低幅应变条件下粉质黏土泊松比的非线性特征

对哈尔滨原状粉质黏土进行共振柱试验,通过扭转及弯曲试验得出相应的弹性模量E、剪切模量G、泊松比ν,旨在分析低幅应变下粉质黏土泊松比随应变发展的非线性特征。试验结果表明：随着应变的增大,粉质黏土剪切模量与弹性模量均出现衰减,但二者衰减并不同步,剪切模量先于弹性模量发生衰减;泊松比随着应变的增大而增大,并随着围压的升高而降低;在半对数坐标系下,泊松比与归一化剪切模量 近似呈线性关系,基于此提出低幅应变下泊松比预测模型。理论推导证明：低幅应变下ν- 曲线呈线性具有其必然性;随着应变的发展和 值的降低,ν- 曲线由斜率一定的线性段过渡到斜率逐渐降低的非线性段,并最终趋近于一定值。基于理论推导建立了泊松比预测模型参数与Hardin-Drnevich模型参数的关系,由此可依据低幅应变下ν- 曲线形态对较高应变下泊松比进行预测,实例验证表明该方法预测结果较好,具有一定应用价值。     

小应变条件下应力路径旋转对剪切模量影响

以重塑土经 固结形成的试样以及经 固结后通过特殊应力路径达到特定应力状态的试样为对象,研究了在小应变范围内应力路径旋转对土体剪切模量的影响以及剪切模量随应变变化的趋势。研究表明,在小应变范围内：（1）剪切模量的初始值随试验应力路径与近期应力历史间的夹角 增大而增大,当两者完全相反时,应力路径旋转对土体在小应变条件下的剪切模量影响最大;完全一致时,其影响最弱。（2）割线剪切模量总是大于切线剪切模量;剪切模量随着剪切应变的增加而衰减,且衰减规律保持一致,但应力路径、应变范围不同时其衰减幅度不同。在小应变条件下,土体表现出各向异性,但随剪切应变的增加而逐渐减小,最终表示为近似各向同性;同时由应力路径旋转对模量的影响也随着剪切应变的增加而逐渐衰减。     

基于颗粒间应变的饱和黏土小应变各向异性非线性本构模型

饱和黏土的各向异性小应变特性对软土地下工程及其环境影响分析具有重要意义。现有小应变本构模型因较为复杂而无法直接应用于预测土体变形和分析土与结构相互作用的简化方法,且小应变模量常被假设为各向同性。基于颗粒间应变(IGS),建立了形式简单、参数易于确定的非线性弹性模型,其考虑了小应变刚度的各向异性、剪切模量随应变幅衰减、最近应力历史效应以及大应变阶段剪切体变耦合特性。通过对芝加哥黏土不同应力路径单元体试验的模拟,得到以下主要结论:(1)新建模型可以较好模拟不同应力路径下小应变刚度衰减、大应变阶段应力-应变关系、孔隙水压发展以及剪胀性,同时可较好近似高等弹塑性模型;(2)IGS模型较现有Overlay模型可以更好地模拟处于单调加载和应力完全反转之间的应力旋转对小应变刚度的影响;(3)各向异性可显著影响应变非常小时的土体刚度,导致路径旋转角较小的应力路径具有更高的初始模量,但随着应变的增长,最近应力历史会成为左右小应变刚度的主要因素。     

南京饱和细砂液化后大变形条件下动剪切模量衰减特征研究

针对南京饱和细砂液化后特大变形条件下(双幅剪应变接近100%)应力-应变关系特征,分析了有效围压和初始静剪应力比等因素对南京饱和细砂初始液化后特大变形条件下应力-应变关系曲线的影响规律,即在液化后多次循环加载条件下零有效应力阶段、剪胀阶段和反向卸载阶段的剪切模量随单向流动累积变形的衰减特征。结果表明:有效围压、初始静剪应力和循环加载幅值对南京饱和细砂初始液化后特大变形条件下应力-应变关系曲线在零有效应力阶段和剪胀阶段的剪切模量大小及其衰减特征的影响不明显,而对反向卸载阶段的剪切模量大小和衰减特征的影响相对较大。随着有效围压和加载幅值分别增大,南京饱和细砂初始液化后特大变形条件下应力-应变关系曲线反向卸载阶段剪切模量都有明显增大的趋势,同时其剪切模量随后续循环加载次数的衰减速度也变快。但随着初始剪应力的增大,该阶段剪切模量随后续循环加载次数的衰减速度有减慢的趋势。同时,基于试验结果,给出了南京饱和细砂初始液化后特大变形条件下应力-应变关系曲线在不同阶段的剪切模量与单向流动累积变形有关的衰减函数及其拟合参数确定方法。     

冻融循环对石灰处置粉质黏土静强度影响研究

以吉林－荒岗高速公路沿线的粉质黏土为研究对象,对不同石灰掺入比的土样试件进行0、2、4、6、8、10、12次冻融循环试验。通过室内静三轴试验,研究了冻融循环作用对石灰处置粉质黏土强度的影响。研究结果表明,石灰处置粉质黏土的应力-应变关系曲线呈应变软化型,峰值强度随围压增大而升高,粉质黏土峰值强度降低幅度值比石灰处置粉质黏土峰值强度降低幅度值大,经历4次冻融后应力-应变曲线峰值强度趋于稳定;冻融作用后石灰处置粉质黏土抗剪强度衰减率比粉质黏土的抗剪强度衰减率小,抗剪强度随围压的升高而增大;同一围压条件下石灰处置粉质黏土弹性模量随着冻融次数增加逐渐减小,经历4次冻融后基本趋于稳定。     

