第四纪气候变化机制研究的进展与问题

自从20世纪50年代海洋沉积氧同位素记录被揭示以来,经典的陆地4次冰期理论被新的认识所取代,人们发现第四纪以来冰期—间冰期旋回远远不止4次,并且从深海沉积和陆地黄土获取的古气候变化记录与地球轨道参数变化可以对比,为揭示第四纪古气候变化机制构建了明确的框架。近年来有关末次冰期不稳定气候事件的揭示也为深入认识古气候变化特征提供了新的证据。然而冰期—间冰期旋回机制、南北半球在冰期—间冰期循环过程中的耦合机制以及气候不稳定事件发生机制仍然是困扰古气候研究者的重大问题。     

渤南洼陷沙四下亚段沉积时期古气候演化

正全球于古近纪发育PETM、ETM2、EECO、和MECO多个短期热气候事件(雷华蕊等,2018)。受热气候事件影响,渤南洼陷沙四下亚段沉积时期红层沉积发育并记录着热气候事件控制下古气候演化过程。立足于渤南洼陷沙四下亚段红层,恢复古气候演化过程,一方面可以点带面,揭示全球古近纪气候演化;另一方面为研究极端气候条件对湖盆沉积体系的控制作用奠定基础。     

温室背景下陆相抚顺盆地始新世西露天组古气候演化

古近纪古新世—始新世极热事件和始新世后期变冷的古气候事件是目前沉积学和古气候学研究的热点, 但相关研究在陆相地层中较少涉及。前人对抚顺盆地始新世一系列极热事件进行了识别和成因研究, 但针对始新世后期开始变冷的古气候波动状况尚未进行系统分析。本文采用了古气候参数磁化率和色度对抚顺盆地始新世西露天组(晚始新世)古气候的波动和演化特征进行研究。通过对高精度磁化率和色度数据进行聚类分析和垂向演化规律对比发现, 西露天组沉积记录具有高的频率磁化率(12.58%~39.63%)、中高色度a*值(5.6%左右)和中高色度b*值(9.1%左右), 且这些数值均与古气温具有很好的对应性, 鉴于此, 这两种参数可以作为始新世陆相古气候演化研究的有效手段。抚顺盆地西露天组自底部到顶部, 频率磁化率呈由高值到低值缓慢下降的趋势, 色度a*值和b*值总体呈现先增加后减少的趋势, 这些均显示了抚顺盆地始新世整体温室气候背景下的降温过程。本次对晚始新世古气候变化趋势研究的认识, 联合前人在早始新世古气候演化的研究成果, 可以共同为东亚地区完整的始新世古气候演化研究提供可靠素材。     

粒度端元模型在新疆黄土粉尘来源与古气候研究中的初步应用

基于新疆伊犁盆地肖尔布拉克黄土剖面粒度数据,以贝叶斯粒度端元模型法为主,粒级标准偏差法为辅探寻对气候变化响应敏感的粒级组分及其对粉尘来源示踪和古气候重建的意义。研究结果表明粒度端元组分EM1（众数粒径:21.22 μm）代表大气粉尘中较为稳定的背景值,其含量的变化与高空西风环流强度有关。EM2（75.29 μm）主要代表了近源河流沉积物的悬移搬运组分,可视为较敏感的古气候指标。EM3（47.5 μm）也代表了近距离的悬移搬运组分,可能主要由较粗颗粒对地表的碰撞磨蚀作用而产生。EM2记录了深海氧同位素2阶段（MIS2）以来的北大西洋气候波动事件,如Heinrich事件、YD事件等。贝叶斯粒度端元模型能够区分不同的沉积动力过程,在新疆黄土古气候研究中具有广泛的应用前景。     

白垩纪世界与大洋红层

白垩纪代表着地质历史中的一种极端的温室气候,已被国际地球科学界视为研究地球系统科学的典型范例。文中在评述白垩纪沉积作用、古气候、古海洋研究中取得的重要进展基础上,重点介绍推动白垩纪研究核心问题之一的黑色页岩和大洋缺氧事件以及由中国学者提出的白垩纪大洋红层和富氧作用。大洋缺氧事件与大洋红层的研究因其与碳氧循环、古气候和古海洋变化的紧密关系,已经成为国际白垩纪研究中的热点问题,并在今后一段时期内继续引领着白垩纪古海洋、古气候变化研究的不断深入。     

