浑善达克沙地沙尘气溶胶的辐射强迫

利用2001年春季浑善达克沙地外场观测的辐射资料及大气辐射模式,对沙尘气溶胶的局地辐射强迫进行了分析和模拟估算。计算结果表明,浑善达克沙地大气透过率日变化显著,晴天可达0.80以上,沙尘天气最低在0.01以下;白天沙尘的辐射强迫对地表有冷却作用,夜间起保温作用。观测期间,平均大气透过率为0.6,白天沙尘对地面向下长波辐射的平均强迫增加量为16.76 W.m-2,对地面净辐射能收支的平均强迫减少量为62.76 W.m-2;夜间地表长波辐射净损失量因沙尘作用减少,平均为67.84 W.m-2。     

气溶胶辐射特性的观测研究

利用一个简化的辐射平衡模式,讨论了气溶胶直接辐射强迫和气溶胶辐射特性以及与地面反射率之间的关系。模式分析表明,增加气溶胶层以后,地气系统对太阳辐射的反射率可能增大,也可能减少,取决于气溶胶的单散射反射率~ω0、不对称度因子g与地面反射率αg之间的配置,但与气溶胶光学厚度δ没有直接的关系。气溶胶光学厚度值仅和反射率变化的幅度成正比。从辐射平衡模式的结果可知,为了定量地研究气溶胶直接辐射强迫作用,需要有系统的有关气溶胶辐射特性的观测资料。从地面和空间对中国地区气溶胶的辐射特性开展了观测研究,包括从地面用太阳光度计测量气溶胶的光学厚度、用浊度计测量气溶胶的散射系数、黑碳仪测量气溶胶的吸收系数,并且利用MODIS资料反演气溶胶的光学厚度。地面太阳光度计观测的气溶胶光学厚度用于检验卫星遥感的气溶胶光学厚度值,对中国东部地区,遥感的结果是可以接受的,主要是由于这一地区存在较低的地表反射率;但对中国北方植被条件不很好的地区,在遥感反演时对地面反射率的估计可能偏低,如做适当的修改还有可能提高遥感反演的精度。从地面直接测量气溶胶的散射系数和吸收系数算出的气溶胶单散射反射率在0.8左右,需要有更多的观测,以便进一步查清这一问题。     

利用激光雷达观测兰州沙尘气溶胶辐射特性

利用微脉冲激光雷达CE370-2与太阳光度计CE-318, 在兰州观测分析了2007年3月27~29日扬沙过程沙尘气溶胶辐射特性, 并利用HYSPLIT-4模式分析了沙尘过程气溶胶粒子的后向轨迹。分析表明, 此沙尘过程气溶胶粒子的传输路径主要有两条： 一条起源于青海西北经西宁抵兰州, 另一条起源于塔克拉玛干沙漠经河西走廊抵兰州; 沙尘气溶胶主要集中于离地1.5 km高度层内; 沙尘气溶胶消光系数随高度先增加, 到0.2 km左右高度达到最大, 然后急剧减小。沙尘气溶胶光学厚度的时间演变呈双峰型, 最高峰出现在28日12:00, 次高峰在27日22:00。验证表明由CE370-2得到的气溶胶光学厚度与CE-318得到的很接近; 雷达观测资料的处理方法可以较好地反演气溶胶消光系数和光学厚度。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地春季一次沙尘暴沙尘气溶胶的辐射特征

利用塔中气象站地面辐射等气象资料结合PNIO（空气动力学当量≤10um的悬浮颗粒）质量浓度资料,以2007年4月15日晴天辐射特征为背景对4月22日塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地发生的沙尘暴天气进行局地辐射特征和沙尘气溶胶与净辐射作相关分析。结果表明白天沙尘的辐射强迫对地表有冷却作用,夜间起保温作用。观测期间,总辐射日峰值减少量为507W／m^2,地面长波日峰值增加量为185w／m^2,地面净辐射能量收支表现为白天的日峰值减少量为198w／m^2,夜间的日峰值增加量为40W／m^2。     

