Development and application of data collection forms for post-earthquake surveys of structural damage and human casualties

To reduce loss of life and injury resulting from earthquakes, the relationship between earthquake-induced building failure and injury severity and distribution needs to be clarified. For this purpose, a series of data collection forms were developed to collect pertinent data for post-event analysis and to provide a basis for structural triage in the field shortly following an earthquake for search and rescue purposes. A companion paper described the identification of variables affecting the outcome of an occupant of a damaged building and the classification of these variables into three levels of priority for data collection. This paper continues the development by describing the design of the data collection forms and the application of the forms to damaged buildings from past earthquakes. These forms represent a significant departure from existing forms in that they consider both casualties and building damage jointly, and in a consistent format.     

The Mount Parnitha (Athens) Earthquake of September 7, 1999: A Disaster Management Perspective

Natural Hazards - Strong earthquakes in the proximity of densely inhabited urban areas pose one ofthe most complicated disaster management situations faced by societies today. Herethe experience...     

The use of post-earthquake residual displacements as a performance indicator in seismic assessment

A new post-earthquake seismic performance assessment method for structures which takes into account residual displacements is proposed. The post-earthquake residual displacements and the observable damage to the structure are considered to obtain improved estimates of the maximum deformations that took place during the earthquake. The improved estimates of the maximum deformations are expected to yield a better picture of the extent of damage to the structure. As a result, better informed decisions regarding the post-earthquake usability and repairability of the structure can be taken. Both the uncertainties associated with the structural properties and the probable errors owing to the imperfectness of the analytical models are considered in the proposed method. A trial application of the method to a real structure tested on a shaking table is presented.     

玉树Ms7.1地震灾区灾后重建工程地质与水文地质条件分区评价

研究玉树地震灾区4县27乡镇的灾后重建工程地质与水文地质条件,选定了地形地貌、地层岩性、水文地质条件、场地地震烈度4个因素作为评价分区指标,构建了单因素指标评价准则,并利用层次分析方法确定了各因素的权重。在此基础上,结合模糊数学理论与方法,分别给出了基于自然单元、乡镇以及各乡镇工程建设用地、特别是极重灾区结古镇镇址的工程地质与水文地质评价结果。结果表明,除奔达乡、真达乡、洛须镇、正科乡、尕多乡等5乡镇所在地分布在工程地质条件较差和极差区,不具备重建工程地质与水文地质条件外,其余各乡镇所在地均处于工程地质较好和良好区,具备重建工程地质及水文地质条件。结古镇原镇址85%的建筑用地分布在工程地质与水文地质条件比较好的地区,只有零星的建筑用地分布在工程地质与水文地质条件较差和极差区,活动断裂穿越,距离地质灾害易发地较近,重建时要注意避让。     

An integrated earthquake damage assessment methodology and its application for two districts in Istanbul, Turkey

This paper presents an integrated, earthquake-damage assessment that standardizes and quantifies methods of analysis. The proposed methodology evaluates all damage-causing phenomena, both individually and in combination. This approach inherently relates to soil-structure interactions by quantifying site-specific geotechnical and structural properties. Specifically considered is ground shaking, the primary damage-causing phenomenon. Also evaluated are the collateral effects of liquefaction, degradation of seismic-bearing capacity and slope failure (landslides). The methodology incorporates a literature-derived probabilistic assessment of damage-causation, and is interpreted and presented as single numbers deemed “Damage Grades.” These damage grades integrate the initial probabilistic evaluation with professional experience and judgment in order to determine potential damage to a particular structure at a particular location. This methodology was applied, with success, to two different locations in Istanbul, Turkey. It should be tested by engineering geologists and geotechnical engineers, for it may be applicable to earthquake-prone areas elsewhere.     

Observations of the performance of buildings during the 1985 Mexico earthquake,and structural design implications

Summary The high amplification of the 1985 Mexico City earthquake is explained by the large number of strong and nearly continuous cycles of 2 s period motion lasting for more than 30 s. The type of damage caused by the earthquake—particularly to engineered multi-storey buildings of high flexibility is described, and methods of adding damping and stiffness elements to reduce and resist earthquake demand forces are discussed.     

Early Estimation of Seismic Hazard for Strong Earthquakes in Taiwan

A shakemap system providing rapid estimates of strong ground shaking could be useful for emergency response providers in a damaging earthquake. A hybrid procedure, which combines site-dependent ground motion prediction models and the limited observations of the Real-Time Digital stream output system (RTD system operated by Central Weather Bureau, CWB), was set up to provide a high-resolution shakemap in a near-real-time manner after damaging earthquakes in Taiwan. One of the main factors that affect the result of ground motion prediction analysis is the existence of site effects. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the local site effects and their influence in the ground shaking and then establish an early estimation procedure of potential hazard for damaging earthquakes. Based on the attenuation law, the site effects of each TSMIP station are discussed in terms of a bias function that is site and intensity-level dependent function. The standard deviation of the site-dependent ground motion prediction model can be significantly reduced. The nonlinear behavior of ground soil is automatically taken into account in the intensity-level dependent bias function. Both the PGA and the spectral acceleration are studied in this study. Based on the RTD data, event correctors are calculated and applied to precisely estimate the shakemap of damaging earthquakes for emergency response.     

