自钻式原位剪切旁压模型PFC3D细观模拟

自钻式原位剪切旁压试验(self-boring in-situ shear pressure-meter)以其独特的多级加载方式, 能够直接测出土体的强度和变形参数, 然而, 目前对探头周围土体变形机理研究较少.为揭示自钻式原位剪切旁压仪试验过程中测定器周围土颗粒变形机理, 应用PFC3D(particle flow code in three dimensions)颗粒流程序对自钻式原位剪切旁压试验进行了仿真数值模拟, 对多级加载过程中探头周围土体的位移场和应力场发展变化以及数值试样各阶段变形模量和土颗粒运动轨迹进行了分析研究.试验结果表明: 随着剪应力的逐级施加, 中间区域颗粒的位移量不断增大, 且位移矢量方向性更加显著.径向应力在探头附近两侧形成近似呈对称分布的数个"应力核"; 竖向应力在探头两侧形成扁平状应力带, 且在肩部形成应力集中区.中部区域球颗粒的运动轨迹成台阶状, 且随距探头距离的增大由近到远可分为3个特征区域; 球颗粒的Z向和XY向位移量亦随之呈负指数形式衰减, Z向位移量衰减速率更快.      

Effects of Particle Size Distribution on Compaction Behavior and Particle Crushing of a Mudstone Particle Mixture

Based on a standard compaction test and a standard sieve analysis test on five tested materials, the effects of the particle size distribution on the compaction behavior and particle crushing of a crushed mudstone particle mixture were investigated. Testing results indicate that the value of the maximum dry density ranges from 2.09 to 2.17 g/cm³, the optimum moisture content from 7.40 to 11.66 %, and the average relative breakage from 0.065 to 0.285, respectively. Based on the tested data, the variations of the maximum dry density, optimum moisture content and average relative breakage, with the median particle diameter and gravel content of the tested mixtures, were analyzed, respectively.     

Fast 3D Reservoir Simulation and Scale Up Using Streamtubes

This paper presents an implementation of a semianalytical method for oil recovery calculation in heterogeneous reservoirs that is both fast and accurate. The method defines streamline paths based on a conventional single-phase incompressible flow calculation. By calculating the time-of-flight for a particle along a streamline and assigning a volumetric flux to each streamline, the cumulative pore volume of a streamtube containing the streamline can be calculated. Subsequently, the streamtube geometries are kept constant and the effects of the time varying mobility distribution in two-phase flow are accounted for by varying the flow rate in each streamtube, based on fluid resistance changes along the streamtube. Oil recovery calculations are then done based on the 1D analytical Buckley–Leverett solution. This concept makes the method extremely fast and easy to implement, making it ideal to simulate large reservoirs generated by geostatiscal methods. The simulation results of a 3D heterogeneous reservoir are presented and compared with those of other simulators. The results shows that the new simulator is much faster than a traditional finite difference simulator, while having the same accuracy. The method also naturally handles the upscaling of absolute and relative permeability. We make use of these upscaling abilities to generate a coarse curvilinear grid that can be used in conventional simulators with a great advantage over conventional upscaled Cartesian grids. This paper also shows an upscaling example using this technique.     

Investigation of Various Parameters Effect on Cerchar Abrasivity Index with PFC3D Modeling

The Cerchar test is one of the appropriate and routine tests for determining the rock abrasion; but as for the costs and pin wear measurement errors in laboratory procedures and lack of access to laboratory equipment, using of numerical modeling can lead to use of greater number of samples required during the course of mechanized excavation and reduce the costs and errors in the laboratory test. In this study, the Cerchar abrasivity test was modeled using PFC3D (Particle Flow Code in 3 Dimensions) software. In order to verify the simulation results, Cerchar laboratory test results obtained by Rostami (Rock Mech Rock Eng 47(5):1905–1919, 2014) were compared with the numerical modeling results. In modeling studies, the effects of some parameters such as apply load, test speed, pin hardness and scratching distance on pin wear were investigated. As a conclusion of the study, good agreement between modeling and experimental results was obtained for a given condition. As in the experiment with various loads in both laboratory tests and modeling, with increasing applied load the Cerchar abrasivity index also increased in the experiment with Rockwell hardness HRC (An abbreviation for Rockwell Hardness measured on the C scale. The Rockwell test determines the hardness by measuring the depth of penetration of an indenter under a large load compared to the penetration made by a preload, that on the C scale use from a indenter with 120° cone and 150 kgf load) 42.     