中国地区春季沙尘气溶胶短波辐射气候效应数值模拟研究

利用耦合了起沙模型(MEDM)的区域气候模式RegCM3,模拟研究了2000年春季中国地区沙尘气溶胶短波辐射气候效应。结果表明,春季中国沙尘气溶胶垂直负荷的大值区主要位于南疆盆地和阿拉善高原。引入沙尘气溶胶后,中国地区地表均出现负的辐射强迫,地面气温普遍降低,中低层(400 hPa层以下)大气温度则呈上升趋势。沙尘源区及其下游地区总云量及降水主要呈减少趋势,云量与降水的分布特征与空中流场的变化趋势一致性较好。     

一次浮尘过程气溶胶光学特性及其辐射效应的研究

利用激光雷达对2006年6月17日出现浮尘天气进行观测,反演分析浮尘天气气溶胶消光系数特征,并将其消光系数放入LOWTRAN模式中模拟了大气长波冷却率。结果表明:浮尘刚出现时沙尘的消光系数较小,其峰值在地面附近,相应光学厚度也较小。浮尘发展时沙尘的消光系数增大,沙尘粒子慢慢从地面上升至高空,边界层高度达1 500 m左右,边界层内部沙尘气溶胶充分混合,消光系数趋于一致,光学厚度最大达0.41;17日浮尘期间(19:00—23:00),2 200 m以下20:00 h和21:00 h冷却率较其它时刻大,这两个时刻的沙尘浓度也较大;有浮尘时长波冷却率较无浮尘时增加,最大增加值在2 250 m的高度层达到0.04 K/h。      

利用MODIS-GOCART气溶胶资料研究中国东部地区气溶胶直接辐射强迫

利用MODIS-GOCART同化的2001年逐月气溶胶光学厚度资料,在修改区域气候模式RegCM2辐射方案的基础上,连续积分5年获得平均的中国东部地区气溶胶短波和长波直接辐射效应,并通过数值试验研究了气溶胶垂直分布对辐射强迫及其气候响应的影响。结果表明：气溶胶的短波辐射效应能冷却地表、加热大气;长波辐射效应能加热地表、冷却大气;大气顶净辐射强迫年平均为-4．1W／m^2;辐射强迫绝对值在春季最大,夏季次之,冬季最小;模拟区域中最大辐射强迫值主要位于华北、华南地区及四川盆地;气溶胶垂直分布是影响气溶胶辐射强迫的重要因素。总体上气溶胶层越靠近地面,大气顶辐射强迫绝对值越大,地表辐射强迫绝对值越小,大气顶辐射强迫对垂直分布较敏感;气候系统的反馈作用会放大气溶胶垂直分布对辐射气候效应的影响。     

关于硝酸盐气溶胶光学特征和辐射强迫的研究进展

在过去的20多年里,中外对硫酸盐气溶胶做了大量的研究,对它在大气中的排放、含量、光学特征和辐射强迫有了深入的认识;由于硝酸盐气溶胶在大气中平均含量比硫酸盐低很多,因此过去人们对硝酸盐的研究没有给予重视。然而,近年来的研究表明,硝酸盐气溶胶的散射性质在某些波段甚至强于硫酸盐;同时,由于未来对人为硫酸盐前体物的减排,硫酸盐气溶胶排放会大幅度减少,而硝酸盐气溶胶的排放却增长迅速,其在人为气溶胶中所占的比重越来越高,将会导致其在未来造成的辐射强迫有可能超过硫酸盐,使得其在地区范围内和季节尺度上成为重要的辐射强迫和气候影响因子。中国是硝酸盐气溶胶排放量较大的地区,硝酸盐对未来中国气候和气候变化的影响显得越来越重要。因此,就近年来有关硝酸盐气溶胶的排放和在大气中的浓度变化、光学厚度分布特征及其辐射强迫的研究进展做了回顾和介绍,并对其未来的研究做了展望。     