汶川地震断裂带科学钻探（WFSD）项目钻探和测井课题组织实施经验与体会

简要介绍了汶川地震断裂带科学钻探项目的组织管理机构及管理方式,重点介绍了其中的钻探与测井课题的组织实施方式。本课题在龙门山断裂带上实施了5口钻孔,历时6年。钻探施工经历了从承包制到日费制的变化,后来在日费制中引入了激励机制。总结了现场管理的有效做法,探讨了适合于复杂地层科学钻探的管理模式,其经验和体会对类似项目具有借鉴意义。     

Neural network-based model for assessing failure potential of highway slopes in the Alishan, Taiwan Area: Pre- and post-earthquake investigation

This paper is aimed at creating an empirical model for assessing failure potential of highway slopes, with a special attention to the failure characteristics of the highway slopes in the Alishan, Taiwan area prior to, and post, the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan earthquake. The basis of the study is a large database of 955 slope records from four highways in the Alishan area. Artificial neural network (ANN) is utilized to “learn” from this database. The developed ANN model is then used to study the effect of the Chi-Chi earthquake on the slope failure characteristics in the Alishan area. Significant changes in the degrees of influence of several factors (variables) are found and possible reasons for such changes are discussed. The novelty of this paper lies in the fact that the developed ANN models are used as a tool to investigate the slope failure characteristics before and after the Chi-Chi earthquake.     

Assessment of erosion damage in Ndome and Ghazi, Taita Taveta, Kenya: Towards an integrated erosion management approach

Aerial photograph interpretation on erosion trends from 1961 to 1998 showed that by 1998, approximately 17 and 50% of agricultural land in Ndome and Ghazi respectively had been permanently lost due to the combined effect of rill, inter-rill, and gully erosion, and sand deposition. Although abnormally heavy rains received between 1996–98 caused much of the present land damage, the severity of the damage was enhanced by inappropriate and persistent human perturbations in the land-system notably through vegetative degradation and destruction of soil structure through inappropriate tillage practices. With soil organic matter contents of 1.6 and 1.9%, and clay ratios of 10.1 and 10.6 for Ndome and Ghazi, respectively, the areas inherent erodibility was considered as high thus pointing to the need for careful use and management of the soil resource. That farmers appreciated only land quality indicators that were visible to the naked eye and that directly affected their subsistence, revealed a knowledge gap that saw damages from intrinsic processes like rill and inter-rill erosion proceed unnoticed. This paper argues that the spread of erosion damage in rural agro-ecosystems is survival-driven. And as a remedy to this problem, there is need for the diversification of livelihood endeavours to alternative off-farm income sources to reduce pressure on the already fragile land resource. Further, being the ultimate implementers of conservation technologies and by virtue of the multiplicity and inter-relation of rural household needs, adoption of an integrated erosion management approach with food security as paramount presents the most practical entry point for sustainable land management in such rural agro-ecosystems. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

SWPT:An automated GIS-based tool for prioritization of sub-watersheds based on morphometric and topo-hydrological factors

The sub-watershed prioritization is the ranking of different areas of a river basin according to their need to proper planning and management of soil and water resources.Decision makers should optimally allocate the investments to critical sub-watersheds in an economically effective and technically efficient manner.Hence,this study aimed at developing a user-friendly geographic information system(GIS) tool,Sub-Watershed Prioritization Tool(SWPT),using the Python programming language to decrease any possible uncertainty.It used geospatial-statistical techniques for analyzing morphometric and topohydrological factors and automatically identifying critical and priority sub-watersheds.In order to assess the capability and reliability of the SWPT tool,it was successfully applied in a watershed in the Golestan Province,Northern Iran.Historical records of flood and landslide events indicated that the SWPT correctly recognized critical sub-watersheds.It provided a cost-effective approach for prioritization of sub-watersheds.Therefore,the SWPT is practically applicable and replicable to other regions where gauge data is not available for each sub-watershed.     

土地质量地球化学评估在土地规划和管理中的应用

论述了土地规划及土地评价的内容、方法,着重阐述了土地评价中土地质量地球化学评估的定义、原则、任务、工作程序和技术方法.通过实例说明了土地质量地球化学评估在土地质量评价、农业用地分等定级中的应用.认为土地质量地球化学评估为土地质量评价和土地规划与管理提供了重要的依据.     

