中国北方季风边缘区自然灾害环境和成灾过程的特征

在分析中国北方季风边缘区自然灾害形成环境的基础上,讨论了该区自然灾害过程所具有的如下基本特征:孕灾过程具有多样性、频发性和地域差异性;受灾过程特征集中表现为季风边缘区受灾环境对各种自然致灾因子的放大作用;成灾过程特征表现为本区更易成灾,虽然绝对灾情较低,但相对灾情较大和关键农事期气象致灾因子发生频率高等。     

台风灾害多元致灾因子联合分布研究

以沿海城市海口为例,运用三维Copula函数构建台风灾害多元致灾因子联合分布模型,开展多元致灾因子相互作用下的台风灾害事件联合重现期和失效概率的分析,提出全面评估台风灾害影响的研究思路。结果表明：三维Gumbel Copula函数能够合理描述台风灾害多元致灾因子之间的联合分布,以单变量作为设计依据会低估具有一定严重程度的台风灾害发生频次,相对于单变量重现期和二维联合重现期,三变量联合重现期的计算结果更加贴近实际情况。防台措施设计标准的制定应全面考虑台风灾害多元致灾因子,且应充分考虑各致灾因子间的相互作用以及设计期内的失效概率。研究成果可为中国沿海省市的可持续发展以及减灾、防灾政策的制定等提供重要的科学依据。     

运用灾害熵浅析沙尘暴强度

以信息熵原理为基础，引入灾害熵概念，评价自然灾害的发生的不确定性和根据各致灾因子的强弱，确定灾害事件的重要性因子，构建灾害信息量计算模型。并以新疆境内达坂城、精河、哈密、吐鲁番、鄯善等五个地区的多年沙尘暴灾害统计数据为研究实例，计算分析了灾害次数、灾害熵。经过分析得出：哈密地区的沙尘暴灾害不仅灾害强度最烈，致灾因子亦最为活跃。通过应用灾害熵及其相应的修正模式，可以定量的确定灾害的影响强度，定性地说明致灾因子的多寡。     

中国自然灾害的区域组合规律

中国自然灾害多种多样，按直接致灾因子划分为２０个基本自然灾害类型，其中旱灾、洪灾、涝灾、地震灾、滑坡和泥石流灾为主要基本自然灾害类型。宏观地貌格局及其引起的自然环境的分异对大多数自然灾害类型的区域分异有决定性影响。自然灾害的区域组合规律反映在自然灾害地域差异上。本文根据地学区划的一般原则，以及孕灾大环境与自然灾害类型宏观区域组合，将中国划分为东部委风平原山地重度灾害大区、西北干旱高中山盆地中度灾害     

渭河下游河流沿线区域洪水灾害风险评价

区域洪水灾害风险评价是洪灾评估和管理的重要内容。依据灾害系统理论,利用G IS方法,综合分析了渭河下游对洪水灾害有影响的降水、地形、水系、过境洪水和防洪工程等自然致灾力和孕灾环境的影响度,以及承灾体遭受不同强度洪水可能损失程度的易损性影响度,运用层次分析法和因子叠加法,从自然和社会属性两个方面对洪灾风险进行了综合评价和分析。结果表明:研究区洪水灾害风险整体上以渭河下游干流为中心逐渐向两边递减,即离主干河流越近,风险越高,反之越低;从行政区划上来看,西安市城区和临潼区基本处于高风险区,而华县、华阴市和潼关县基本处于低风险区。     

气候变暖背景下黄河流域干旱灾害风险空间特征

黄河流域是中国重要的经济带和经济增长极,也是人口密集暴露、特色农业种植和重点生态承载区。在全球变暖和极端降水事件频发的气候背景下,近年来黄河流域干旱灾害变化特征异常突出,新形势下该流域的干旱灾害风险及其对气候变化的响应机制需进一步深入认识。本文利用1960年以来黄河流域122个国家气象站逐日气象数据,结合遥感、社会统计和地理信息数据与技术,基于灾害风险理论,建立致灾因子危险性、孕灾环境脆弱性、承灾体易损性和防灾减灾能力可靠性4个因子的干旱灾害风险指标体系和模型,详细分析了黄河流域干旱灾害风险变化特征和区域差异性及其气候变化的影响机制。结果表明：黄河流域干旱灾害风险分布格局具有明显的地带性和复杂性,流域区域差异显著,总体是中下游风险高于上游,高风险区主要位于黄河流域中下游,致灾因子危险性是黄河流域干旱灾害风险的主导因子,其次是孕灾环境脆弱性和防灾减灾能力可靠性,而承灾体易损性贡献量相对最小。干旱灾害风险影响机制的区域差异也很显著,上游是孕灾环境脆弱性和防灾减灾能力可靠性的影响大于致灾因子和易损性,中游则是致灾因子、易损性和防灾减灾能力对干旱灾害风险的贡献度大,下游是干旱致灾因子起主导作用,致灾因子危险性和承灾体易损性控制了风险总体格局。黄河流域干旱灾害风险变化规律以及对气候变化的响应异常复杂,流域干旱灾害风险主要受季风气候和复杂地形的影响,还受社会经济发展水平、人口暴露度和水资源供需矛盾等多种要素的影响。该研究对黄河流域生态文明建设,粮食安全保障和国家发展战略具有重要意义。     

新疆南部地区风沙扩散风险评价及景观格局优化

基于"致灾因子一孕灾环境一承灾体"3个维度,利用空间主成分分析法(SPCA)开展新疆南部地区风沙扩散风险评价,然后借助最小累积阻力模型(MCR)优化关键景观格局组分,构建多层次生态网络.结果表明:①区域致灾因子危险性较高,孕灾环境较为脆弱;和静县、阿合奇县生态本底较好,而盆地及其南部各县易于风沙扩散,尤其是和田地区、且...     

