怀俄明州积雪场CO2,CH4和N20的通量及其对全球预算的指示意义

三种主要的温室气体－ＣＯ２、ＣＨＲ和Ｎ２Ｏ－在大气中日益升高的浓度总共占所预期的全球变暖效应的约７０％，但是对于其中的任何一种气体来说，生产－消耗预算都是不平衡的。积雪可覆盖北半球陆地面积的４４％￣５３％，并且在高山及亚高山区，可以有好几米深的积雪厚度持续半年多。大多数微量气体预算假定：当土壤被积雪覆盖或土壤温度降至约０℃时，微量气体交换便会停止。因此，通常认为高山及亚高山区土壤是大气ＣＯ２的总汇     

太湖梅梁湾温室气体(CO2,CH4和N2O)浓度的昼夜变化及其控制因素

营养盐载荷增加、富营养化以及全球增温等对湖泊温室气体的影响目前认识还很有限,原因之一在于对湖泊温室气体产生的动力过程了解不够深入,缺少高时间分辨率的现场观测数据。为了解决这一问题,在富营养的太湖梅梁湾水体,每一小时收集一个样品,直接分析N2 O和CH4饱和度、CO2分压(pCO2)以及其他地球化学参数。在7月份的观测中,N2 O和CH4显示出显著的昼夜变化规律。相关性分析表明,有机质降解是调节湖泊N2 O和CH4变化的重要因素之一。虽然人为活动是控制湖泊温室气体大规模变化的主要因素,但沉积物-水界面的生物地球化学过程对温室气体浓度在短时间尺度上的变化有着重要的影响。研究结果揭示了湖泊温室气体除了受人为活动影响外,湖泊自身的生物地球化学过程也是重要的调控因素之一。     

夏季长江河口潮间带反硝化作用和N2O的排放与吸收

采用培养箱乙炔抑制和现场静态箱法,于夏季(7月)在长江河口潮滩潮间带进行了采样,研究表明,长江河口潮滩水体自身N2O产生速率很低,在潮汐淹没期沉积物是上覆水体N2O的来源,其来自沉积物中反硝化、硝化等氮素循环的多个反应过程,沉积物中N2O自然产生速率在0.10～8.50μmol/(m2·h)之间,反硝化速率在21.91～35.87μmol/(m2·h)之间。退潮出露期中潮滩是大气N2O的排放源犤交换速率在-11.03～13.17μmol/(m2·h)之间犦,5～10cm地温是影响N2O排放速率的显著性因素;低潮滩-大气界面N2O排放、吸收速率在-5.75～0.49μmol/(m2·h)之间。总体上看,中潮滩是大气N2O的排放源;而低潮滩对大气N2O有明显的吸收作用。潮滩植被(海三棱草和底栖藻类)的光合作用明显抑制了N2O的排放并可能导致吸收,而其呼吸作用则增加了N2O的排放,潮间带-大气界面N2O的排放和吸收与CO2的排放、吸收有显著的正相关关系。     

潮间带滩涂沉积物与水体热通量模拟

为了揭示滩涂对近岸水温影响,开展潮间带滩涂沉积物与海水之间热量交换研究。以韩国西南海岸的滩涂为例,建立滩涂沉积物温度模型,模拟不同潮汐状态下沉积物垂向剖面温度以及沉积物与水体间的热通量,并分析了季节、滩涂位置、潮位-太阳辐射相位对热通量的影响。研究表明:模拟出的沉积物温度与实测值吻合较好。沉积物与水体存在大量热量交换,且集中在淹没后的前3 h,最大热通量可达398.7 W/m2。冬季月份海水向滩涂净传热。夏季月份滩涂向水体净传热,且当滩涂淹没时刻发生在当地正午或正午过后3 h内,滩涂传递给水体的热量相对较大,达2.0 MJ/（m2·d）;累积热通量随滩涂干滩率的减小而减小。研究成果为进一步深入研究滩涂影响下近岸水温变化提供了技术支撑。     

玛曲高寒草甸夏季近地层微气象和CO2通量特征分析

利用2015年夏季玛曲高寒草甸观测资料,从中选取7月10个连续完整的观测日,分析了近地层气象要素、地表辐射和能量传输以及CO₂通量日变化特征。结果表明：夏季玛曲地区气温和比湿昼夜差异较大,最大温差为19.2 ℃,平均风速为2.7 m?s^-1,风向以东风为主。晴天条件下向下短波辐射可达1 200 W?m^-2左右,平均地表反照率为0.22,均大于藏北那曲地区。净辐射峰值可达850 W?m^-2左右,陆-气间能量传输以潜热输送为主。10 d能量闭合度平均值为0.61,能量不平衡程度较大。夏季玛曲高寒草甸表现为“碳汇”,CO₂通量平均值为-0.20 mg?m^-2?s^-1,晴天碳吸收最大速率为-14.05 mg?m^-2?s^-1,显著大于阴天,最大碳吸收时长为13 h,CO₂密度平均值为530.7 mg?m^-3。     

