一次浅薄低涡暴雨过程数值模拟及发展机制分析

运用WRF中尺度数值模式对2009年7月27日长江下游地区的一次6 h累计降水226 mm的暴雨过程进行数值模拟,利用模式输出资料,对引发此次暴雨过程的浅薄低涡移动演变和动力结构、温湿特征进行分析,探讨低涡发展东移机制。结果表明:低涡位于500 hPa西风槽前,仅出现在对流层低层,动力与温湿特征均表现其浅薄结构。低涡暴雨降水主要发生在低涡东侧暖式切变线附近。水汽来源于中国南海和东海两地,水汽辐合层深厚,达600 hPa。此次低涡具有较强的斜压结构特征。通过涡度方程分析,辐合辐散流场的维持和发展为正涡度变化率作出主要贡献,三维风场倾斜扭转项作用与正涡度变化存在重要正相关。地形的动力作用使得背风坡更有利于低涡绕山后加强。高低空急流耦合中心和水汽凝结潜热释放区均有利于引导低涡以及低涡暴雨加强东移。湿等熵面呈垂直陡立状,指示低涡已发展到成熟期。预示暴雨即将减弱。倾斜涡度发展条件C_d0的连续增强,指示斜压性、稳定度和垂直风切变的综合作用也是这次低涡保持发展加强的重要原因。     

太行山地形在“7·19”华北持续性低涡暴雨中的作用北大核心

本文对2016年“7·19”华北特大暴雨进行观测分析和数值模拟,并设置了改变地形高度的敏感性试验,以探究该过程降水系统的发生发展机制以及太行山地形的作用。结果表明:(1)本次强降水过程发生在“东高西低”的有利环流形势下,受太行山地形和平原环流系统影响,低层东风急流造成强的对流性降水和低涡作用的叠置造成“7·19”华北地区持续性暴雨的维持和加强;(2)第一阶段为对流性降水,太行山东麓大气对流不稳定能量释放,大气逐渐转为稳定层结;第二阶段为低涡降水,涡度收支分析表明水平散度项和扭转项对低涡维持和发展起到了主要的正贡献,同时伴随有较强的上升运动和垂直风切变,垂直风切变的增强促使水平涡度向垂直涡度转变;(3)太行山地形在持续性暴雨中对两阶段降水、低涡和水汽的作用存在差异。地形高度敏感性试验中,地形高度增高对低层气流的阻挡和强迫抬升作用增强,使得地形降水增强,低涡路径东移,且强度增大。水平散度项使得对流层低层辐合上升运动增强,造成涡度的垂直输送,这是低涡发展和维持的重要原因之一。太行山地形阻挡截留东部平原水汽,且水汽回流加强,有利于太行山东麓水汽的输送与辐合。     

青藏高原热力对四川盆地西部一次持续性暴雨影响的数值模拟

通过对四川盆地西部一次持续性暴雨过程的半理想数值模拟,研究了青藏高原热力作用对四川盆地持续性暴雨过程的影响。研究表明,高原的热力作用对于下游地区有着显著的影响,主要表现为:（1）关闭高原地面感热和潜热后,高原地区和四川盆地西部的降水明显减弱,而盆地中东部降水却有所加强,且四川盆地降水的日变化特征稍有减弱;（2）500 hPa青藏高原上的短波槽减弱,位于四川盆地中西部的背风槽强度、范围有所减弱,但低层盆地东部的气旋性涡旋加强;（3）涡度收支的定量分析发现,关闭高原热力作用后,盆地东部对流层低层垂直风切变的增强使得夜间倾斜项的正贡献增强,从而使该区域涡旋发展加强,盆地东部降水增强。     

湿位涡和倾斜涡度发展

从完整的原始方程出发，在导出精确形式的湿位涡方程的基础上，证得绝热无摩擦的饱和湿空气具有湿位涡守恒的特性。并由此去研究湿斜压过程中涡旋垂直涡度的发展。结果表明，在湿等熵坐标中，涡旋的发展与对流稳定度的减少，等熵面上的辐合和潜热的释放有关。由于等熵位涡分析的应用受等熵面倾斜的限制，又进而发展了Ｚ坐标及Ｐ坐标中的倾斜涡度发展理论。指出无论是湿对称不稳定或对流不稳定大气，还是湿对称稳定或对流稳定大气，除对流稳定度的影响外，风的垂直切变的增加或水平湿斜压的增加均能因湿等熵面的倾斜而引起垂直涡度的增长。湿等熵面的倾斜越大，这种由干湿斜压性加强所引起的涡旋发展更激烈。在梅雨锋附近及其南侧暖湿区的北端，湿等熵面十分陡立，是涡旋发展及暴雨发生的重要地区。对１９９１年６月１２—１５日江淮流域暴雨过程的湿位涡分析表明，湿位涡分析，尤其是等压面上湿位涡量ＭＰＶ１和ＭＰＶ２的分析不仅在中高纬有效，在低纬度及低对流层也十分有效，是暴雨诊断和预报的有力工具。     