黄土高原南部末次冰期以来沙尘气溶胶的气候效应

沙尘气溶胶是地球上分布最广的自然气溶胶类型之一,也是气候系统中的重要成分。沙尘天气严重影响人类生产、生活和居住环境,对气候变化也存在显著作用。近年来,沙尘气溶胶的气候效应得到越来越多的关注和研究,但人们的工作主要集中在对现代沙尘气溶胶的研究,而对过去沙尘气溶胶气候效应的研究不多。本研究利用黄土粒度及沉积特征,根据现代沙尘暴的沉降特点,研究了60 kaB.P以来中国黄土高原南部地区沙尘气溶胶的辐射效应,结果表明：1）沙尘气溶胶产生的辐射效应主要表现在造成行星系统太阳辐射反射量的普遍增加,即沙尘过程具有明显的降温效应。2）气候效应上主要表现为对气候的负反馈。由沙尘粒度引起的行星反照率在全新世适宜期达最大值,而在冰期有最小值出现;在气候降温事件中,沙尘气溶胶造成行星反照率降低;每一次降温事件发生时气溶胶的降温效应会相应减弱。约60 kaB.P以来沙尘气溶胶给年均温度带来的影响是使其平均降幅在－0.8 K左右。3）利用黄土的粒度分布,结合现代气溶胶的观测可以估算地质时期沙尘气溶胶的气候效应。     

近10年东亚沙尘气溶胶辐射强迫与温度响应

利用一个耦合了在线沙尘模型的区域气候模式RegCM3,对2000-2009年东亚沙尘气溶胶辐射强迫及温度响应进行了数值模拟。结果表明：（1）东亚沙尘气溶胶分布具有明显的地理差异和季节差异,柱含量高值区主要位于塔克拉玛干沙漠和巴丹吉林沙漠,最大值均在1 000mg.m-2以上;从季节分布来看,春季最大,冬季次之,秋季最小...     

Modeling Study of the Impact of Heterogeneous Reactions on Dust Surfaces on Aerosol Optical Depth and Direct Radiative Forcing over East Asia in Springtime

The spatial distributions and interannual variations of aerosol concentrations,aerosol optical depth(AOD) ,aerosol direct radiative forcings,and their responses to heterogeneous reactions on dust surfaces over East Asia in March 2006-10 were investigated by utilizing a regional coupled climate-chemistry/aerosol model. Anthropogenic aerosol concentrations(inorganic+carbonaceous) were higher in March 2006 and 2008,whereas soil dust reached its highest levels in March 2006 and 2010,resulting in stronger aerosol radiative forcings in these periods.The domain and five-year(2006-10) monthly mean concentrations of anthropogenic and dust aerosols,AOD,and radiative forcings at the surface(SURF) and at the top of the atmosphere(TOA) in March were 2.4μg m-3,13.1μg m-3,0.18,-19.0 W m-2,and-7.4 W m-2,respectively.Heterogeneous reactions led to an increase of total inorganic aerosol concentration;however,the ambient inorganic aerosol concentration decreased,resulting in a smaller AOD and weaker aerosol radiative forcings.In March 2006 and 2010,the changes in ambient inorganic aerosols,AOD,and aerosol radiative forcings were more evident.In terms of the domain and five-year averages,the total inorganic aerosol concentrations increased by 13.7%(0.17μg m-3) due to heterogeneous reactions,but the ambient inorganic aerosol concentrations were reduced by 10.5%(0.13μg m-3) .As a result,the changes in AOD,SURF and TOA radiative forcings were estimated to be-3.9%(-0.007) ,-1.7%(0.34 W m-2) ,and-4.3%(0.34 W m-2) ,respectively,in March over East Asia.     

Assessment of Dust Aerosol Optical Depth and Shortwave Radiative Forcing over the Northwest Pacific Ocean in Spring Based on Satellite Observations

Dust aerosol optical depth （AOD） and its accompanying shortwave radiative forcing （RF） are usually simulated by numerical models. Here, by using 9 months of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer （MODIS） aerosol product data in combination with Clouds and the Earth＇s Radiant Energy System Single Scanner Footprint （CERES/SSF） data, dust AOD and its shortwave RF were estimated over the cloud-free northwest （NW） Pacific Ocean in the springs of 2004, 2005, and 2006. The results showed that in this region, the mean dust AOD and its shortwave RF were 0.10 and -5.51 W m^-2, respectively. In order to validate the dust AOD derived by MODIS, results from the Goddard Global Ozone Chemistry Aerosol Radiation and Transport （GOCART） model were also used here. The correlation coefficient between the monthly averaged dust AOD derived by MODIS measurements and the model simulation results was approximately 0.53. Since the estimates of the dust AOD and its shortwave RF obtained in this study are based mainly on satellite data, they offer a good reference for numerical models.     