箱技术测量土壤痕量气体释放通量中的误差因素—以N2O为例

箱技术是测量土壤痕量气体释放通量的最常用方法,本文在理论和实际应用上探讨了箱技术尤其是密闭箱技术使用过程中可能引起痕量气体释放通量偏差的若干问题及可能的解决方法。     

水库水气界面温室气体通量监测方法综述

水库水体中的有机碳,经过水中微生物代谢分解,生成甲烷、二氧化碳等温室气体,通过扩散、气泡等方式,经由水气界面排向大气.目前国外对水库水气界面的温室气体通量监测已经发展了静态箱法、梯度法、倒置漏斗法、TDLAS法以及涡度相关法等.综述了以上监测方法的原理、应用、优缺点及适用范围,从水体、陆地和气候环境方面分析了影响水气界...     

长白山火山区温泉温室气体排放通量研究

温泉是深部岩浆活动在地表的直接表现,并且向大气圈排放大量的温室气体.然而,国内尚无火山区温泉排放的温室气体通量研究报道.我国长白山火山区水热活动强烈,主要有湖滨温泉带、聚龙温泉群、锦江温泉以及火山口外围的十八道沟温泉.本文利用数字皂膜流量计测量温泉气体排放通量,并结合前人对长白山火山区温泉气体成分的研究成果,估算了研究区温泉所排放的温室气体通量.结果表明,长白山火山区温泉排放的CO2通量为6.9×104t·a-1,CH4排放通量为428.44t·a-1,与意大利Pantelleria Island火山区温泉排放的温室气体通量规模相当.本文的测试结果表明:数字皂膜流量计在火山区温室气体排放通量估算研究中的应用是可行的.     

喀斯特地区水库回水区夏季水体二氧化碳分压变化特征及交换通量研究

为了解万峰湖水库回水区夏季水体溶解CO_2变化规律及水体"源/汇"特征,于2016年夏季对万峰湖回水区水体溶解CO_2分压进行走航监测,现场利用水质参数仪测定水体物化参数,其余水质参数于实验室进一步测定分析。结果表明:回水区表层水体pCO_2值变化范围在150.58~220.05Pa之间;水体剖面上,表层水体pCO_2值最低,随水体深度增加pCO_2值逐渐增大,在80 m处到达最大值;回水区不同于大部分云贵高原湖泊和水库,水体pCO_2表现为过饱和状态,经研究分析认为回水区周围环境、水体自身富氧条件与水体中大量物质分解是引起这一现象的主要原因;利用相关公式计算,回水区CO_2释放通量为27.4~44.2mmol·(m~2·d)~(-1),均值为37.1 mmol·(m~2·d)~(-1),水体表现为大气CO_2的"源"。     

青藏高原高寒湿地CO2通量特征及影响因子分析

利用玉树隆宝湿地2015年的涡动相关系统观测资料,分析了高寒湿地CO₂通量的变化特征及影响因子。结果表明：玉树隆宝湿地生长季CO₂通量日变化呈倒单峰型,夏季日变化幅度大,冬季日变化幅度小。4-9月CO₂净交换量为负值,其余各月CO₂净交换量为正值。全年CO₂净吸收量为465 g·m^-2。白天CO₂通量随着光合有效辐射的增大而减小。CO₂排放量与土壤温度和气温日较差均呈正相关。高寒湿地土壤体积含水量对CO₂通量的影响很微弱。降雨事件发生后, CO₂排放量在短期内有所升高。各影响因子中,光合有效辐射对高寒湿地CO₂通量影响的相关度最高,其次为气温日较差,土壤温度,而土壤体积含水量对CO₂通量影响的相关度最低。     

Ammonium regeneration in intertidal sediments of the Yangtze estuary during air-exposure

The influences of exposure to the atmosphere on ammonium cycle in the intertidal surface sediments were in situ studied with a geochemical approach at a typical station in the Yangtze Estuary during three tidal cycles in September 2003. During an about 8-h emersion period of each diurnal tide, six high-resolution vertical profiles of adsorbed and dissolved ammonium were measured. It was observed that both adsorbed and dissolved ammonium generally had an increasing trend in sediment cores during the exposure. The rate of ammonium regeneration in sediments was estimated using the accumulation amount of ammonium including adsorbed and soluble fractions during the daytime emersion. The calculation result showed that there was relatively high ammonification rate (˜500 nmol N cm⁻³ day⁻¹), which reflected that organic nitrogen in sediments was quickly decomposed with a residence time of ˜52.7 days. Due to the dramatic temperature difference observed in sediment profiles, free convection was considered an important mechanism of regulating the efflux of produced ammonium into overlying waters. The total estimated amount of regenerated ammonium was ˜1.35×10⁵ t N year⁻¹ in the intertidal flat of the Yangtze Estuary, which occupied 7.6% of the total inorganic nitrogen annually transported to the estuarine ecosystem.     

