超新星遗迹CTB109射电半圆形形态解释

倪陈平等利用最新的压力驱动雪耙相超新星遗迹演化公式解释了CTB 109的X射线半圆形形态。东半部激波的射电辐射是由CTB 109从自由相转化到绝热相时的湍动所增大的磁场以及由这湍动和激波加速的相对论电子所产生的。而分子云中激波产生的射电辐射是由星际磁场的激波加速和激波压缩所产生的,这一部分激波产生的射电流量远远小于东半部激波产生的相同频率处的射电辐射,而且也小于Green(1984)所有银河系超新星遗迹在相同频率处的射电流量,因而观测不到,所以CTB 109具有半圆形射电结构。     

超新星遗迹SN1572周边的分子气体分布

超新星遗迹(supernova remnant,简写为SNR)在早期阶段的结构和演化是与周围星际介质环境密切相关的,这些星际介质也就成为研究SNR.演化的探针.观测了SN1572方向周围的12CO(J=1-0)谱线,拟调查SN 1572周围CO气体的分布,为研究SN 1572与周围分子气体的关系以及该超新星遗迹的演化提供观测依据.观测结果表明,在视向速度VLSR=-69～-58km s-1范围内的CO分子气体与SN 1572成协,此速度成分来自一个大尺度分子云.分子气体沿着SNR的射电壳边缘连续地但非均匀地分布,形成一个包围着SNR的半封闭的分子壳层.整个东半边有着增强的发射,尤其是东北边缘处的CO发射最强.峰值发射位置的谱线呈致宽(>5km s-1)的速度特征,结合光学,红外、X-射线等其它波段在对应位置上的已有观测,都表明了快速的激波和抛出物质正膨胀进入东北边缘的分子气体中,与稠密的气体发生相互作用.这种相互作用将对SN 1572今后的演化有着重要的影响.     

宇宙线的超新星遗迹起源

宇宙线的起源是高能天体物理的核心问题之一.一直以来,超新星爆发被认为是能谱膝区以下宇宙线的主要来源.多波段观测表明,超新星遗迹有能力加速带电粒子至亚PeV (10~(15)eV)能量.扩散激波加速被认为是最有效的天体高能粒子加速机制之一,而超新星遗迹的大尺度激波正好为这一机制提供平台.近年来,一系列较高精度的地面和空间实验极大地推动了对宇宙线以及超新星遗迹的研究.新的观测事实挑战着传统的扩散激波加速模型以及其在银河系宇宙线超新星遗迹起源学说上的应用,深化了人们对宇宙高能现象的认识.结合超新星遗迹辐射能谱的时间演化特性,构建的时间依赖的超新星遗迹粒子加速模型,不仅能够解释200 GV附近宇宙线的能谱反常,还自然地形成能谱膝区,甚至可以将超新星遗迹粒子加速对宇宙线能谱的贡献延伸至踝区.该模型预期超新星遗迹中粒子的输运行为表现为湍流扩散,这需要未来的观测以及与粒子输运相关的等离子体数值模拟工作来进一步验证.     

超新星遗迹MSH 15-56和CTA 1

对于超新星遗迹MSH 15-56和CTA 1,本文较详细地公布了由爱因斯坦卫星得到的X射线观测资料.根据这些资料,导出其物理特性,推导和预言其射电流量,并与前人的射电观测进行了比较.     

超新星遗迹X射线研究

在此介绍我们基于ＡＳＣＡ 和ＲＯＳＡＴ 等Ｘ 射线天文卫星,对３Ｃ３９７ 、Ｇ３２７ ．１１ ．１ 、Ｇ２１ ．５０ ．９ 和ＲＸＪ１７１３ ．７３９４６ 等超新星遗迹的物理特性进行的分析,简要地讨论了３Ｃ３９７ 的非平衡电离双热分量和双极泡结构以及Ｇ３２７ ．１１ ．１ 和Ｇ２１ ．５０ ．９ 中隐匿脉冲星的性质,并提出ＲＸＪ１７１３ ．７３９４６ 和ＡＤ３９３ 客星之间可能的关系。     

超新星遗迹与银河系旋臂结构

从分子云演化的过程来讨论银河系中可能存在的超新星遗迹数目．对银河系分子云的观测已经得到了许多可靠的数据．如果这一研究结果在分子云方面能使理论值和观测值相匹配,那么由此导得的超新星事件结果也有一定的可靠性．结果表明,在内银河系中,可能存在的超新星遗迹约为（７７５±１２）τ５．旋臂结构并不会提高超新星的诞生率,它仅使超新星遗迹的分布有所变化,即在旋臂区域增加,而在臂间区域减少．     