青藏高原一次MCC转MCV过程研究

利用WRF(ARW)模式、WRF-3DVAR系统以及ATOVS卫星资料,对2013年7月22-23日高原上的一次MCC转化MCV的过程进行了直接同化试验和数值模拟。同化的模拟结果表明,同化不同传感器资料效果相差较大;同时同化多种传感器资料并未比单一资料效果好;连续循环同化有效改善了高原MCV的强度和位置模拟。选定循环同化AMSUB资料为最优同化方案,对此次高原MCC转化为MCV的过程进行分析:中尺度涡旋和强降水均发生在湿等熵面下陷区域。高空正的湿位涡异常叠加低层正温度异常,在此过程中经历对流不稳定度的减弱,诱生出气旋性环流并向下伸展,使得气旋性涡度发展,降水发生,而水汽的凝结潜热释放进一步加剧了湿等熵面的倾斜,从而使得垂直涡度进一步发展。同时,在此过程中受水汽加热的影响,水平相当位温梯度减弱,负的斜压项减弱,使得总的湿位涡正值增大。另外,比较了东部MCV与高原MCV的差异,发现后者由于高原的加热作用,低层的涡度值较大。     

一次东移高原低涡影响四川暴雨的数值模拟分析

应用自动站雨量资料、常规观测资料和国家气象中心T213分析场资料,采用PSU/NCAR的高分辨率中尺度非静力数值模式MM5,模拟了2008年7月20日高原低涡东移引发的四川盆地暴雨过程。通过分析模式输出资料,结果得出高原涡东移影响四川盆地暴雨的一种物理触发机制:高原涡正涡度的东移促使四川盆地正涡度发展,正涡度的发展使得大气旋转上升加强,对流层高层强烈辐散,低层辐合,对流发展形成降水,大气凝结释放潜热加热大气,使得高层等压面升高,负涡度发展,低层降压,正涡度发展,这样就形成了一个正反馈的循环机制,从而导致了四川盆地强降水。      

2008年7月黄淮暴雨过程中西南涡结构特征分析

对西南涡暴雨的预报不仅取决于对西南涡移动路径的把握,也与西南涡的结构及其演变密切相关。利用NCEP/NCAR 1°×1°逐6 h再分析资料,对2008年7月一次东移影响黄淮的西南涡的结构特征和暴雨机理进行分析,结果表明:西南涡的生成过程包含高原涡的耦合诱发,西南涡的生成、发展与干位涡向对流层低层扰动下传有关;中高纬冷空气与副热带高压边缘暖湿气流对峙加强了系统的斜压性,使西南涡中心向上伸展的位涡柱和正涡度柱具有向西倾斜的结构;成熟的西南涡具有中尺度非对称的显著斜压结构特征;对流层中层正涡度平流是西南涡发展和引导西南涡移动的重要因素;凝结释放大量潜热促使低层西南低涡发展,使降水增强。     

青藏高原一次MCC转MCV过程研究北大核心CSCD

利用WRF(ARW)模式、WRF-3DVAR系统以及ATOVS卫星资料,对2013年7月22-23日高原上的一次MCC转化MCV的过程进行了直接同化试验和数值模拟。同化的模拟结果表明,同化不同传感器资料效果相差较大;同时同化多种传感器资料并未比单一资料效果好;连续循环同化有效改善了高原MCV的强度和位置模拟。选定循环同化AMSUB资料为最优同化方案,对此次高原MCC转化为MCV的过程进行分析:中尺度涡旋和强降水均发生在湿等熵面下陷区域。高空正的湿位涡异常叠加低层正温度异常,在此过程中经历对流不稳定度的减弱,诱生出气旋性环流并向下伸展,使得气旋性涡度发展,降水发生,而水汽的凝结潜热释放进一步加剧了湿等熵面的倾斜,从而使得垂直涡度进一步发展。同时,在此过程中受水汽加热的影响,水平相当位温梯度减弱,负的斜压项减弱,使得总的湿位涡正值增大。另外,比较了东部MCV与高原MCV的差异,发现后者由于高原的加热作用,低层的涡度值较大。     

