藏西北三岔口地区泥瓮系生物礁特征及其意义

在羌塘西部的三岔口一带泥盆系拉竹龙组中发现规模较大的生物礁——台地前缘礁。下层礁体厚7．28m，上层礁体厚40.98m。两个礁体均为叠置礁，礁体由礁基、礁核、礁顶组成。剖面显示发育有礁前垮塌角砾、礁格架、礁间及礁后环境。泥盆纪生物礁的发现为羌塘盆地寻找油气资源提供了新思路。     

藏北巴青中侏罗世Liostrea障积礁的发现

在藏北巴青县马如乡布曲组中发现中侏罗世Liostrea障积礁，据造礁生物不同可分为Liostrea障积礁和Cyanobacteria－Liostrea粘结—障积礁。它们多呈似层状和层状，单个礁体厚4～8m，累计总厚为20～25m。Liostrea是一种单体牡蛎状的双壳类动物，分为左右两瓣壳，左壳强烈膨凸，右壳扁平，系以左壳固着生活特化而成，在本区构成了Liostrea群落和Cyanobacteria－Liostrea群落，代表温暖、清洁的正常浅海环境。     

藏北巴青中侏罗世Liostrea障积樵的发现

在藏北巴青县马如乡布曲组中发现中侏罗世Liostrea障积礁，据造礁生物不同可分为Liostrea障积礁和Cyanobacteria-Liostrea粘结－障积礁。它们多呈似层状和层状，单个礁体厚4－8m，累计总厚为20－25m。Liostrea是一种单体牡蛎状的双壳类动物，分为左右两瓣壳，左壳强烈膨凸，右壳扁平，系以左壳固着生活特化而成，在本区构成了Liostrea群落和Cyanobacteria-Liostrea群落，代表温暖、清洁的正常浅海环境。     

南盘江坳陷二叠纪生物礁油气勘探前景

本文总结近40个礁体的特征后,提出南盘江坳陷内礁分为台缘礁和台隆礁两种,礁体中普遍发现沥青,多数富集在礁顶50m范围内,礁体邻近有较好的生油岩,礁顶有巨厚的三叠纪平尔关相泥质岩和碎屑岩覆盖,地腹台隆型构造存在,具有较好的生物礁气勘探前景。     

广西南丹县六寨泥盆纪生物礁

南丹县六寨生物礁,产于中泥盆世东岗岭组中。它长4.5km、宽300m,最大厚度达158m,是广西最大的生物礁之一。该礁体属台地边缘相中的堤礁,可细分为六个亚相。岩石类型有棘屑灰岩,塌积角砾岩,生物屑灰岩,层孔虫——珊瑚灰岩、泥晶灰岩等。造礁生物有层孔虫、刺毛类,附礁生物有珊瑚、腕足类、棘皮类等。礁体生长经历了二个阶段,五个造礁时期,至东岗岭末期即告结束。     

羌塘盆地生物礁岩特征与沉积模式

在三叠纪-白垩纪，特提斯海域内发育有大量的生物礁岩，羌塘盆地内亦广泛发育。生物礁沉积序列可划分为4类：(1)浅滩相生屑灰岩、核形石灰岩→生物礁岩→开阔台地相泥晶灰岩→斜坡相角砾岩；(2)开阔台地相灰岩→生物礁岩→局限台地相白云质灰岩；(3)浅滩相生屑灰岩→滨岸相碎屑岩；(4)潮坪相粉砂岩、泥灰岩→潮坪砂坝生屑灰岩→生物礁岩→潮坪砂坝生屑灰岩→潮坪相泥灰岩。生物礁岩可分为骨架岩、障积岩与粘结岩3种成因类型。成岩作用有重结晶、胶结、压实、压溶与破裂、溶蚀作用等。主要孔隙类型包括原生孔隙、裂隙与溶蚀孔、缝三类。晚三叠世造礁生物主要为珊瑚和藻类；中晚侏罗世以珊瑚礁与海绵礁为主。生物礁岩以海进体系为主，高位体系域也有发育，低位体系域中少见。可分为珊瑚礁、海绵礁、藻礁和层孔虫礁。南羌塘坳陷西部以珊瑚礁为主，东部以海绵礁为主；北羌塘坳陷西部为藻类珊瑚礁、层孔虫礁，台地内部有珊瑚礁、海绵礁。按古地理位置可分为台地边缘礁和台地内部礁，前者分布规模大，在地震剖面上也有明显的反映，有可能成为重要的油气储层。生物礁的发育状况全球海平面升降所控制。     