Numerical Modeling of the Relationship Between Mechanical Properties of Granite and Microparameters of the Flat-Joint Model Considering Particle Size Distribution

Mathematical Geosciences - Deep geothermal energy is typically stored in granite reservoirs, and natural granite is highly heterogeneous because it is composed of different sizes and shapes of...     

北京市大气颗粒物中全氟烷基化合物的粒径分布特征

人为排放的持久性有机污染物倾向于在细级大气颗粒物中富集,但目前国内外关于大气颗粒物中全氟烷基化合物(PFASs)粒径分布在不同国家地区有显著差异,而在我国北京地区PFASs在不同粒径大气颗粒物中的富集能力尚不清楚。本文采用五级大流量主动分级采样器采集了北京市大气颗粒物样品,利用超声萃取结合高效液相色谱-电喷雾负电离源串联质谱测定PFASs含量,探讨了该地区大气颗粒物中PFASs的浓度水平和粒径分布特征,以及大气颗粒物浓度变化对PFASs浓度变化的影响。结果表明:研究区∑PFASs范围为10. 1～62. 9 pg/m3,76. 4%～83. 8%的PFASs集中分布在PM2. 5颗粒物中,其中含量较高的PFOA、PFNA和PFDA在0. 25μm细颗粒物中占比最高,分别为26. 3%～43. 7%、30. 3%～68. 6%和30. 6%～49. 7%; PFOS在0. 25μm细颗粒物中没有检出,主要分布在1～2. 5μm和0. 25～1μm颗粒物中。此外,研究发现北京市霾天大气颗粒物中∑PFASs为晴天的3. 5倍,且不同粒径大气颗粒物浓度变化对PFASs各化合物表现出不同的富集能力,其中PFOA、PFOS、PFNA和PFDA等中链PFASs更易富集。     

Microparameter Prediction for a Triaxial Compression PFC3D Model of Rock Using Full Factorial Designs and Artificial Neural Networks

This paper presents an integrated approach that predicts the microparameters of the particle flow code in three dimensions (PFC3D) model in triaxial compression simulations. The new approach combines a full factorial design (FFD) with an artificial neural network (ANN). The ANN model maps the input factors (triaxial compressive strength, Poisson’s ratio, and Young’s modulus) onto output variables, which are microparameters that affect the macroscopic responses in a PFC3D model. Emphasis is placed on data collection and optimization of the ANN model using FFD. The data for training and testing the ANN model were obtained from laboratory experiments and numerical simulations of a PFC3D model according to the principles of FFD. Using a backpropagation artificial neural network (BPNN) optimized with FFD principles, the object of the current study (to reliably predict the microparameters for a PFC3D model) has been achieved because the predicting data obtained by the BPNN model were in excellent agreement with the testing data.     

平均粒径对砂土剪切特性的影响及细观机理

针对平均粒径对砂土剪切特性的影响作用,结合室内试验和离散元模拟方法对不同平均粒径砂土进行了细观研究。基于3种不同平均粒径砂土的直剪试验结果,通过建立反映砂土剪切试验特征的PFC（particle flow code）颗粒流模型,详细研究了不同粒径砂土在剪切过程中土样体积变化、力链网络、孔隙率和配位数等细观结构参数的变化特征和规律,并从细观角度分析了颗粒粒径对土样宏观剪切特性的影响机制。结果表明：具有不同平均粒径砂土的细观结构参数在剪切过程中存在显著差异,并且其细观参数差异主要集中体现在剪切带处;剪切力学特性的影响主要体现在抗剪强度和剪胀效应方面,砂土平均粒径越大,抗剪强度越高,剪胀效应越明显;具有不同平均粒径的砂土在剪切过程中土颗粒运动规律及剪切带形态变化特征存在一定的差异,平均粒径越大,剪切带内上跨式颗粒占比越大,剪切带厚度越大。     

Micromechanical Modelling of Granular Materials: Effect of Particle Size and Gradation