引发四川盆地西南地区暴雨的高原涡特征分析

为进一步认识高原涡对盆地西南地区暴雨过程的影响,总结该区域暴雨预报经验,本文利用2001～2011年高原涡切变线年鉴、MICAPS实况天气图、盆地西南地区气象站日降雨量资料以及NCEP再分析资料,对引起盆地西南地区暴雨过程的高原涡特征进行总结分析,得到结论:1)引发盆地西南地区产生暴雨量级以上降雨的高原涡过程多发生在每年7月;高原涡东移将对盆地西南地区产生明显降雨;48小时后大部分高原涡减弱消失,少数继续东移或东南移;2)引发盆地西南地区产生暴雨的高原涡通常是暖性高原涡,高原涡东移48小时后有明显的冷平流入侵转变成斜压性低涡;这一类高原涡常常与高原切变、西南低涡、副高、低空急流以及南亚高压等影响系统相配合,共同作用产生一次暴雨过程;3)引发的盆地西南地区暴雨的高原涡过程的温湿场特征为:500hPa高原东部到盆地上空的大气高温高湿的特征明显,700hPa和850hPa盆地高温高湿,同时垂直上升运动旺盛且随高度向北倾斜。      

西南涡暴雨天气过程分析和数值模拟试验

基于常规气象观测资料、气象卫星云图资料、NCEP再分析资料以及WRF中尺度数值模式,对2013年6月29日至7月1日出现在四川盆地的持续性暴雨天气过程进行了观测分析、理论机制探讨和数值模拟试验。研究结果指出,湿位势涡度水平和垂直分量的分布都能较好地指示降水落区,强降水中心的位置主要位于MPV1的正负过渡区域偏向于负值区和MPV2的弱正值区域。水平风速切变越大,越有利于切变波的存在和长时间维持。高原水平切变线上风切变的大小对于切变线上扰动的形成和维持以及西南低涡致灾暴雨的形成具有重要的作用。高原地形对扰动的强度有促进作用。此次持续性暴雨天气是西南涡沿切变线东移、在四川盆地形成的典型的持续性暴雨天气过程。     

CONSERVATION OF MOIST POTENTIAL VORTICITY AND DOWN-SLIDING SLANTWISE VORTICITY DEVELOPMENT*

An accurate form of the moist potential vorticity(MPV) equation was deduced from a complete set of primitive equations.It was shown that motion in a saturated atmosphere without diabatic heating and friction conserves moist potential vorticity.This property was then used to investigate the development of vertical vorticity in moist baroclinic processes.Results show that in the framework of moist isentropic coordinate,vorticity development can result from reduction of convective stability,or convergence,or latent heat release at isentropic surfaces.However,the application of the usual analysis of moist isentropic potential vorticity is limited due to the declination of moist isentropic surfaces.and a theory of development based on z-coordinate and p-coordinate was then proposed.According to this theory,whether the atmosphere is moist-symmetrically stable or unstable,on convective stable or unstable,the reduction of convective stability,the increase of the vertical shear of horizontal wind or moist baroclinity may result in the increase of vertical vorticity,so long as the moist isentropic surface is slantwise.The larger the declination of the moist isentropic surface,the more vigorous the development of vertical vorticity.In a region with a monsoon front to the north and the warm and moist air to the south,or by the north of the front,the moist isentropes are very steep.The is the region most favorable for development of vorticities and formation of torrential rain.For a case of persistent torrential rain occurring in the middle and lower reaches of the Changjiang and Huaihe Rivers in June 11-15,1991,moist potential vorticity analysis,especially the isobaric analysis of its vertical and horizontal components,i.e.MPV1 and MPV2,respectively,is effective for identifying synoptic systems not only in middle and high latitudes,but also in low latitudes and in the lower troposphere.It can serve as a powerful tool for the diagnosis and prediction of torrential rain.     