基于GIS的陕西省干旱灾害风险评估及区划

在分析陕西省干旱灾害气候背景和社会经济环境的基础上,结合灾害学相关理论,从致灾因子危险性、孕灾环境脆弱性、承灾体暴露性、防灾减灾能力4个子系统选取指标,建立干旱灾害风险评估模型。依据陕西省气象、生态和社会经济数据,运用GIS空间数据分析功能将干旱的自然和社会属性统一起来进行干旱灾害风险评估及区划。结果表明：（1）致灾因子危险性等级具有自北向南递减趋势,危险性等级最高的是榆林,其次是延安、铜川、宝鸡、咸阳、杨凌区、渭南、西安、商洛、安康和汉中。（2）孕灾环境脆弱性呈自北向南依次递减的分布趋势。脆弱性由强到弱分别是榆林、延安、铜川、宝鸡、西安、渭南、咸阳、杨凌区、商洛、安康和汉中。（3）承灾体暴露性由高到低依次是榆林、关中中部、渭南、咸阳、宝鸡、铜川、商洛、安康和汉中。（4）防灾减灾能力大小依次是榆林、关中地区、延安、汉中、安康、商洛。（5）干旱灾害风险等级自北向南呈逐渐降低趋势。干旱灾害风险由高到低依次为榆林、延安、铜川、宝鸡、渭南、西安、咸阳、杨凌区、商洛、安康和汉中。     

新亚欧大陆桥新疆沿线的孕灾环境及成灾过程分析

以新亚欧大陆桥新疆段为研究对象,从区域地质地貌条件、生态环境等方面详尽阐述了新亚欧大陆桥新疆段的孕灾环境及其在灾害形成过程中对致灾因子的放大作用和成灾过程中各种变异的强化作用。结合2年来野外实地考察资料,系统性分析了新亚欧大陆桥新疆段环境灾害的致灾过程、受灾过程和成灾方式,揭示了区域各类环境灾害间的促进、诱发、转化等相互关系。     

1949—2019年中国自然地理学与生存环境应用研究进展

自然地理学是一门以基础研究见长的自然科学,其研究对象是与人类生存和发展密切相关的自然环境。中国的自然环境复杂多样,自然地理学家根据国家需求和区域发展在应用基础和应用研究方面同样取得显著成效,为国家重大经济建设、社会发展的规划,宏观生态系统与资源环境保护及区域可持续发展做出了重要贡献。本文总结了1949—2019年中国自然地理学在自然环境区域差异与自然区划、土地利用与覆被变化、自然灾害致灾因子和风险防控、荒漠化过程与防治、黄淮海中低产田改造、冻土区工程建设、地球化学元素异常和地方病防治、自然地理要素定位观测、地理空间分异性识别和地理探测器等方面的实践与应用,指出了未来自然地理学的应用研究方向。     

Spatial and Temporal Characteristics of Tornado Path Direction*

Common perception is that tornadoes travel in paths from the southwest quadrant of directions toward the northeast. This study examines path directions for 6,194 tornadoes that occurred in the eastern two‐thirds of the United States during the twenty‐three‐year period 1980–2002. At the national scale, nearly 70 percent of tornadoes included in the study propagated from the west, west‐southwest, and southwest, with west‐southwest being the highest frequency origin direction. Nevertheless, distinct seasonal and regional variations were found. In central and northern areas of the country, a more westerly or northwesterly path origin prevails during late spring and summer. The midtropospheric flow, convective typology, and synoptic patterns of tornado outbreaks are thought to contribute to the distributions observed in the climatology.     

Confidence and Trust in Public Institution Natural Hazards Management: Case Studies in Urban and Rural China

This research aims to investigate the extent to which urban and rural residents trust grassroots-level institutions and how this might affect community resilience to environmental change in China. It focuses on the commitments of institutional actors and their capacities to manage natural hazards and coordinate the community's response. Semistructured interviews were conducted with megacity (Tianjin) and remote village (Wolong) residents in China. We found that public confidence in grassroots-level institutions is limited due to inherent constraints on resources and power. Residents of Wolong tend to recognize the commitment and role of those institutions in connecting individuals with one another, whereas their urban counterparts in Tianjin remain skeptical. Issues of solidarity might account for this difference. These findings will have implications for state–society cooperation and disaster risk comanagement in both urban and rural China.     