脉冲星与超新星遗迹成协的候选体

从所有已被提出和发现的230多颗超新星遗迹和1300多颗脉冲星中，总结出一个共50对脉冲星与超新星遗迹成协候选体的样本．其中至少20对因为环绕脉冲星的脉冲星风云已被探测到，其成协性应该是真实的。结合近来的观测结果，对导致这种成协对缺失现象的各种因素进行了讨论，尤其深入地讨论了这个样本中有代表性的3个很可能成协的脉冲星与超新星遗迹对。     

当前超新星遗迹研究中的若干热点问题

对银河系内历史性超新星"回光"(light echoes)的观测是研究年轻超新星遗迹的重要手段。通过对"回光"进行观测,可以确认其前身星的物理特性,揭示恒星晚期演化过程和其星周介质的三维空间分布。历史性超新星直接"回光"极其暗弱,对其探测最近几年才因新技术的应用而得以实现。综述了河内超新星遗迹包括仅有的已探测到回光现象的两颗年轻超新星遗迹——第谷(SN1572)和仙后座A(CasA)的最新研究进展。研究结果有利于更好地理解Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型超新星的性质,区别两类超新星的爆发机制,加深对超新星的核合成、重元素合成、星系形成和演化、暗能量等的了解。讨论了利用回光观测可以进一步深入开展的研究课题。     

两颗IIn型超新星的观测研究(英文)

介绍了PTF10gvf和PTF10gvd两颗IIn型超新星的测光和光谱的观测情况,并对这两颗超新星做了精确测光和光谱拟合。通过对光谱的分析,得到这两颗超新星的抛射物的外层激波速度为~103km/s,其前身星的星风速度为~102km/s,并根据ChugaiDanziger(1994)提出的方法计算了它们的前身星质量损失率。PTF10gvf的质量损失率为~10-2M⊙/yr,PTF10gvd的质量损失率为~10-4M⊙/yr。由于这些物理参数与亮蓝变星星风速度和质量损失率的典型值相符合,推测这两颗IIn型超新星的前身星有可能是亮蓝变星。这个结论为IIn超新星与亮蓝变星之间的联系提供了支持,与之前Gal-Yam A V等人得到的结果一致。     

Statistics of Galactic Supernova Remnants

We collected the basic parameters of 231 supernova remnants (SNRs) in our Galaxy, namely, distances (d) from the Sun, linear diameters (D), Galactic heights (Z), estimated ages (t), luminosities (L), surface brightness (∑) and flux densities (S1) at 1-GHz frequency and spectral indices (α). We tried to find possible correlations between these parameters. As expected, the linear diameters were found to increase with ages for the shell-type remnants, and also to have a tendency to increase with the Galactic heights. Both the surface brightness and luminosity of SNRs at 1-GHz tend to decrease with the linear diameter and with age. No other relations between the parameters were found.     

Photoionized Regions Around Supernova Remnants

The radiation produced by the gas cooling behind a fast supernova remnant shock in the interstellar medium is capable of ionizing the undisturbed medium ahead of the shock wave. In this work I investigate the nonequilibrium evolution of these photoionized precursor regions by means of radiation-hydrodynamic simulations of supernova remnant evolution. This revised version was published online in September 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

The Origin of Cosmic Rays from Supernova Remnants

The origin of cosmic rays is one of the key questions in high-energy astrophysics. Supernovae have been always considered as the dominant sources of cosmic rays below the energy spectrum knee. Multi-wavelength observations indeed show that supernova remnants are capable for accelerating particles into sub-PeV (10${}^{15}$ eV) energies. Diffusive shock acceleration is considered as one of the most efficient acceleration mechanisms of astrophysical high-energy particles, which may just operate effectively in the large-scale shocks of supernova remnants. Recently, a series of high-precision ground and space experiments have greatly promoted the study of cosmic rays and supernova remnants. New observational features challenge the classical acceleration model by diffusive shock and the application to the scenario of supernova remnants for the origin of Galactic cosmic rays, and have deepened our understanding to the cosmic high-energy phenomena. In combination with the time evolution of radiation energy spectrum of supernova remnants, a time-dependent particle acceleration model is established, which can not only explain the anomalies in cosmic-ray distributions around 200 GV, but also naturally form the cosmic-ray spectrum knee, even extend the contribution of supernova particle acceleration to cosmic ray flux up to the spectrum ankle. This model predicts that the high-energy particle transport behavior is dominated by the turbulent convection, which needs to be verified by future observations and plasma numerical simulations relevant to the particle transport.     