长江入海口原状土动剪切模量预测方法探究

为探究同一类原状土在各应变范围内动剪切模量G随土层深度H的变化规律,对长江入海口处同一钻孔自地表至基岩深度范围内原状粉质黏土与粉土展开系列共振柱试验。试验发现：原状粉质黏土与粉土在各应变范围内G均随H的增加而规律性增加,最大动剪切模量Gmax随H的增加而线性上升;G衰减关系随H的增加呈现规律性降低。试验结果表明：原状土G与土层深度H存在一定相关,据此提出了分别基于土层深度H和Hardin模型的G预测方法,用以预测各类原状土在不同深度下的Gmax及其在各应变范围内的G。通过3种预测方法的对比分析,得出基于土层深度H的G预测方法最具优势,并且通过对渤海海域原状土数据的重新处理进一步验证了该方法的适用性。     

超固结粉质黏土快速大剪切力学特性

本文借助于先进的多功能大型高速高压环剪试验机,通过进行不同应力历史、剪切速度和正应力等条件下的系列试验,对吉林长春地区广泛分布的超固结粉质黏土在快速大剪切位移条件下的力学响应特性进行了试验研究。试验结果显示,前期固结历史和剪切速度不仅对超固结粉质黏土的抗剪强度变化具有显著的影响作用,并且对于其峰后应变软化亦产生明显的影响。在相同剪切速率和正应力条件下,前期固结压力越大,其峰值强度和残余强度值越大。不同剪切速度下的试验结果表明,在具有相同应力历史的条件下,峰值强度和峰后应力降低随着剪切速度的增大而增大。剪切速度越快越有利于土应变软化的产生以及剪切面的形成。在快速大剪切条件下对长春地区超固结粉质黏土抗剪强度变化起主要作用的是剪切过程中土体结构的变化和剪切面的生成,而剪切过程中孔隙水的作用并不显著。     

粉质黏土卸荷变形特性试验研究

依托武汉长江隧道江北明挖段基坑工程,开展了一系列的K0固结状态下原状粉质黏土卸荷应力路径排水剪三轴试验,并对卸荷变形特性进行了深入分析。分析表明：卸荷应力路径下原状粉质黏土的应力-应变关系与应力路径有着密切的关系,近似呈双曲线型。根据应力-应变曲线表现,可将卸荷应力路径分为A、B两组,A组应力路径试样表现为轴向压缩;B组应力路径试样表现为轴向伸长。卸荷应力路径下粉质黏土的应力-应变关系具有良好的归一化特性,同一应力路径下不同固结压力的应力-应变曲线可采用双曲线函数用平均固结压力归一化,但A、B两组应力路径下的归一化方程有所差别。给出了各种应力路径下的归一化方程,可为卸荷土体的变形参数及本构关系研究提供参考。     

粉质黏土的真三轴试验及强度特性研究

为研究复杂应力路径下粉质黏土强度特性,利用TSW-40型土壤真三轴仪,开展了不同试验条件下粉质黏土的真三轴试验。研究了真三维应力状态下粉质黏土应力-应变曲线变化规律,探讨了含水率、固结围压和中主应力比等试验条件对粉质黏土强度的影响规律,对比分析了真三维应力状态下 平面上粉质黏土试验值与Mohr-Coulomb（简称M-C）强度准则和双剪强度准则的差异。研究结果表明：真三维应力状态下粉质黏土的广义剪应力-剪应变曲线主要表现为应变硬化型。粉质黏土强度随中主应力比和固结围压的增大而增大,随着含水率的增大而减小。 平面上粉质黏土的强度包络线随静水压力 的增大向外逐渐扩展,随含水率 的增大向内逐渐收缩。 平面上M-C强度极限线和双剪强度屈服极限线与试验值对比分析表明,M-C强度准则描述土体强度时结果偏小,采用双剪强度准则时结果偏大。     

粉质黏土周期荷载后的不排水强度衰化特性

在3种不同围压下进行了一系列重塑粉质黏土的静三轴和动-静三轴不排水剪切试验,得到了不同动应力水平条件下粉质黏土的孔压、动应变和不排水剪切强度值。通过对土样的不排水强度、孔压和动应变的无量纲化处理,确定了周期荷载作用后粉质黏土的不排水强度比与动载引起的孔压比和动应变比之间的相关关系。试验结果表明：粉质黏土在周期荷载作用后的不排水强度衰减程度取决于动载引起的动应变比值和孔压比值。当周期荷载引起的动应变比值小于0.1时,孔压比增长较快,土样的不排水强度几乎没有衰减;当动应变比大于0.1时,孔压比增长变慢,土样的不排水强度明显衰减;当动应变比值接近1时,孔压比值达到0.9,土样的不排水强度衰减程度约达到55 %     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861