Benthic nutrient fluxes in the intertidal flat within the Changjiang （Yangtze River） Estuary

In an annual cycle from March 2005 to February 2006, benthic nutrient fluxes were measured monthly in the Dongtan intertidal flat within the Changjiang （Yangtze River） Estuary. Except for NH4^＋, there always showed high fluxes from overlying water into sediment for other four nutrients. Sediments in the high and middle marshes, covered with halophyte and consisting of macrofauna, demonstrated more capabilities of assimilating nutrients from overlying water than the low marsh. Sampling seasons and nutrient concentrations in the overlying water could both exert significant effects on these fluxes. Additionally, according to the model provided by previous study, denitrification rates, that utilizing NO3- transported from overlying water （Dw） in Dongtan sediments, were estimated to be from -16 to 193 μmol·h^-1·m^-2 with an average value of 63 μmol·h^-1·m^-2 （n=18）. These estimated values are still underestimates of the in-situ rates owing to the lack of consideration of DN, i.e., denitrification supported by the local NO3^- production via nitrification.     

Ammonium adsorption by tidal flat surface sediments from the Yangtze Estuary

Ammonium adsorption by sediments plays an important role in the cycle of nitrogen in the estuarine tidal flat ecosystem. Ammonium adsorption on tidal flat sediments from the Yangtze estuary was studied using the simulation experiment. The findings indicated that there was linear adsorption by the tidal flat sediments for the lower ammonium concentration (<10 mM) in the overlying waters. The adsorption coefficient of ammonium in the study area ranged from 3.81 to 9.00, and had a significant positive correlation with total organic carbon (r = 0.779, = 0.02284 , n=8), reflecting that organic matter might be one of the main factors controlling the behavior of ammonium adsorption. It also showed that salinity had a pronounced effect on ammonium adsorption, and that salinity affected the distribution of ammonium between the sediments and waters. The amount of ammonium adsorption on sediments gradually decreased with the increasing salinity. Especially within the range of lower salinity, just a little change of salinity had a dramatic influence on ammonium adsorption by sediments.     

长江口滨岸潮滩重金属源汇通量估算

根据2002～2003年长江口滨岸潮滩16个站位1年的沉积物重金属含量、粒度和密度等季节性测试数据,结合其他文献的沉积物累积速率资料,初步估算了长江口滨岸潮滩重金属的源汇通量。结果表明,2002年徐六泾以下的河口地区,沉积物中Cu、Pb、Fe、Mn、Zn、Cr的年滞留量分别为3425t/a、2751t/a、3451599t/a、69505t/a、14045t/a和3176t/a,石洞口排污口和黄浦江仍然是这几种重金属的主要污染输入来源之一。潮滩能有效滞留河口水体中的重金属,在长江口0m线以上的潮滩沉积物中,Cu、Pb、Fe、Mn、Zn、Cr的年沉降量分别占到整个河口区重金属沉降量的24.3%、27.6%、32.3%、32.4%、20.5%和23.2%。从潮滩重金属的沉降通量来看,南汇边滩的沉降通量最大,长江口南岸潮滩明显高于长江口北支潮滩,说明位于排污口下游的滩地能有效削减入海重金属污染负荷。     

The effects of semi-lunar spring and neap tidal change on nutrients cycling in the intertidal sediments of the Yangtze estuary

During a semi-lunar tidal cycle from full moon till new moon, tide is characterized by the periodic change in spring and neap tide. Under the in situ conditions of light and temperature, the influence of a semi-lunar spring and neap tidal cycle on nutrient cycling in intertidal flat of the Yangtze estuary was simulated in the laboratory in July 2002. Lab experiments showed that NH₄⁺ and PO₄^3– were always released into overlying waters, while NO₃^– was directed into sediments in the permanently waterlogged systems, suggesting that the long-term waterlogged sediment acts as a significant source for NH₄⁺ and PO₄^3–, and a sink for NO₃^– in water columns. In contrast, reflooding of intertidal sediments after long-term desiccation promoted the considerable effluxes of NH₄⁺, NO₃^– and PO₄^3– into overlying waters, reflecting that the long-term exposed sediment is an important source for nutrients in overlying waters. In addition, the semi-lunar tidal cycle led to the intricate depth distribution patterns of nutrients in intertidal sediments. During long-term exposure, NH₄⁺ in sediments was quickly transformed into NO₂^– and NO₃^–, while organic P pool might be converted to slightly adsorbed and iron-bound P. Therefore, it is considered that the semi-lunar tidal circulation has the significant influence on the biogeochemical cycle of nutrients in intertidal systems.     