Observation Study of Aerosol Radiative Properities over China

With a simplified radiation balance model, study is performed of aerosol direct radiation forcing in relation to its optical properties and surface reflectance, indicating that with the thickened aerosol layer the earth-atmosphere system may increase or weaken the solar radiation albedo, depending upon different combinations of aerosol single scattering albedo (SSA,ω0), asymmetry factor (g), and surface albedo (αg) rather than relying directly on the aerosol optical depth (δ), which has its value just in proportion to the changed range of albedo alone. As indicated by the model results, systematic observations of aerosol radiative properties are required to make quantitative study of aerosol direct radiative forcing. Observational research of the properties has been undertaken based on ground and space measurements over China, including ground-based sunphotometer-aerosol optical depth (AOD), nephelometer-aerosol scattering coefficients, aethalometer-aerosol absorption coefficients, and MODIS products-retrieved AOD. The satellite retrieved AOD is validated against in situ sun photometer measured AOD, indicating that for eastern China remote sensing given AODs are acceptable owing mainly to lower surface reflectance there whereas for poor vegetation in the north of China the surface reflectance may be underestimated in AOD retrieval. However, appropriate modification of the scheme of aerosol remote sensing is likely to improve the retrieval accuracy. The aerosol single scattering albedo in dry condition is around 0.80 from surface-measured scattering and absorption coefficients. It requires further studies based on more observations to improve our understanding of the issue.     

Modeling Study of the Global Distribution of Radiative Forcing by Dust Aerosol

To quantitatively understand the dust aerosol effects on climate change,we calculated the global distribution of direct radiative forcing due to dust aerosol under clear and cloudy skies in both winter and summer,by using an improved radiative transfer model and the global distribution of dust mass concentration given by GADS (Global Aerosol Data Set).The results show that the global means of the solar forcing due to dust aerosol at the tropopause for winter and summer are –0.48 and –0.50 W m-2 ,respectivel...     

A Review of Aerosol Optical Properties and Radiative Effects

Atmospheric aerosols influence the earth's radiative balance directly through scattering and absorbing solar radiation, and indirectly through affecting cloud properties. An understanding of aerosol optical properties is fundamental to studies of aerosol effects on climate. Although many such studies have been undertaken, large uncertainties in describing aerosol optical characteristics remain, especially regarding the absorption properties of different aerosols. Aerosol radiative effects are considered as either positive or negative perturbations to the radiation balance, and they include direct, indirect (albedo effect and cloud lifetime effect), and semi-direct effects. The total direct effect of anthropogenic aerosols is negative (cooling), although some components may contribute a positive effect (warming). Both the albedo effect and cloud lifetime effect cool the atmosphere by increasing cloud optical depth and cloud cover, respectively. Absorbing aerosols, such as carbonaceous aerosols and dust, exert a positive forcing at the top of atmosphere and a negative forcing at the surface, and they can directly warm the atmosphere. Internally mixed black carbon aerosols produce a stronger warming effect than externally mixed black carbon particles do. The semi-direct effect of absorbing aerosols could amplify this warming effect. Based on observational (ground-and satellite-based) and simulation studies, this paper reviews current progress in research regarding the optical properties and radiative effects of aerosols and also discusses several important issues to be addressed in future studies.     