东昆仑早—中二叠世生物礁建造特征

本文从造礁群落演替、层序地层和海平面升降等方面,结合大地构造引起基底沉降的证据,论述了东昆仑早—中二叠世生物礁的建造特征。东昆仑生物礁中包含6种造礁群落,各群落生物组成和结构与环境因素密切相关,4个生物礁发育阶段中群落演替关系显著。礁相地层中可识别SB_1层序界面1个和SB_2界面4个,可划分出5个三级层序。层序的沉积相序显示清晰,按曲线形态将海平面升降归为4个周期。据区域地层和相分布资料反映的古地理环境变迁,推论出石炭纪至早—中二叠世造礁期柴达木地块与羌塘地块间聚合离散的4个构造期。东昆仑生物礁的生长发育与造礁群落的演化阶段、海平面升降周期和大地构造期彼此吻合,证明生物礁建造与各控制因素间具密切制约关系。海西中—晚期柴达木地块与羌塘地块的开—合转换,为生物大规模造礁创造了长期稳定的环境。     

西沙西科1井第四系生物礁-碳酸盐岩的岩石学特征

从西科1井生物礁-碳酸盐岩的岩心观察和岩石学特征的分析入手, 重点刻画了第四系全新-更新统乐东组生物礁-碳酸盐岩的岩石类型和生物礁类型.543片铸体薄片分析和214.89 m岩心观察表明: 岩石类型主要为粒泥灰岩、泥粒灰岩和骨架灰岩, 其次为粘结灰岩、颗粒灰岩、漂砾灰岩和砾屑灰岩.在纵向上, 埋深0~10 m层段以颗粒灰岩为主, 埋深10~22 m层段为生物碎屑砂分布段, 埋深22.00~214.89 m层段以粒泥灰岩、泥粒灰岩和骨架灰岩为主.生物礁类型以骨架礁为主, 造礁生物为珊瑚和少量珊瑚藻.骨架礁在埋深0~214.89 m均有发育, 丛状和块(段)状礁仅分布于埋深83~98 m.      

安徽含山和州组小茨山珊瑚礁的发现

<正> 小茨山珊瑚礁剖面位于安徽含山县城南4km处的小茨山东坡,地层为和州组,礁体南北向延展100余米,地层倾向北西。下伏高骊山组为生物碎屑钙质泥岩,厚0.2m,棕     

黔南扁平村晚石炭世生物礁生物群落分析

在黔南紫云猴场镇以西约4 km扁平村发现了新的大型生物礁组合。该礁产于马平组Triticites带内,时间上隶属于晚石炭世晚期。通过对该礁组合中生物群落的详细研究,将其自下而上划分为组合面貌不同的6个群落。其中成礁生物群落有两个：珊Ivanoviacfmanchurica,叶状藻Eugonophyllum和菌藻类蓝细菌群落及珊瑚Formitchevella群落。前者各种生物在不同环境中独立发育构成小点礁,彼此平行排列,形成下部点礁层;后者由大型笙柱状排列的Formitchevella构成其上部主礁体。这些群落代表了生物礁的不同发展阶段,显示了在造礁过程中生物种类更替演化的特征,而群落演化与成礁有一致的对应关系,并控制着该生物礁的发育和规模。以特征生物Formitchevella为代表的造礁群落的组成、结构、生态特征和礁体生长发育模式在中国乃至世界上的石炭纪礁体中都是独特的,构成了晚石炭世罕见的非藻造架生物礁。扁平村生物礁的发现,丰富了世界石炭纪造礁生物群落的类型,为研究石炭纪造礁生物群落演化、礁体生长及建立生物礁生长动力学模型提供了新的实例。     

Stromatoporoid growth forms and Devonian reef fabrics in the Upper Devonian Alexandra Reef System,Canada – Insight on the challenges of applying Devonian reef facies models

Existing facies models for Devonian reef systems can be divided into high‐energy and low‐energy types. A number of assumptions have been made in the development of these models and, in some cases, criteria that distinguish important aspects of the models are poorly defined. The Upper Devonian Alexandra Reef System contains a variety of reef fabrics from different depositional environments and is ideal for studying the range of environments in which stromatoporoids thrived and the facies from these different environments. A wide variety of stromatoporoid growth forms including laminar, tabular, anastamosing laminar and tabular, domal, bulbous, dendroid, expanding conical, concave‐up whorled‐laminar, concave‐up massive tabular and platy‐multicolumnar are present in the Alexandra Reef System. The whorled‐laminar and massive tabular concave‐up growth forms are virtually undocumented from other Devonian reefs but were common in the reef front of the Alexandra, where they thrived in a low‐energy environment around and below fair‐weather wave base. In contrast, high‐energy parts of the reef margin were dominated by bioclastic rubble deposits with narrow ribbon‐like discontinuous bodies of laminar stromatoporoid framestone. In the lagoon, laminar stromatoporoids formed steep‐sided sediment‐dominated bioherms in response to sea‐level rise and flooding. Relying mostly on the different reef facies in the Alexandra system, a new classification scheme for Devonian reef fabrics has been developed. Devonian reef fabrics can be classified as being: (i) sediment‐laden metazoan dominated; (ii) metazoan–microbial dominated (boundstone); (iii) metazoan dominated (framestone); or (iv) metazoan–marine cement dominated. Distinction of these fabrics carries important sedimentary and palaeoecological implications for reconstructing the depositional environment. With examples from the Alexandra Formation, it is demonstrated that reef facies accumulated in a range of depositional environments and that the simple observation of massive stromatoporoids with or without microbial deposits does not automatically imply a high‐energy reef margin, as otherwise portrayed in a number of the existing facies models for these systems.     