In this paper the effects of maximum particle size, particle gradation/sorting and fabric on bulk mechanical behaviour of granular materials such as coarse grained soils and rockfills are investigated" from micromechanical considerations starting from the grain scale level, using numerical" simulations based on Discrete Element Modelling (DEM). Hydrostatic compaction and biaxial tests on 2-dimensional assemblies of discs with varying particle sizes and gradations were modelled using DEM. An examination of the constitutive behaviour of granular media considering" the particulate nature of the medium has been attempted to explain the effect of particle size and gradation. Simulation results on perfectly parallel graded assemblies indicate that with increase in the size of the particles, a marginal increase (or no increase) in the angle of internal friction is observed during biaxial loading conditions. A change to a wider gradation (keeping the minimum grain size the same) results in a decrease in the angle of internal friction and an increase in volumetric strain to a considerable extent. Based on micromechanical force and fabric parameters, the basis for the physical behaviour was established. This helps in understanding the physics of parallel gradation techniques.     

A Completely 3D Model for the Simulation of Mechanized Tunnel Excavation

For long deep tunnels as currently under construction through the Alps, mechanized excavation using tunnel boring machines (TBMs) contributes significantly to savings in construction time and costs. Questions are, however, posed due to the severe ground conditions which are in cases anticipated or encountered along the main tunnel alignment. A major geological hazard is the squeezing of weak rocks, but also brittle failure can represent a significant problem. For the design of mechanized tunnelling in such conditions, the complex interaction between the rock mass, the tunnel machine, its system components, and the tunnel support need to be analysed in detail and this can be carried out by three-dimensional (3D) models including all these components. However, the state-of-the-art shows that very few fully 3D models for mechanical deep tunnel excavation in rock have been developed so far. A completely three-dimensional simulator of mechanised tunnel excavation is presented in this paper. The TBM of reference is a technologically advanced double shield TBM designed to cope with both conditions. Design analyses with reference to spalling hazard along the Brenner and squeezing along the Lyon–Turin Base Tunnel are discussed.     

泥河湾盆地基于粒度气候指标的轨道调谐时间标尺

泥河湾盆地东部出露一套厚近百米的以湖相为主的地层.我们测量了洞沟剖面的粒度和磁化率.通过磁化率记录的对比, 我们可以将前人确定的古地磁界线转移到我们的深度坐标上来, 并建立了初步的时间标尺.样品中粒径在20~50μm之间的颗粒含量时间序列可以与ETP曲线对比, 即低含量对应高ETP值.这样的对比意味着在北半球夏季太阳辐射量相对增加的时期, 进入泥河湾盆地沉积物中的风尘物质减少了.这与已知的北方风尘的演化历史是吻合的, 所以我们认为粒度(20~50μm) 含量是泥河湾盆地沉积物中比较可靠的古气候变化的替代性指标.对于沉积速率相对高的时段, 即 > 780ka的地层, 我们尝试用轨道调谐的方法建立了高分辨率的时间标尺.新的粒度(20~50μm) 含量时间序列滤波获得的20ka和41ka的周期成分与岁差及地轴倾斜度的理论值可以重合.这显示洞沟剖面的粒度(20~50μm) 含量记录可以作为轨道调谐的气候曲线.      

海南高隆湾海滩生物碎屑分布及其对沉积物粒度特征的影响

在热带砂质海岸,生物碎屑是海滩沉积物的重要组成部分,其分布和变化影响海滩沉积物的粒度特征。采用添加过量盐酸和双氧水的方法对海南高隆湾海滩表层沉积物进行了去生物碎屑前后粒径分布的对比,并结合海滩高程测量分析,结果表明:（1）海滩剖面上沉积物中生物碎屑的含量主要受到海水动力的影响,且生物碎屑颗粒较粗、重量较大,在高潮时由波浪流推上海滩并滞留。（2）海滩沉积物中生物碎屑的分布主要受三方面影响:一是地形及常涌浪向;二是区域中养殖业产生的生物碎屑;三是岸外发育的珊瑚礁坪。（3）海滩沉积物中生物碎屑的含量随季节变化,冬季至春季由海水供给的生物碎屑减少、进一步分解,使得北部海滩生物碎屑含量减少;而珊瑚碎屑的稳定供给和春季较强的波浪动力条件又使研究区南部断面的生物碎屑含量增加。（4）海滩沉积物中粗颗粒所含生物碎屑多于细颗粒中的生物碎屑,生物碎屑粒径主要为-1~2,即粗砂至细砾。沉积物中生物碎屑含量愈大,对粒径参数的影响也愈大。     