山东青岛和日照滨岸潮间带现代生物遗迹组成与分布特征*

在山东青岛和日照滨岸潮间带可见到现代生物营造的各种遗迹。通过分析这些生物遗迹与其沉积背景的关系,取得以下成果: (1)研究区生物遗迹中,层面遗迹以腹足类动物的拖迹为主,层内遗迹以居住迹丰度最高,且类型多样。(2)建立了2个生物遗迹组合: 一是高潮区组合,主要遗迹类型包括珠带拟蟹守螺拖迹、沙蚕的拖迹、摄食迹和居住迹、四角蛤的居住迹、弹涂鱼的爬行迹和居住迹、鸭嘴海豆芽的居住迹以及螃蟹的居住迹和摄食迹;该组合产生的沉积物底层具有含泥量较高,水、氧、有机质含量均较丰富及基底较稳固等特点。二是中低潮区组合,主要由斑玉螺的拖迹和停息迹、扁玉螺的爬行迹和停息迹、寄居蟹的爬行迹、长竹蛏的居住迹、虾蛄的爬行迹和居住迹、鸭嘴海豆芽的居住迹以及螃蟹的居住迹和摄食迹组成;该组合产生的沉积物底层具有含泥量较低、粒度较粗、间隙水不易保存、有机质含量低等特点;研究区潮间带为急剧多变的海洋环境,该遗迹组合可指示温带季风气候条件下的海洋潮间带沉积环境。(3)通过分析各种造迹生物及其遗迹的组成和空间分布特征以及其与底层沉积物和沉积环境的关系,建立了研究区潮间带沉积中的生物遗迹组合及其沉积环境分布模式。     

长江口现代潮滩表层沉积物磁性特征和自生铁硫化物的分布*

以长江口崇明岛北支潮滩的3个潮滩为对象,在粒度测量和磁性分析的基础上,揭示了现代潮滩表层沉积物的磁性变化,探讨了磁性矿物、尤其是自生亚铁磁性矿物—硫复铁矿（Fe₃S₄）在潮滩沉积微相的分布规律及机制。研究结果表明：长江口潮滩表层沉积物的磁性特征由亚铁磁性矿物及超顺磁颗粒(SP)主导。淤积型中高潮滩磁铁矿以单畴(SD)和SP为主,侵蚀型潮滩的中低潮滩则更多假单畴/多畴(PSD/MD)晶粒,反映了水动力的分选及以细颗粒矿物溶解为主的早期成岩作用。此外,最东侧的北四滧港剖面潮上带—高潮滩芦苇带普遍存在自生亚铁磁性硫复铁矿,北堡港和新卫剖面的高潮滩也局部存在硫复铁矿,反映了本区高潮滩—潮上带丰富的有机质及细颗粒沉积物、加上有限的海水淹没时间,是早期成岩作用过程中生成硫复铁矿的主要机制。     

鸭绿江河口西岸潮间带柱状沉积物中重金属的分布特征及其对流域变化的响应

2010年和2011年在鸭绿江西水道和西岸潮间带共采集4根柱状样,通过对2mPb测年、粒度、总有机碳、重金属元素等多指标综合分析,探讨了：（1）鸭绿江河口西水道和西岸潮间带柱状沉积物中重金属的垂向分布及其来源：（2）重金属分布的粒度控制作用：（3）不同时期的粒度和重金属分布变化及其对流域变化的响应。结果表明：f1）Cu和zn可能来源于有机质降解的内源释放：Cr和Ni表征了岩石风化剥蚀形成陆源碎屑的自然来源：Cd和Pb反映了人类活动的影响。（2）除西岸潮间带的Cd和Pb含量可能部分受来源影响外,研究区的粒度效应是控制鸭绿江地区重金属含量分布的最主要因素。（3）粒度变化与流域演变密切相关,重金属含量对流域变化和人类活动响应明显,大致以1940年、1970年、1995年为界分为四个沉积阶段：1940年以前,自然演变对鸭绿江河口西岸潮间带的重金属分布控制明显,而1940年来至今,人类活动的控制作用日益凸显。