Facies, geometry and geological significance of Late Ordovician (early Caradocian) coral bioherms: Lourdes Formation, western Newfoundland

Late Ordovician coral bioherms in the Lourdes Formation of western Newfoundland exhibit a complex mixing of architectural elements, including framework, boundstone and suspension deposits. The bioherms occur within a narrow (16 m) stratigraphic interval, and a prominent unconformity truncates the interval of bioherm growth and tops of many of the bioherms. The buildups developed along a carbonate ramp. They occur isolated and in groups, individuals in groups are aligned in parallel orientation. The sizes of the bioherms range from small (50–100 cm) coral piles to columnar and dome‐shaped masses (1–15 m); however, topographic relief was never more than ≈1 m. Bioherm construction reflects: (i) stacking of the tabulate coral Labyrinthites chidlensis, and less common stromatoporoids; (ii) accumulation of microbial‐stromatoporoid boundstone and suspension deposits within shelter cavities between corals; and (iii) detrital bioherm‐flank skeletal grainstone beds. Trypanites borings are common in the tops of coral heads. The bioherms exhibit three growth‐development stages: (i) seafloor stabilization, wherein rare, abraded coral colonies lie scattered within pelmatozoan/skeletal grainstone lenses; (ii) colonization, wherein corals (L. chidlensis), rare stromatoporoids (Labechia sp.), and other biota (bryozoans) produced a bioherm overlying the basal sediment base; and (iii) diversification, which is marked by a more diverse range of fauna and flora as well as occurrence of shelter‐cavity deposits. The diversification stage usually makes up more than 70% of a bioherm structure, and, in some defines multiple periods of start‐up and shut‐down of bioherm growth. The latter is defined by bored omission surfaces and/or deposition of inter‐bioherm sediment. The Lourdes bioherms have a similar ecological structure, biotic diversity and depositional environment to patch reefs in the equivalent Carters Limestone in Tennessee. The mixture of coral stacking and boundstone as architectural elements identify an Early Palaeozoic transition of reef‐design development along shallow‐water platforms that began to displace the muddy (boundstone, bafflestone) carbonate buildups more typical of the Early and Middle Ordovician time.     

A Study of Devonian Reefs from Southern China

Three Devonian reefs (bioherms) from Yunnan and Guangxi, southern China, are studied in detail. Six microfacies types are differentiated. Colonial rugose corals (Columnaria, Disphyllum and Hexagonaria) at Qujing, tabulate corals (Alveolites) with massive stromatoporoids (Actinostroma and Stromatoporella) and sponges at Panxi, and massive stromatoporoids (Actinostroma, Trupetostroma and Stromatoporella) at Yangshuo belong to the most important reef builders. All the three reefs studied clearly reveal a successive evolution history. They developed on the carbonate banks, shallow carbonate platforms and platform margins in the Late Givetian and terminated in the Frasnian due to sea-level falls related to local uplifts of platforms. This coincides with a eustatic fall of relative sea level at the Frasnian/Famennian transition.     

湘中地区的泥盆系基底断裂、岩相和层控矿床

湖南中部地区,泥盆系发育良好,岩相变化显著,蕴藏有丰富的层控铅锌矿、黄铁矿矿床,著名的具有层控矿床特征的锡矿山锑矿床也出现于该层位中。本文试图在讨论本区加里东期构造背景、泥盆系岩相变化及层控矿床特点的基础上,说明基底断裂、岩相和层控矿床之间的联系。这种关系在国内外其它层位的层控矿床中,也是具有普遍意义的。在我国,除湘中地区外,湘西、桂北、黔西、秦岭等地的许多层控矿床,均与基底断裂控制的不同岩相带有关。在国外,H.Skall(1975)曾详细论证了北东东向深大断裂与著名的加拿大派因帕因特铅锌矿床的岩相和矿化作用的关系。M.J.Russell(1968)也指出爱尔兰石炭系中的层控贱金属矿床受该区南北向的加里东断裂的控制。     