河流泥沙粒径计法分析成果改正方法的实验研究

根据国家行业标准《河流泥沙颗粒分析规程》规定”粒径计分析成果，受群体沉降和扩散影响，应根据标样实验分析确定的方法进行校正“的要求，采集全国性河流１６个测站的悬沙样品，对粒径为０．０６２－０．５ｍｍ分析范围的粒径计法，以单颗沉降分析法为标准进行对比实验，据以确定粒径计法分析成果的改正方法，能充分满足颗分规程的质量检验要求。     

地下洞室开挖三维与二维有限元模型的差异分析

地下复杂洞室群的分析与计算是一个三维问题,但受计算机容量、三维网格剖分的复杂性、软件的计算能力等因素制约,实际计算时常常采用平面应变模型代替复杂的三维模型。两种模型计算得到的塑性区范围是不同的。从理论上通过Drucker-Prager屈服准则比较证明了这两种模型的差异,得到平面应变模型塑性区比三维模型塑性区大的结论。     

Studies of Particulate Matter Distribution by Aqua Modis Data and Simulation Results

Doklady Earth Sciences - Ways of combined usage of data obtained by the satellite sounding of the marine surface along with modeling approaches are considered. The technique of data application is...     

气团来源对瓦里关地区颗粒物数谱分布的影响

通过对2005年8月到2007年5月在瓦里关全球本底站观测的气溶胶数谱分布资料和同期后向轨迹资料分析,发现气团来源对瓦里关地区颗粒物的数浓度及其谱分布有显著影响.气团起源于瓦里关东北部地区或者途径东北部地区,传输路径较短,传输速度相对较慢,大气中出现较高数浓度的爱根核模态颗粒物;气团来源于瓦里关西部或者两北地区时,传输路径较长,传输速度较快,大气中一般出现较高浓度的核模态颗粒物.     

基于沟床宽度与颗粒粒径的泥石流精细化预报模型

泥石流形成区沟床宽度和颗粒粒径对沟床起动型泥石流的发生影响很大,在强烈地震影响区内显得尤为突出,但目前的泥石流预报中还没考虑到这两个因素,无法准确预测强震区泥石流的发生.在泥石流10 min和1 h精细化预报模型基础上,通过现场调查群发泥石流事件,结合汶川地震强烈影响区泥石流的演化特点,引入了泥石流形成区沟道宽度和颗粒粒径的影响,建立了改进的精细化泥石流10 min和1 h预报模型,并在贵州望谟打易和四川德昌群发泥石流、汶川地震强烈影响区的文家沟多次泥石流事件中获得了很好的验证结果,得出泥石流形成区的颗粒粒径代表泥石流的地质因子,泥石流形成区沟床宽度代表泥石流的地形因子之一,这2个因子在泥石流发生中的作用都非常重要;改进的精细化10 min和1 h预报模型以及临界值,可以用于强烈地震区和一般的泥石流预报.      

三维地质模型的数据模型研究

三维地质模型在计算机中的数据表达就是三维地质模型的数据模型,它具有确定性、可视性和可修改性的特点。文章介绍了表达三维地模型的几种典型的三维数据模型,即体元充填模型,ＴＩＮ表面模型、矢量模型、混合模型和面向对象的模型,体元充填模型根据采用的体元又可分为４个亚类。     

A Bayesian Approach to Establishing a Reference Particle Size Distribution in the Presence of Outliers

The presence of observations or measurements that are unlike the majority is fairly common in studies conducted to establish particle size (or weight fraction) distributions. Therefore, there is a need to develop methods that are capable of producing estimates of particle size distributions that are not overly sensitive to the presence of a few observations that might be considered outliers. This article proposes a type of contamination mixture model that probabilistically allocates each observation to either a majority component or a contamination component. Observations that are allocated to a contamination component are down-weighted when estimating the particle size distribution (while the uncertainty of contamination classification is automatically accounted for in estimation). Computational methods are developed and the utility of the proposed methodology is demonstrated via a simulation study. The method is then applied to data produced from an inter-laboratory study conducted to establish a particle size distribution in cement.