Vertical vorticity development owing to down-sliding at slantwise isentropic surface

Based upon the conservation of Ertel potential vorticity and moist potential vorticity, a ‘parcel dynamic’ approach is used to investigate the development of vertical vorticity of a parcel which is sliding down a slantwise isentropic surface. An accurate form of the tendency equation of vertical vorticity is deduced to interpret such slantwise vorticity development (SVD). In addition to those dynamic terms in the traditional vertical vorticity equation, the newly developed accurate form includes several thermal terms associated with the changes in stability, vertical wind shear and baroclinity. It is proved that the combinative impacts of these thermal terms on the development of vertical vorticity can be expressed by a succinct theory of SVD. According to this theory, when the horizontal component of potential vorticity and stability possess opposite signs, and the slantwise isentropic surfaces are very steep, the vorticity development of the down-sliding flow at such isentropes can be dramatic. It is also shown that in a convectively unstable and saturated atmosphere, such vorticity development must be accompanied by the development of a low-level jet. Study of a torrential rain process shows that moist potential vorticity analysis is a powerful tool in the study of torrential rain occurrence. Results from the present study are in agreement with the contentions of earlier workers that moist symmetric instability is the cause of some heavy rainbands.     

一次区域暴雨天气过程分析

利用常规气象观测资料、1°×1°NCEP/NCAR的再分析资料等,对2009年4 月 24 ～25日广东出现的一次区域暴雨过程进行诊断分析,结果表明:高层辐散、高空槽过境与低层低涡东移耦合,冷空气和西南暖湿气流在广东中心部地区交汇,形成明显的气旋性辐合,促进了强降水的发展;弱冷空气入侵触发了此次降水过程,而低空西南急流...     

ISENTROPIC POTENTIAL VORTICITY ANALYSIS ON THE MESOSCALE CYCLONE DEVELOPMENT IN A TORRENTIAL RAIN PROCESS*

The mesoscale model MM4 is used to simulate the torrential rain associated with Meiyu front occurring on 5-6 July.1991 in the Changjiang-Huaihe Basin.Based on the outputs of the model,the cause of the mesoscale cyclogenesis on the lower troposphere is investigated in terms of the potential vorticity principle.The results show that because of the favorable pattern of moist isentropic surface,the absolute vorticity increases when cold air with high moist potential vorticity value rapidly slides down southwards along the moist isentropic surface,and then causes the cyclonic vortex development.     

华南沿海2011年7月15—18日持续暴雨过程中的季风槽与中尺度对流系统相互作用

应用NCEP FNL再分析资料及位涡分离反演等方法,对华南沿海2011年7月15—18日持续暴雨过程中季风槽与中尺度对流系统的相互作用进行了研究,主要针对暴雨发生期间季风槽气旋性涡度向上发展的机理及其对季风槽维持发展和中尺度对流系统活动的影响进行分析。结果发现,季风槽的中尺度对流系统发展于弱斜压性环境中,大多在槽东西两端涡度中心区发展最强。南侧盛行的西南低空急流为对流反复发生提供了对流发展的“可维持性”条件,是对流得以组织发展成为中尺度对流系统的重要原因。涡度收支诊断表明,季风槽气旋性涡度生成主要由中尺度对流系统低层辐合引起。位涡分离反演结果证实,季风槽气旋性环流增强主要由与中尺度对流系统潜热加热相关的扰动位涡造成,并随着中尺度对流系统加热峰值高度升高而向上发展,是大尺度环流对中尺度对流系统潜热加热动力响应的结果。在季风槽东西两端,由于中尺度对流系统发展强烈且持续,具有更高的加热效率,引起的气旋性涡度向上发展最为明显。其结果可引起中尺度对流系统西南一侧向北非地转风发展,并在地转偏向力作用下增强西风,维持低空急流的发展,为对流反复发生提供条件。这些都说明季风槽大尺度环流与中尺度对流系统相互作用在中尺度对流系统和持续暴雨形成过程中有重要作用。     

Dynamical and Thermal Problems in Vortex Development and Movement. Part II: Generalized Slantwise Vorticity Development