埋藏反馈及其对生物礁发育的作用

底栖生物与基底之间的关系十分密切,基底的性质直接影响生物的生活特性及分布。死亡生物的硬体骨骼大量堆积,将改变底栖生物生态环境的基底性质,产生埋藏反馈作用,从而使底栖生物群落发生演替。生物礁的初期发育阶段直接受到埋藏反馈的影响。本文结合国内外有关资料,系统论述了埋藏反馈及其对生物礁发育的影响。     

贵州独山中泥盆统生物礁中同生滑塌构造及其地质意义

贵州独山泥盆系是典型的浅海碳酸盐岩台地相沉积。独山鸡窝寨村中泥盆统鸡窝寨组下部发育由障积岩、粘结岩、骨架岩和生物砾灰岩等所构成的小型丘状生物礁,造礁生物主要为层孔虫和珊瑚。礁体内发育小型褶皱和小型断层等变形构造,褶皱以平卧褶皱和紧密褶皱为主,且转折端多以尖棱状和圆弧状为主,而小型断层则主要为小型的逆断层和分布于褶皱转折端的小型张性断层。礁体内的变形构造特征以及正常沉积的钙质泥岩基底和灰岩盖层共生表明,该生物礁形成过程中曾发生过可能与中泥盆世吉维特期黔桂海火山活动相关的同生变形滑塌,且可能与吉维特期黔贵海处较为频繁的火山活动相关。     

Facies mosaic and diagenetic patterns of the early Devonian (Late Pragian–Early Emsian) microbialite‐dominated carbonate sequences,Qasr Member,Jauf Formation,Saudi Arabia

The Al‐Jawf area of northern Saudi Arabia provides spectacular outcrops of Early Devonian carbonate bioherms in the Wadi Murayr and Dumat Al‐Jandal areas. These carbonate bioherms belong to the Qasr Member of the Late Pragian–Early Emsian Jauf Formation (~405 Ma) and are surrounded by a bioclastic carbonate succession. The Qasr Member is the first major carbonate unit of the Palaeozoic succession in Saudi Arabia that mainly consists of microbialite carbonates and metazoan reefs exhibiting distinct mound features. These bioherm complexes and their associated carbonate facies are pervasively dolomitized. Stratigraphic, petrographic and geochemical analyses were conducted to determine the facies distribution and interpret their depositional and diagenetic processes. A total of 11 facies are identified from a range of depositional environments within a carbonate platform system, ranging from tidal flats, lagoon, shoal, patch reefs to reef front. The main diagenetic processes are carbonate cementation and dolomitization. Dolomitization occurred as both fabric preserved (mostly in grain‐dominated facies) and fabric destructive (mud‐dominated facies). The microbialites and coralline sponges facies show poor reservoir with visual porosity less than 5%, but this succession may have a potential to serve as a good source for the underlying and overlying facies. Ooid and peloidal grainstone facies show fair to good visual porosity that locally exceeds 10% with intergranular porosity as the dominant type. However, in the most studied samples, vuggy and intraparticle porosities are observed as the dominant type. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

构造和地层背景对华南、澳大利亚和日本晚泥盆世和密西西比纪生物礁发育的影响

在西澳大利亚坎宁盆地泥盆纪生物礁组合和东澳大利亚昆士兰州密西西比纪生物礁详细调查和研究的基础上, 通过分析晚泥盆世至密西西比纪生物礁组合在古特提斯海4个不同地区的发育形式和演化特征对西澳大利亚坎宁盆地与中国桂林晚泥盆世生物礁组合以及东澳大利亚昆士兰与中国广西和西日本秋吉台密西西比纪的生物礁进行对比.第一次从构造、地层、古纬度和古气候方面来探讨古东特提斯海和北特提斯海晚泥盆世至密西西比纪生物礁的发育异同, 研究成果改进了对西澳大利亚、东澳大利亚、华南和西日本4个地区生物礁发育的认识, 从而可在全球角度上去探讨控制晚古生代生物礁发育的各种因素.研究的地质时段包含重要的生物绝灭事件, 也是温室向冰室的转折时期, 是全球范围造礁生物演替、更新和重新繁盛的阶段.研究成果对认识晚泥盆世至密西西比纪全球范围内造礁生物和生物礁类型与早、中泥盆世的区别, 对研究全球在这一时期古气候和古环境的变化都具有重要的意义.      

甘肃西成铅锌矿田泥盆纪吉维特-弗拉斯期沉积古地理及控矿意义

本文在牙形石生物地层对比的基础上.着重讨论吉维特-弗拉斯期的沉积相和沉积古地理。将该期地层红岭山组分为陆棚、开阔台地、局限台地、生物礁和丘、礁前斜坡及泻湖六个相及十二个微相.提出西成地区泥盆纪存在-南北两侧均有镶边礁的小型碳酸盐台地.礁间泻湖区是该区铅锌矿成矿的有利部位.也是今后寻找铅锌矿的重点靶区。