔者借鉴世界和中国评价斑岩铜矿的经验，同时收集了西藏近年来找寻评价斑岩铜矿有关的地质资料，对西藏斑岩铜矿的前景进行了展望。     

新疆东天山斑岩铜矿的找矿模型试探

东天山斑岩铜（钼）矿床位于新疆东天山觉洛塔格晚古生代岛弧北缘的大草滩断裂南侧。该区自早石炭世开始拉张，晚石炭世早期转入汇聚阶段，区内经历了拉张、汇聚、碰撞－固结，陆内堆积和纾张作用多类地质事件，形成一套双峰式火山－沉积建造，复理石建造和钙碱笥系列的花岗岩类侵入建造（属辉长岩－闪长岩－花岗长岩，斜长花岗岩－二长花岗岩组合）。与成矿作用有成因联系的含矿母岸为斜长花岗斑岩和闪长玢岩。研究认为属斑岩型铜（钼）矿床，矿床蚀变强烈，有明显的分带性。在矿产勘查中，应用地质、遥感、地球物理和地球化学勘查方法，其效果甚佳，试探建立了东天山斑岩铜（钼）矿床的找矿模型雏型。     

还原性围岩在斑岩钼矿成矿中的作用

斑岩钼(铜)矿是重要的钼矿资源类型,高氧逸度岩浆是公认的评价斑岩成矿的有效指标。但前人关注的焦点是成矿母岩浆的起源与演化,还原性围岩在斑岩成矿中的作用长期被忽视,是什么触发了高氧化性含矿岩浆热液的还原与成矿还存在不同的认识。文章在前人工作基础上,以中国秦岭-大别、华北克拉通北缘的南泥湖-三道庄-上房沟、沙坪沟、曹四夭等斑岩型钼矿和美国Climax-Henderson巨型斑岩钼矿带中Mt. Emmons等斑岩钼矿为例,重点研究了斑岩钼矿的区域分布与还原性围岩之间的空间关系及成因联系,探讨了斑岩成矿系统氧化还原状态在成矿过程中的变化及触发机制。笔者发现斑岩钼矿的区域分布明显受黑色含碳质地层和中基性火山岩控制,在成矿过程中黑色含碳质围岩普遍发生褪色蚀变;主成矿期矿物流体包裹体中普遍含有甲烷,蚀变围岩和矿床中热液方解石的δ¹³C值普遍较低。因此,笔者提出含碳质地层和中基性火山岩等围岩中还原性组分的加入是引发斑岩钼(铜)矿成矿系统氧化-还原状态转变和成矿金属沉淀的关键。碳质围岩中有机质热解/碳-水反应产生的甲烷是重要还原剂,CH₄沿构造裂隙扩散进入斑岩...     

The michiquillay porphyry copper deposit

Michiquillay is a mineralized intrusive quartz monzonite porphyry displaying typical porphyry copper alteration zones as found in metallized intrusives of that composition. From the interior outward these are the phyllic, argillic and propylitic zones. The potassic zone is not exposed at the surface. The intrusion and the center of mineralization coincide with the intersection of a major transverse fault and a cross fault. Mineralization appears dominantly to occur in fractures which may be related to each of these major structures, and is ascribed in origin to simultaneous movement on each fault during the period of hydrothermal activity. The stockwork developed at the fault intersection, and which is the locus of the ore body, fades as distance is gained away from its center. Coincidentally, intensity of mineralization also weakens.