中国地理学研究的“全球转向”

中国近年来经济飞腾,已成为举足轻重的经济大国。中国的改革开放与全球化生产是在上个世纪80年代同时出现的新现缘、二者发展是同步的、相互影响的。西方学者对全球化现象有不同的观点,但都承认它是一股巨大的影响经济、社会及文化的力量。我们呼吁中国地理学应该要“全球转向”,扩大视野,厘清全球化在中国在地化的性质与国内外力量的互动关系,特别是二者互动的空间后果及效应。建议中国地理学者们的学术研究应该国际化、前沿化、理论化及主体化,以期与西方主流地理学对话,打破西方学者几乎完全垄断了地理学研究之话语权的现象。最终目的是要使中国地理学成为世界地理学研究的主要中心之一,与欧美分庭抗礼,然后超越之,成为地理学的学术大国。     

Introduction to Focus Section: Out in the World: Geography's Complex Relationship with Civic Engagement

Geographers have long been at the forefront of participating in and exploring the intersection of geographic knowledge and community-engaged research. This Focus Section highlights key debates and challenges facing geographers who participate in community-engaged work, explorations of pedagogical and ethical practices, departmental and institutional challenges, and examples of thoughtful applications of geographic knowledge to community-based work. It also seeks to generate knowledge and discussion of how geographers can employ civic engagement to advance geographic learning and enhance the profile of the discipline within and beyond higher education institutions. By focusing on such issues, this collection of articles contributes in vital ways to meet the challenges that higher education institutions face in demonstrating the relevance of academic learning to societal issues. This introduction to the Focus Section reviews the historical context of civic engagement in geography, provides a broad-scale look at the state of civically engaged research in U.S. institutions of higher learning, and highlights the contributions of each of the individual articles included in this Focus Section.     

Grappling with Growth: Perceptions of Development and Preservation in Faster- and Slower-Growing Amenity Communities*

Amenity-rich rural communities attract tourists, retirees, second-home owners, and others whose values are often assumed to conflict with those of longtime residents. While prior research has examined attitudinal differences across types of residents, questions about the effects of community growth on residents’ attitudes remain unanswered. This study examines whether and how seasonal and permanent residents differ within and across towns experiencing different rates of growth, and the implications of differences for attitudes toward community development and preservation. Results showed that permanent residents (both short- and long-term) perceived community development initiatives as more important to maintaining future quality of life than did seasonal homeowners. Further, community growth rates had statistically significant effects: residents of slower-growth towns attributed higher importance to both development and preservation initiatives than did residents of faster-growing towns. Growth rate was thus a stronger predictor of attitudes toward both development and preservation than resident type.     

The Lingering Effects of Neighborhood Appraisal: Evaluating Redlining's Legacy in Pittsburgh

Place-based classifications can create long-standing influences on neighborhood fortunes. Redlining is a classic example of these unintended effects. The Federal Home Loan Bank Board developed housing appraisal standards subsequently codified in Residential Security Maps. By georeferencing the 1937 map of Pittsburgh, we evaluated the spatial legacies of neighborhood appraisals. We identify persistent neighborhood conditions by comparing neighborhood evaluations with normalized census data from 1970 to 2000. Contemporary conditions correspond with security grades from the 1937 map. Concentrations of poverty, people of color, and vacancy persist in historically redlined areas. Concentrations of high incomes, home values, and homeownership persist elsewhere.     

Placing Geography's Institutions into Geographic Pedagogy: Colearning and Coproduction of Knowledge as Strategy to Do Geography Differently

This article discusses New Zealand geography's recent engagement in institutional regeneration that is aimed at redeveloping the knowledge claims its geography community can make. This engagement has led to new levels of understanding among many New Zealand geographers of colearning and coproduction of knowledge as geographic processes involving knowledge, power, and authority relations. The article briefly outlines two linked trajectories: those relating to the gradual recognition of institutional collapse, and the commitment to remaking a new and generative institutional framework, and the uptake of ideas from international geography that helped with prioritizing revisioning and institutional regeneration. Lessons from New Zealand geography's sobering institutional experiences and new efforts at collective learning and activity to extend the spheres of geography's action are salutary for international geography.     

Job-Rich but Housing-Poor: The Dilemma of a Western Amenity Town*

Sedona, Arizona, an amenity town that trades on intangible quality-of-life attributes like spectacular scenery, the arts, and its nonmetropolitan location, has a conflict between low-wage employment catering to its tourist sector and expensive housing for its affluent residents. Many of those who work in Sedona do not live in the community. This study, based on a survey of 286 employees, shows that workers who live in Sedona do not have incomes that are significantly higher than commuters from the outside, but they live in housing that is almost twice as expensive. Employees who live in Sedona pay dearly for housing in order to be near jobs, natural beauty, and the cultural ambience of an amenity town. Commuters, on the other hand, incur high travel costs but enjoy cheaper housing and the lifestyle of small towns and rural areas. The emergence of amenity environments and long-distance commuting in Sedona is symbolic of the increased differentiation of nonmetropolitan landscapes.     