陆地热泉钙华：重建古气候历史信息重要载体

【研究目的】陆地热泉钙华作为火山、地热区常见的陆相碳酸盐岩沉积物/岩被广泛用于恢复古环境,但其中可反映古气候信息的代用指标多受复杂外界条件变化控制,因此利用热泉钙华进行古气候信息提取有待深入研究。【研究方法】本文对当前热泉钙华在重建古气候信息方面的成功案例进行了总结,并梳理了与热泉钙华沉积相关的各类气候、非气候影响因素。【研究结果】研究认为针对热泉钙华进行古气候恢复代用指标的选取,目前较为可行的有C-O同位素、主微量元素,孢粉学数据由于孢粉保存的局限性,可作为佐证信息,配合其他气候代用指标来检验古气候意义的正确与否,同时需将热泉钙华中各项气候代用指标与生物地层学、冰芯、石笋等相对成熟的古气候研究手段进行对比,使各类古气候替代指标相互验证,从而更好的解读热泉钙华中古气候信息。【结论】利用热泉钙华中的各项气候代用指标进行可靠的古气候信息提取与恢复具有可行性。创新点：本文梳理了国内外热泉钙华恢复古气候的成功案例,并探讨了针对热泉钙华进行古气候恢复研究存在的问题。     

显生宙深时气候研究热点问题的文献计量分析

以ISI Web of Science论文数据库为数据源,针对1900—2016年国际深时气候领域发表的论文,从文献计量学的角度,统计分析了论文发表的数量、国家以及国际Top 5%论文的主题和作者,着重分析当前古气候领域的研究热点以及我国在这一领域的影响力情况。结果显示:自20世纪90年代以来国际深时气候领域论文数量持续增长;国际古气候研究主要集中于古海洋事件、生物大灭绝事件与气候的联系、气候变化等方向;虽然按论文产出量排序,中国已进入深时气候研究的前列,但高影响研究成果的比例仍非常低。     

青藏高原东北缘第三纪构造-气候事件与环境变迁

青藏高原东北缘处于青藏高原与黄土高原的交接部位,为环境变化敏感带。通过系统的沉积环境、构造运动与古气候演化的较高分辨率研究,划分了第三纪以构造－气候作用下的１７个沉积层序和古气候演化的七大阶段,将研究区的地质事件与同期的柴达木盆地干旱植物、珠江口和渤海湾海平面、大西洋海氧同位素演化阶段对比研究表明,区域重大地质事件具有可比性,同时具有很好的第三纪时期全球变化意义。     

高精度ICP-MS 230Th测年新技术及其在贵州衙门洞Y1石笋测年研究中的应用

在系统介绍洞穴石笋高精度ICP-M S铀系年代学原理与方法的基础上,对贵州荔波县衙门洞Y1石笋进行了IC P-M S 　230 Th测年研究。综合分析认为精确时标的建立对于利用石笋进行古气候重建具有重要的实际意义;采用ICP-M S　230 Th测年方法进行石笋样品定年准确可靠,并且比TIM S方法具有更高的效率,所需样品更微量。通过生长速率变化分析表明,石笋生长速率记录了过去冷暖突变事件,因此可以用它作为一个有意义的环境记录替代指标来研究古降水及古气候变化。      

柴达木盆地侏罗纪古气候演变过程：来自化学风化特征的证据

柴达木盆地侏罗系陆相地层记录了该时期一系列重大的构造—气候—环境耦合演化事件，然而针对该套地层的古气 候、古风化作用等方面研究还很薄弱。为了恢复柴达木盆地侏罗纪时期的古气候和古环境特征，文章研究对柴北缘大煤沟侏 罗系标准剖面的沉积岩样品开展了全岩主、微量元素测试，综合采用多种化学风化指数判定柴达木盆地侏罗纪古气候条件及 演变过程。元素比值(Rb/Sr、K/Na、Na/Al 和Na/Ti)和化学风化指数(CIA、CIW、PIA 和ICV)均显示，柴达木盆地侏罗纪化学风 化过程和古气候演化过程可划分为4 个阶段：早侏罗世早—中期和中侏罗世中期，化学风化作用强烈，古气候处于温带—亚热 带温暖、潮湿气候条件；早侏罗世晚期和中侏罗世晚期—晚侏罗世，受到区域降水减少影响，盆地化学风化作用显著减弱，整体 处于干旱、半干旱环境。以上结果与前人基于沉积物和植物群面貌研究得出的古气候变化过程相吻合，为盆地及区域陆相侏 罗纪古气候研究提供了相对完整而连续的地球化学证据和参考。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861