eaWiFS产品格式及转换

为了使更多的用户尽快使用ＳｅａＷｉＦＳ资料,国家海洋局第二海洋研究所（以下简称海洋二所）将ＳｅａＷｉＦＳ产品从复杂的ＨＤＦ格式转换为简单的海洋二所（ＳＩＯ）格式。ＨＤＦ格式在记录结构、函数调用方式、参数存放次序三方面说明,海洋二所为实现格式转换花费大量时间和精力是非常必要的,为许多用户在ＳｅａＷｉＦＳ资料应用中节省了宝贵的时间,大大扩大了ＳｅａＷｉＦＳ资料的应用面和利用率。同时,对ＨＤＦ格式的深入了解,可以为我国的海洋卫星资料数据格式提供技术参考。     

多年用海底压力式验潮仪的研制

多年用海底压力式验潮仪的研制（英国Ｐｒｏｕｄｍａｎ海洋研究所，ＰＯＬ，Ｂｉｄｓｏｎ观测站Ｒ．ＳＰｅｎｃｅｒ，Ｐ．Ｒ．Ｆｏｄｅｎ，Ｃ．ＭｃＧａｒｒｙ，Ｊ．Ｍ．Ｖａｓｓｉｅ）１引言ＰＯＬ技术研究方案的一部分是ＭＹＲＴＩＥ（重现多年潮位的设备ＭｕｌｔｉＹｅ...     

中国FY－1B卫星海洋通道应用于水色遥感的潜力研究

１９９０年９月３日，中国成功地发射了第２颗“风云１号”气象卫星ＦＹ－１Ｂ。当时，正好中方科学家在德国研技部ＧＫＳＳ研究中心，参加中德海洋水色遥感合作研究。ＦＹ－１Ｂ上的海洋通道引起了中德双方科学家的浓厚兴趣，立即从事ＦＹ－１Ｂ的图像处理，应用于海洋水色遥感潜力研究。通过一系列ＦＹ－１Ｂ模拟数字条辐图像和在德国实际接收到的图像，评价了ＦＹ－１Ｂ卫星所安装的高分辨率扫描辐射机（ＶＨＲＳＲ）的两个海洋通道（４８０～５３０和５３０～５８０ｎｍ）图像的利用率和辐射分辨率；研究表明，ＶＨＲＳＲ的波段配置科学地结合了气象和海洋两者的应用。两海洋通道资料可以有效地应用于海洋沿岸水体的悬浮泥沙浓度和大洋水体的叶绿素ａ浓度的测量。为了今后中国气象卫星上加海洋通道获得更佳应用效果，本文最后提出了一些新建议。     

攀登海洋地质科学高峰──记李四光地质科学野外地质工作奖获得者王光宇教授的科学事迹

攀登海洋地质科学高峰──记李四光地质科学野外地质工作奖获得者王光宇教授的科学事迹ＡＭＡＮＤＥＶＯＴＥＤＨＩＭＳＥＬＦＴＯＭＡＲＩＮＥＧＥＯＬＯＧＩＣＡＬＳＸＩＥＮＣＥ地矿部广州海洋地质调查局王光宇教授，１９９３年１０月喜获第三届李四光地质科学野外地质...     

我国环境地质状况及值得重视的若干问题

我国环境地质状况及值得重视的若干问题ＳＩＴＵＡＴＩＯＮＳＯＦＣＨＩＮＡ＇ＳＥＮＶＩＲＯＮＭＥＮＴＡＬＧＥＯＬＯＧＹＡＮＤＳＯＭＥＰＲＯＢＬＥＭＳＴＨＡＴＭＥＲＩＴＡＴＴＥＮＴＩＯＮＳ我国人口众多，地质条件复杂，各种环境地质和灾害地质问题极为突出和严重...     

海洋化学传感器研制的动态评述

化学海洋学研究数据的获得要方便、经济、高效的分析测试手段,化学传感器则是海洋调查和监测ＤＯ、ｐＨ、ＣＯ２、ＮＨ３－Ｎ和Ｓ（－ＩＩ）等的理想手段和工具。本文评述了６０年代末以来用于天然水体中ＣＯ２、ＮＨ３－Ｎ和Ｓ（－ＩＩ）检测的化学传感器的研制情况,进一步讨论了海洋化学传感器研制所需解决的问题和发展方面,并分析了海洋化学传感器研制进展缓慢的原因。     

海洋对热带气旋响应的研究

利用中二层非线性原始方程海洋模式，研究海洋在自身不同热力结构下对热带气旋的响应。计算结果表明，初始混合层（ＭＬ）深度和层强强度对海表温（ＳＳＴ）和ＭＬ深度变化起着十分重要的作用。初始ＭＬ深度对海流量值影响较大，层结强度则较小。东海陆架区特殊的海洋热力结构，极易造成ＳＳＴ下降。海洋对７００２号台风响应的模拟结果与观测资料较一致。     

热带海洋SST与北半球大气环流的低频振荡特征

采用复经验正交函数展开（ＣＥＯＦ）等方法研究了热带海洋海表温度异常（ＳＳＴＡ）和北半球５００ｈＰａ高度场异常（Ｈ５００）的甚低频（ＬＦ）和准两年（ＱＢ）两种低频振荡空间振幅和位相变化,发现ＳＳＴＡ变化信号在热带西太平洋最先出现,其后是热带中东太平洋,最后是热带中东太平洋,最后是热带印度洋和南海。副热带中西太平洋Ｈ５００滞后于中东太平洋ＳＳＴＡ １￣２月,Ｈ５００的ＬＦ分量从副热带中西太平洋经西北太     

西威佛斯海洋水色研究计划概述

１９９５年春，美国国家宇航局（ＮＡＳＡ）将发射一颗携带宽视场海洋观测传感器（ＳｅａＷｉＦＳ）的海洋卫星（Ｓｅａｓｔａｒ）．宽视场海洋观测传感器是继工作了七年多，于１９８５年停止发送资料的Ｎｉｍｂｕｓ－７海岸带水色扫描仪（ＣＺＺ）之后的第一个星载海洋水色传感器，不像作为概念验证性实验的海岸带水色扫描仪那样，宽视场海洋观测传感器被设计用来提供充分精确的光合色素浓度资料以进行海洋初级生产力和生物地球化学定量研究［４］。宽视场海洋观测传感器将常规地每二日一次提供全球复盖资料。美国国家宇航局空间科学应用署（ＡＳＳＡ）和哥达德空间飞行中心（ＧＳＦＣ）为了发展、管理海洋水色研究资料系统而制定了宽视场海洋观测传感器计划，这个系统能有效地收集、处理、校正、检验、存档以及发布由宽视场海洋观测传感器接收到的资料。本文主要介绍了宽视场海洋观测传感器计划的目的意义，研究内容以及其他概况［２，３］。     

业治铮院士80华诞庆贺会在宁举行

业治铮院士８０华诞庆贺会在宁举行ＡＣＥＬＥＢＲＡＴＩＯＮＷＡＳＨＥＬＤＩＮＮＡＮＪＩＮＧＦＯＲＴＨＥ８０ＴＨＢＩＲＴＨＤＡＹＯＦＰＲＯＦ．ＹＥＺＨＩＺＨＥＮＧ１９９７年４月１１日，地矿部南京地质矿产研究所和青岛海洋地质研究所共同为两所名誉所长，我国著...     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.