四川“金土地工程”区农业地质调查评价的方法

简要介绍了四川省地质调查院在"金土地工程"区开展农业地质调查评价试点研究项目的背景、目标任务、方法技术和提交的主要成果。通过试点研究,确定了该项工作的内容以土壤地球化学测量为主,地质、遥感等多种综合调查手段为辅的综合调查,其核心是土地质量的地球化学综合评估。     

基于GMS在地下水资源评价与管理中的应用综述

地下水数值模拟软件在地下水资源评价中发挥了重要的作用,而GMS是目前国际上最先进的综合性图形界面软件,可进行水流模拟、溶质运移模拟、反应运移模拟等。简述了地下水模拟模型的发展历程、GMS模拟软件各模块的功能,并综述了GMS软件在地下水资源评价方面的应用现状,最后提出了存在的问题及对地下水数值模拟的发展进行了展望。     

美国海岸带自然资源与生态损害评估及修复工作对中国的启示

海岸带是位于海陆结合部的复杂环境系统,是人类活动最集中的地区。中国大陆海岸线约18000km,涉及沿海11个省,由于经济社会高速发展,海岸带地区的人口、资源、环境矛盾日益突出,面临海岸带资源无序开发、水土污染、滨海湿地退化、海岸侵蚀、地面沉降等一系列生态环境与灾害地质问题,已成为影响生态文明建设的主要问题之一。因此中国持续加大海岸带生态环境保护力度,并提出实施重要生态系统保护和修复重大工程、强化湿地保护和修复等政策措施。美国国家海洋和大气管理局主导的海岸带损害评估及修复计划已实施了近30年,并取得了显著效果,其完善的法律制度体系、规范的损害评估和修复程序、数据集成管理和共享应用等成功经验值得学习借鉴。建议加快完善中国海岸带生态环境损害评估与修复的技术方法体系和制度体系、有序开展海岸带自然资源和生态环境调查、加强海岸带及滨海湿地等重要生态系统的演化和修复技术研究与示范,并构建统一的海岸带基础调查数据库、建立海岸带监测预警体系。     

基于灾情数据的新疆雪灾的评估与区划

选取1955-2017年新疆因雪灾造成的牲畜受灾数量、作物受灾面积、经济损失三大灾情数据,揭示新疆雪灾时间和空间分布特征,通过构建雪灾灾损指数,对新疆雪灾进行区划。分析表明：新疆雪灾的发生北疆多于南疆,山区多于盆地,西部多于东部,主要集中发生在阿尔泰山区、天山山区及昆仑山区,灾情最重的是阿勒泰地区、伊犁地区、塔城地区;进入2000年以后,雪灾呈现明显高位震荡特点;利用多指标综合评估法,运用连续型随机变量分布密度近似求法,求得的新疆雪灾灾损指数,能客观反映新疆雪灾灾情;雪灾灾损指数遵从Γ分布,根据Γ分布函数属性及各类雪灾事件发生概率,进行了新疆雪灾等级区划。研究成果可为决策服务及气候可行性论证提供理论依据,对科学准确地制定防灾备灾措施、及时组织开展雪灾应急救助工作以及灾后的恢复重建决策给予一定参考。     

钻探岩心高光谱数据管理与分析系统的构建

钻探岩心编录一直是地质勘探中至关重要的环节,高光谱探测技术的发展为岩心分析提供了一种新的编录技术。为了使获得的岩心资料能永久保存且便于使用和分析,笔者开发了钻探岩心高光谱数据管理与分析系统。通过该系统使用者能方便管理、查看钻探岩心数据,快速提取、分析岩心矿物的光谱特征,为后期矿物的识别奠定了基础。     

Numerical simulation of groundwater flow for a coastal plain in Japan: data collection and model calibration

Using a three-dimensional finite element model, this study characterizes groundwater flow in a costal plain of the Seto Inland Sea, Japan. The model characterization involved taking field data describing the aquifer system and translating this information into input variables that the model code uses to solve governing equations of flow. Geological geometry and the number of aquifers have been analyzed based on a large amount of geological, hydrogeological and topographical data. Results of study demonstrate a high correlation between the ground surface elevation and the groundwater level in the shallow coastal aquifer. For calibrating the numerical groundwater model, the groundwater flow was simulated in steady state. In addition, the groundwater level and trend in the transient state has also been elucidated. The numerical result provides excellent visual representations of groundwater flow, presenting resource managers and decision makers with a clear understanding of the nature of the types of groundwater flow pathways. Results build a base for further analysis under different future scenarios.     

河南油田稠油油藏识别评价方法

针对河南稠油油藏地质构造复杂、油藏埋藏浅、岩性复杂及储层非均质性严重的特点,在研究储层岩性、物性、含油性关系的基础上,依据大量的试油、测试资料,建立了适应稠油油藏识别参数模型和油、水层解释标准,新方法在稠油区块勘探、开发中实际应用,为专家决策和试油、开发工艺选用提供了依据。