Collaborative Visioning or Urban Planning as Therapy? The Politics of Public‐Private Policy Making

One aspect of a recent restructuring of urban economies, societies, and spaces has been a change in urban planning practice. Planning is increasingly privatized and decentralized in U.S. cities. Private planning consultants are often hired by public‐private coalitions in order to shape the future of cities, while the planning processes they institute are frequently claimed to be consensus‐based, collaborative, and inclusionary, rather than elite‐centered and expert‐driven. This paper discusses the use of “visioning”—an increasingly popular technique that develops goals for the future of a city through consensus‐based meetings, open to all parties—as developed by New Century Lexington, a public‐private planning initiative in Lexington, Kentucky. It argues that: (1) new public‐private planning procedures, incorporating collaborative techniques, frequently become the institutional sites of political struggle over how future urban geographies are produced; (2) in order to understand the role of visioning in contemporary urban politics and in policy making outcomes, we must recognize the sociospatial context in which it is deployed; and (3) in the case of New Century, the way in which local elites controlled the mechanics of the visioning process made dissent difficult and, therefore, produced a vision of the future largely parallel to their standard economic development models.     

基于次序权重平均法的购房选择地理空间多准则决策

居民的购房选择是对居住区位进行选择的复杂过程,其实质是居住空间的个人行为决策问题。在调研工作基础上,论文分析并构建了居民购房选择决策评价指标体系,以北京市为实验区应用GIS制作居住适宜性基础准则(指标)地图。研究一种可以适应购房者差异化的购房需求与偏好的购房地理空间决策方法,通过层次分析法提取购房个体的偏好信息,确定个人准则权重。采用次序加权平均算法(Ordered Weighted Averaging,OWA)针对个人准则权重计算个人次序权重,结合二者对居住适宜性基础准则地图进行集结,计算多种决策风险下的个人居住适宜性准则地图,对意向住房进行分析评价,动态生成相应决策方案,为购房者提供购房决策支持,减少主观意愿与客观环境带来的决策风险。最后通过一个实验对以上方法进行实现。     

一种结合GIS的双重目标多准则决策方法及其应用

在土地适宜性评价中,现有结合GIS的多准则决策方法难以适用于存在多个冲突决策目标的问题。该文对已有方法进行改进,提出一种适用于相互冲突双重目标的多准则决策方法。该方法应用矢量数据模型,逐个进行单一目标的多准则决策,根据决策结果建立决策平面;根据两个目标间的权重划分决策平面,采用图解算法实现双重目标的决策。与现有的线性整数规划、遗传算法等相比,该方法简单易用,适用于城市规划中具有大量候选项的土地适宜性评价和土地布局研究。     

环境遥感对地理学研究方法的拓展

环境遥感对于地理科学研究方法的支持作用,体现为使地理科学研究从定性到定量,对地球表层系统物质地信息和能量信息的双重同步考察等。而地综合分析客一的加强,规范化的“信息合”技术应用以及以地理环境遥感信息分析处理为核心的地理制图和地理信息系统技术应用则是环境遥感的发展对地理科学研究理念的一系列拓展。     

环境保护与经济计划决策支持系统模型研究

模型是DSS的核心部分, “经济发展与环境保护辅助决策支持系统”从经济决策行为所带来的经济状态变化对环境的影响为出发点, 研究了环境与经济相互关系状态的评价、分析及优化决策三大类模型, 并对主要模型、系统结构和模型运行过程进行了介绍。     

人居环境评价在城市规划政策研究中的工具性作用

从认识论的视角出发,提出人居环境评价作为一种工具,在城市规划与城市发展政策中具有三个层面的作用,一是表达,二是交流与合意,三是分析和决策。结合上述观点,对国内外相关研究的进展进行了评述。结果表明,目前,我国人居环境评价的研究成果大部分定位于空间表述,以交流与合意,分析和决策为目标的研究很少,因此限制了研究成果在政策中的深层次应用。为了改变这一现状,急需加强人居环境的价值化评价和政策效果的分析,使人居环境评价上升为更高级的研究工具,以便在政策实践中发挥更大作用。     

Spatial Patterns of Migration and Income Change in the Mountain West: The Dominance of Service‐Based,Amenity‐Rich Counties

One of the most recognizable and important changes occurring in the West is rapid population growth. This article intends to address questions associated with whether patterns of population growth and income migration are associated with “new” and “old” West economies. Rural restructuring in the U.S. has created a group of counties with service‐based economies. In the Mountain West, a number of counties with service‐based economies are located in areas with high levels of environmental or natural amenities, creating what has been termed the “New West.” Migration to the rural parts of the Mountain West, and the income transfers associated with migration, are increasingly concentrated within these New West counties. Rapid population growth, the changing characteristics of in‐migrants, and their spatial concentration in New West counties provide a basis for conflicts over what the rural West is becoming.     

The Making of Urban Japan: Cities and Planning from Edo to the Twenty‐First Century.

André Sorensen. London : Blackwell Publishing, 2002. xiv and 386 pp. $100.00 cloth (ISBN 0‐415‐22651‐1). Reviewed by Roman A. Cybriwsky, Department of Geography, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, and Temple University Japan, Tokyo, Japan.     

A Commentary on the Use of Touch for Accessing On‐Screen Spatial Representations: The Process of Experiencing Haptic Maps and Graphics

The growth of the Internet and the digital revolution have meant increased reliance on electronic representations of information. Geospatial information has been readily adapted to the world of cyberspace, and most Web pages incorporate graphics, images, or maps to represent spatial and spatialized data. But flat computer screens do not facilitate a map or graph experience by those who are visually impaired. The traditional method for compensating for nonvisual access to maps and graphics has been to construct hard‐copy tactile maps. In this article, we examine an electronic accommodation for nonvisual users—the haptic map. Using new and off‐the‐shelf hardware—force feedback and vibrotactile mice—we explore how touch can be combined with virtual representations of shapes and patterns to enable nonvisual access to onscreen map or graphic material.