星际无碰撞激波的Balmer双线结构

Balmer发射线是研究星际无碰撞激波物理性质的重要途径之一.星际无碰撞激波的Balmer发射线包括宽线和窄线两个明显的成分.通常认为,这种双线成分是与激波联系在一起的,宽线产生于激波前慢中性粒子与激波后高能质子的电荷交换,反映了激波后粒子的热运动状况,而窄线则产生于激波前慢中性粒子的激发,反映了激波前粒子的热运动状况.但是,近来更细致的观测和理论计算表明,超新星遗迹中Balmer发射线的双线结构很可能还要受到其他因素的影响,并且与激波速度和电子-质子的热平衡有着密切的关系.该文将讨论影响Balmer双线结构的各种因素,并讨论Balmer双线结构在超新星遗迹研究中的一些应用.     

Status of the Connection between Unidentified Egret Sources and Supernova Remnants: The Case of Cta 1

In this paper we briefly comment on the observational status of the possible physical association between unidentified EGRET sources and supernova remnants (SNRs) in our Galaxy. We draw upon recent results presented in the review by Torres et al. (2003), concerning molecular gas in the vicinity of all 19 SNRs found to be positionally coincident with EGRET sources at low Galactic latitudes. In addition, we present new results regarding the supernova remnant CTA 1. Our findings disfavor the possibility of a physical connection with the nearby (in projection) EGRET source. There remains possible, however, that the compact object produced in the supernova explosion be related with the observed γ-ray flux.     

Cosmic Ray Production Rates in Supernova Remnants

Supernova Remnants (SNRs) are the most likely sources of the galactic cosmic rays up to energies of about 10¹⁵ eV/nuc. The large scale shock waves of SNRs are almost ideal sites to accelerate particles up to these highly non-thermal energies by a first order Fermi mechanism which operates through scattering of the particles at magnetic irregularities. In order to get an estimate on the total amount of the explosion energy E _SNconverted into high energy particles the evolution of a SNR has to be followed up to the final merging with the interstellar medium. This can only be done by numerical simulations since the non-linear modifications of the shock wave due to particle acceleration as well as radiative cooling processes at later SNR stages have to be considered in such investigations. Based on a large sample of numerical evolution calculations performed for different ambient densities n _ext, SN explosion energies, magnetic fields etc. we discuss the final ‘yields’ of cosmic rays at the final SNR stage where the Mach number of the shock waves drops below 2. At these times the cosmic rays start to diffuse out of the remnant. In the range of external densities of10^-2 ≤ n _ext/[cm^-3] ≤ 30 we find a the total acceleration efficiency of about 0.15 E _SN with an increase up to 0.24 E _SN at maximum for an external density of n _ext = 10 cm^-3. Since for the larger ambient densities radiative cooling can reduce significantly the total thermal energy content of the remnant dissipation of Alfvén waves can provide an important heating mechanism for the gas at these later stages. From the collisions of the cosmic rays with the thermal plasma neutral pions are generated which decay subsequently into observable γ-rays above 100 MeV. Hence, we calculate these γ-ray luminosities of SNRs and compare them with current upper limits of ground based γ-raytelescopes. The development of dense shells due to cooling of the thermal plasma increases the γ-ray luminosities and e.g. an external density of n _ext = 10 cm^-3 with E _SN = 10⁵¹ erg can lead to a γ-ray flux above 10^-6 ph cm^-2 s^-1 for a remnant located at a distance of 1 kpc. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

超新星坍缩与中微子泄漏

本文用简化的中微子泄漏模式代替输运方程，计算超新星坍缩过程中的中微子变化，通过调节模式中的参数可改变中微子的俘陷密度，使之达到较为合适的值，还讨论了在中微子俘陷密度到达之前，特定密度区段（10~(-10)－5×10~(11)g／cm~3）内使电子俘获率有显著变化的一种参数方法及研究结果。     

Collisional Pumping of OH Masers near Supernova Remnants

Astronomy Letters - The collisional pumping of OH masers in non-dissociative C-type shocks near supernova remnants is considered. The emergence of maser emission in OH lines is investigated for...     

Tailored Blast Wave Production Pertaining to Supernova Remnants

We report on the first production of “tailored” blast waves in cluster media using a 1 ps laser pulse focused to 2×10¹⁶ W/cm². This new technique allows cylindrical blast waves to be produced with a strong axial modulation of variable spatial frequency, as a seed for instability growth. Energy deposition is modified by changing the cluster density whilst keeping the atomic density of the target constant. Electron density maps show the production of strongly modulated blast waves and the development of a thin shell structure in H at late times, and the trajectories show blast waves forming in H, and Ar. In Xe, a blast wave does not form on the timescales studied. Analysis of astrophysical similarity parameters suggests that a hydrodynamically similar situation is created in H, and that further evolution would create a regime where radiative effects may be influential in Ar and Xe.