论山地灾害链

山地灾害链是具有灾变条件的山地环境,在致灾因素的作用下,一种山地灾害发生后,引起其他种类山地灾害也相继或滞后发生的灾变现象,通常由泥石流、山洪、滑坡、崩塌、冰崩、雪崩、堰塞湖和水土流失等灾种及其相关灾变现象构成,种类繁多,结构复杂,危害严重.根据山地灾害链的致灾因素不同将其划分成地球内营力作用、外营力作用和人为作用致灾3种类型,并进一步将其划分成8个亚类和128种灾害链形式.分析了山地灾害链的成因,认为山地灾害链是山地灾害的物质、能量和信息在特定条件下相互作用、相互渗透、相互传递和相互转化的结果.通过对山地害链的致灾因素、活动地域与结构特征分析和综合分析显示:山地灾害链的防治难度虽然很大,但除分布在高山和极高山区域、由冰雪崩塌和消融水引发的山地灾害链仅可预防,尚难治理外,其他山地灾害链都是可防、可治的.     

Editorial: The Louisiana Purchase

Abstract

This article describes various materials on the World Wide Web that can be effectively utilized in courses on natural hazards and physical geography. Specific Internet addresses are provided for teachers who wish to access various hazard warnings, satellite images, hazard vulnerability maps, reports, and other data concerning geophysical, hydrologic, and meteorological hazards. Suggested strategies for classroom use of this information are also provided. References are made to previous articles in the Journal of Geography that can provide guidance for teachers using the abundant hazards data accessible via the Internet.     

NATURAL HAZARDS RISK IN THE KULLU DISTRICT,HIMACHAL PRADESH,INDIA*

ABSTRACT. Hazardous processes, including floods, landslides, soil erosion, and debris flows, are common in the Himalaya. Deforestation has been held responsible for increasing risk from such hazards in the Indian context for more than a century. The deforestation‐hazard linkage in the Kullu District of Himachal Pradesh is examined. Evidence suggests that the extent of forest cover has altered little over 150 years and that hazardous processes recur in much the same locations, with similar frequency and magnitude, except where road construction has increased slope instability. Nonetheless, population growth and economic development, especially since 1990, have increased vulnerability to hazards.     

Tree-Ring Analysis And Natural Hazard Chronologies: Minimum Sample Sizes And Index Values*

Tree-ring dating is employed to reconstruct chronologies of occurrence for a variety of natural hazards. The number of trees sampled varies greatly as does the minimum number of tree-ring responses. The number of trees to be sampled and an acceptable tree-ring response index should be dictated by the nature and geographical extent of the specific hazard under study. Repetitive sampling of different numbers of 30 avalanche-damaged trees showed significant differences in number of tree-ring responses over a 55-year-period. More sampling and use of a higher minimum response index allowed greater confidence in the chronology constructed from tree-rings and compared to historical records. Three geographic scales of analysis that can confound tree-ring responses are identified, and three guidelines for choosing sample size, given variations in processes, are suggested.     

自然地理学研究前沿

自然地理学的研究前沿是在学科发展和社会需求的共同驱动下形成的.对资源环境问题的全球性关注和我国可持续发展面临的重大问题对自然地理学提出了一系列需求.国际地圈生物圈计划、全球环境变化人文因素计划、世界气候研究计划、生物多样性计划以及地球系统科学联盟中的许多领域包含着自然地理学的研究前沿,我国国家重点基础研究发展计划、国家自然科学基金委员会地球科学部优先发展领域、科技支撑计划等也提出了一系列自然地理学的研究前沿.若干自然地理学的新方法和技术已被应用于数据采集、模型模拟、实验室分析、自然地理过程研究、环境变化研究、全球自然地理学研究.本文概括了所有这些前沿领域和论题.     

Community resilience,natural hazards,and climate change: Is the present a prologue to the future?

ABSTRACT

The nexus of natural hazards, climate change, and community resilience poses both conceptual and methodological challenges. One key consideration is the underlying notion of dynamic change or transformation in the systems that affect community resilience—social systems, natural systems, technological systems—and the degree to which the interdependencies influence who is resilient, to what, where, and to whom. The article examines community resilience from the broad perspective of affluent societies and illustrates the considerable variability in both the temporal and spatial nature of community resilience to natural hazards in the short term, and climate changes in the longer term, especially in more affluent societies. The author finds that, given the rapidity of environmental, social, economic, political, technological, and cultural changes, present circumstances and remedies may not be adequate predictors or precursors of future conditions. She concludes that the challenges associated with community resilience, natural hazards, and climate change require transformational thinking and action if achievements are to be made in terms of significant disaster risk reduction and any semblance of a sustainable future when extreme weather events will be the norm, not the exception.     

新藏公路(新疆境内)沿线道路病害

新藏公路（新疆境内）地处昆仑山中、西段，沿线道路病害类型多样，有泥石流、滑坡、水毁、崩塌、雪害、涎流冰、翻浆、冻土等，严重威胁和破坏交通。由于所处地域自然环境条件特殊，病害频频发生，随着全球气候变暖，冰川退缩，病害将愈演愈烈。本文在实地调查的基础上，分析了研究区病害发育现状、分布规律、成因以及发展趋势，提出了进一步工作的建议。