The ostracode record from Harris Lake, southwestern Saskatchewan: 9200 years of local environmental change

Holocene paleoenvironments of Harris Lake, southwestern Saskatchewan, are reconstructed from the ostracode stratigraphy of a 10.4 m sediment core. Twenty three taxa, representing nine genera, were identified and counted from 113 samples. At each depth, a theoretical faunal assemblage was derived from the raw counts. The mean and variance of chemical, climatic and physical variables were inferred from modern analogues of the fossil assemblages, using existing autecological data from 6720 sites, mostly in western Canada. These data suggest four paleoenvironments: an early-Holocene (9240–6400 years BP) variable climate supporting aspen parkland vegetation; the warm dry hypsithermal (6400–4500 years BP); a short transitional period of ameliorating climate and expanding subboreal forest (4500–3600 years BP); and the present environment since 3600 years BP. A change in regional climate with the draining of Glacial Lake Agassiz (ca. 8500 years BP) and landsliding in the watershed (ca. 4000 years BP) caused relatively rapid environmental change. The ostracode record generally corroborates the interpretations of other proxy data previously published for Harris Lake. Most of the discrepancy involves the timing and severity of maximum Holocene warmth and aridity. Peak aridity interpreted from the pollen data is earlier than in the other proxy records. Both the diatoms and ostracodes indicate highest paleosalinity between ca. 6500 and 5000 years BP, but maximum salinity in the diatom record occurs between ca. 6000–5700 years BP, whereas the ostracode-inferred salinity is relatively low at this time and peaks later at ca. 5000 years. Neither of these reconstructions suggests the short episodes of hypersalinity interpreted from the mineralogy.     

地理实验教学的困境与实现路径

地理实验教学是培养地理实践力的主要途径。通过考察地理实验教学从无到有并日益重要的发展历程,指出当前我国地理实验教学面临有名无实、缺乏共识、理论单薄的困境,其原因在于地理课程结构的缺陷、理论研究视野的局限和实验教学资源的不足。由此,提出加强地理实验教学的理论研究,推动地理实验的标准化,建设"一室一园一地"的新型地理实验场所。     

The Coyote Brush Invasion of Southern California Grasslands and the Legacy of Mechanical Disturbance

This study investigates the recent invasion of exotic grasslands by coyote brush in La Jolla Valley, California. We test the “event dependent” hypothesis that mechanical disturbances during the past century were a key cause. To examine the relationship between past mechanical disturbances and vegetation dynamics we first conducted a review of the historical literature on practices of shrub removal and documented disturbance history using historical imagery. We next analyzed vegetation‐cover change over time using remotely sensed imagery and a vegetation map to document the history of native shrub advancement into exotic grassland by species association. Finally, we determined the topographic characteristics associated with different phases of shrub advancement. We found that mechanical disturbances historically varied by topography with upper and steeper slopes being least intensively disturbed. We found that shrub advancement rates, following release from grazing, varied by slope, elevation, and time period, and that Baccharis pilularis (coyote brush) was the main species to invade the more intensively disturbed sites at lower elevations. Our results indicate that mechanical disturbances played an important role in modifying the original vegetation cover with long‐lasting consequences, including a facilitating role for the subsequent Baccharis pilularis invasion. We concluded that the practice of grazing often included exotic mechanical disturbances that had long‐lasting impacts on native plants.     

图们江国际通航的合作困局及其应对策略

作为东北亚重要的国际性河流,图们江实现国际通航,不仅有其历史和现实依据,而且具备坚实的法理基础和国际法依据。针对通航合作中的现实困局,尝试以多学科交叉融合的视角,运用地缘政治与地缘经济学分析工具,探索图们江国际通航合作受阻的主要矛盾和深层机理。研究表明,国际河流通航利用中存在一个共轭性约束系统,除受外部显性法理规制以外,更有地域内源性多重限制。消除以地缘利益冲突为核心的地域内源性多重限制是破局的关键。     

Legacy sediment stored in sinkholes: a case study of three urban watersheds in Tennessee,United States of America

As closed topographic depressions, sinkholes effectively divide karst regions into a series of subwatersheds, where swallets within each sinkhole define the downstream end of each subwatershed. Water and sediment are temporarily stored in sinkholes before continuing to underground streams. While pathways and travel times of water in karst terrain are commonly found using tracing techniques, such techniques do not provide information about the movement and travel time of sediment through these systems. This paper reviews the literature regarding sediment storage within sinkholes and presents a case study, the objective of which is to estimate the magnitude and timing of sediment deposition within three sinkholes in an urbanized area in Tennessee, United States of America. Sedimentation rates in sinkholes were estimated based on age determination of cultural artifacts (buried trash and coal fragments) and by ¹⁴C dating. For the three study sinkholes, minimum deposition rates (maximum residence times) were 15?cm?yr ^?1(6 yrs), 1.5?cm?yr ^?1(81?yrs), and 0.2?cm?yr^?1(640 yrs). The analysis revealed that sinkholes undergo fill and flush cycles at different timescales caused by changes in upland sediment supply and morphologic changes at swallet openings. Sinkholes that lack swallet openings, or with swallets that have become blocked by debris, are effectively disconnected from master streams with regard to sediment. Sediment stored in sinkholes may be released downstream when swallet conditions change.     

乡村旅游资源开发的阶段性演化与产权困境分析——以贵州天龙屯堡为例

以贵州典型乡村旅游地——天龙屯堡为例,采用文献分析、深度访谈和实地考察等定性研究方法,借助对天龙屯堡乡村旅游资源开发阶段性演化的深度剖析,探讨乡村旅游开发中因旅游资源产权困境导致乡村旅游开发难以维系的原因.研究发现:乡村旅游资源的构成特征及人力资本的特殊性引致的产权困境,使得对乡村旅游开发的利益主体约束和激励效果较差,利益主体间权、责、利不明,矛盾不断凸显,交易成本较高,乡村旅游的可持续发展难以为继.