The development of vertical vorticity under adiabatic condition is investigated by virtue of the view of potential vorticity and potential temperature (PV-θ) and from a Lagrangian perspective. A new concept of generalized slantwise vorticity development (GSVD) is introduced for adiabatic condition. The GSVD is a coordinate independent framework of vorticity development (VD), which includes slantwise vorticity development (SVD) when a particle is sliding down the concave slope or up the convex slope of a sharply tilting isentropic surface under stable or unstable condition. The SVD is a special VD for studying the severe weather systems with rapid development of vertical vorticity. In addition, the GSVD clarifies VD and SVD. The criteria for VD and SVD demonstrate that the demand for SVD is much more restricted than the demand for VD. When an air parcel is moving down the concave slope or up the convex slope of a sharply tilting isentropic surface in a stable stratified atmosphere with its stability decreasing, or in an unstable atmosphere with its stability increasing, i.e., its stability θ z approaches zero, its vertical vorticity can develop rapidly if its C D is decreasing. The theoretical results are employed to analyze a Tibetan Plateau (TP) vortex (TPV), which appeared over the TP, then slid down and moved eastward in late July 2008, resulting in heavy rainfall in Sichuan Province and along the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. The change of PV 2 contributed to the intensification of the TPV from 0000 to 0600 UTC 22 July 2008 when it slid upward on the upslope of the northeastern edge of the Sichuan basin, since the changes in both horizontal vorticity η s and baroclinity θ s have positive effects on the development of vertical vorticity. At 0600 UTC 22 July 2008, the criterion for SVD at 300 K isentropic surface is satisfied, meaning that SVD occurred and contributed significantly to the development of vertical vorticity. The appearance of the stronger signals concerning the VD and SVD surrounding the vortex indicates that the GSVD concept can serve as a useful tool for diagnosing the development of weather systems.     

Up-sliding Slantwise Vorticity Development and the complete vorticity equation with mass forcing

The moist potential vorticity (MPV) equation is derived from complete atmospheric equations including the effect of mass forcing, with which the theory of Up-sliding Slantwise Vorticity Development (USVD) is proposed based on the theory of Slantwise Vorticity Development (SVD). When an air parcel slides up along a slantwise isentropic surface, its vertical component of relative vorticity will develop, and the steeper the isentropic surface is, the more violent the development will be. From the definition of MPV and the MPV equation produced here in, a complete vorticity equation is then put forward with mass forcing, which explicitly includes the effects of both internal forcings, such as variations of stability, baroclinicity, and vertical shear of horizontal wind, and external forcings, such as diabatic heating, friction, and mass forcing.When isentropic surfaces are flat, the complete vorticity equation matches its traditional counterpart. The physical interpretations of some of the items which are included in the complete vorticity equation but not in the traditional one are studied with a simplified model of the ChangjiangoHuaihe Meiyu front. A 60-h simulation is then performed to reproduce a torrential rain event in the ChangjiangoHuaihe region and the output of the model is studied qualitatively based on the theory of USVD. The result shows that the conditions of the theory of USVD are easily satisfied immediately in front of mesoscale rainstorms in the downwind direction, that is, the theory of USVD is important to the development and movement of these kinds of systems.     

"99.8"山东特大暴雨形成机制的数值模拟分析

利用双重嵌套的非静力数值模式MM5V3,成功地模拟了1999年8月11~12日山东诸城发生的特大暴雨。利用模式输出的高时空分辨率资料,对这次暴雨天气及中尺度低涡的形成机制进行了诊断分析。结果表明,这次特大暴雨是在弱冷空气侵入台风低压环流,热带辐合带北伸的形势下形成的;倾斜涡度发展是特大暴雨及中尺度低涡产生、发展的重要机制,鲁东南有利的地形对中尺度低涡的形成具有重要作用;台风低压倒槽顶部的强辐合作用首先触发上升运动,产生强降水,强降水位于低层气旋性暖式切变最明显的地方;强降水释放的凝结潜热使高层气层增暖,高层辐散加强,引起低层中尺度低涡强烈发展,导致降水增幅。可见,CISK机制是特大暴雨和中尺度低涡加强的另一种机制。     

贵州大暴雨个例形成机制数值模拟

利用3层嵌套的中尺度数值模式MM5 V3.5,模拟了2007年6月24～25日发生在贵州中南部的一次大暴雨过程.利用模式输出的高分辨率资料,对这次暴雨天气及中尺度低涡的形成机制进行了诊断分析.模式较成功地模拟出了中尺度系统的演变和降水的分布特征.中尺度低涡的发展、稳定维持是造成贵州这次大暴雨天气的直接原因.暴雨、大暴雨出现在低涡的西南侧.在低层正涡度、辐合、强烈的上升运动和高层负涡度、辐散的有利配置下,形成深厚的上升运动柱,这种中尺度动力配置结构,不仅与暴雨区和暴雨发生时段相对应,而且是引起此次暴雨的中尺度低涡发展和持续的动力机制之一.暴雨区与强烈上升运动区,正涡度区相对应.