中国沙漠沙尘气溶胶对沙漠源区及北太平洋地区大气辐射加热的影响

针对2001年春季中国沙漠和北太平洋上空沙尘气溶胶的空间分布情况,利用辐射传输模式,分别计算了沙尘气溶胶对沙漠和海洋大气的辐射加热（冷却）率,并讨论了低云、中云、高云对辐射加热率的影响。结果表明:春季,位于中国沙漠和太平洋上空的沙尘层对大气具有明显的加热作用。当沙漠上空光学厚度为1.0,海洋上空光学厚度为0.3时,取春季平均太阳高度角,沙尘层对应的净辐射加热率分别为2.8 K/d和0.4 K/d。由于WMO推荐的沙尘模型比东亚沙尘模型对太阳辐射吸收强,采用该模型计算得到的中国沙漠和海洋上空的加热率比采用东亚沙尘模型分别高1.5 K/d和0.2 K/d。沙尘对大气的加热率很大程度上依赖于沙尘的大气载荷。这种依赖性首先受太阳高度角的影响, 其次也受地表反照率的影响。云对沙尘层辐射加热（冷却）率的影响与云的高度和厚度有关。低云能够加热沙漠和海洋上空的沙尘大气,冷却地面和洋面。中、高云冷却沙漠上空的沙尘层。在海洋上空,中云对云层以上的沙尘层有加热作用,对云层以下的沙尘层有冷却作用。高云对海洋上空沙尘层的辐射加热（冷却）率的影响比较小,加热还是冷却,取决于云的厚度,当云层较薄时,加热沙尘层,而当云层较厚的时候,有可能冷却沙尘层。     

Aerosol Direct Radiative Forcing over Shandong Peninsula in East Asia from 2004 to 2011

Recent vigorous industrialization and urbanization in Shandong Peninsula,China,have resulted in the emission of heavy anthropogenic aerosols over the region.The annual means of aerosol optical depth（AOD）,Angstrom exponent（α）,single-scattering albedo（SSA）,aerosol direct radiative forcing（ARF）,surface radiative forcing（SRF）,and top-of-the atmospheric radiative forcing（TOA） recorded during 2004–2011 were respectively 0.67±0.19,1.25±0.24,0.93±0.03,47±9 W m^-2,-61±9 W m^-2,and-14±8 W m^-2.The aerosol optical properties and ARF characteristics showed remarkable seasonal variations due to cycle changes in the aerosol components and dominance type.The atmosphere-surface system was cooled by ARF in all years of the study due to anthropogenic sulfate and nitrate emission and sea salt aerosols.The magnitude of TOA cooling was larger in summer（-15±17 W m^-2） and autumn（-12±7 W m^-2） than that in spring（-8±4 W m^-2） and winter（-9±10 W m^-2）.     

Optical,Radiative and Chemical Characteristics of Aerosol in Changsha City,Central China

Industrial pollution has a significant effect on aerosol properties in Changsha City, a typical city of central China.Therefore, year-round measurements of aerosol optical, radiative and chemical properties from 2012 to 2014 at an urban site in Changsha were analyzed. During the observation period, the energy structure was continuously optimized, which was characterized by the reduction of coal combustion. The aerosol properties have obvious seasonal variations. The seasonal average aerosol opti...     

北方沙尘气溶胶光学厚度和粒子谱的反演

利用CE-318太阳光度计在内蒙古额济纳旗、东胜、锡林浩特三地观测的2002年6月喇3年5月间的太阳直接辐射数据，应用消光法反演大气气溶胶光学厚度[AOT（λ），Aerosol Optical Thickness]和粒子谱分布，并分析其变化特征。结果表明，该地区气溶胶光学厚度具有明显的时空变化：春季最大，冬季最小，AOT（λ=440nm）平均最大值为0．78，最小值为0．13。3个观测点中，额济纳旗的光学厚度最大，东胜最小。光学厚度的日变化主要有4种形式：1）早晨高傍晚低；2）早晨低傍晚高；3）早晚低中午高；4）变化平缓。这主要与沙尘天气的发生、大气层结稳定度和人类活动等因素有关。气溶胶粒子谱分布基本符合Junge谱，在粒径0．3μm、0．6μm和1．0μm处出现峰值。但是在不同天气条件下粒子谱有很大差异，在沙尘暴天气中，大粒子和巨粒子数有明显的增加，粒子数浓度要比晴天背景大气大了约一个量级。春季气溶胶粒子数浓度最大，夏秋季次之，冬季最小，但相差不超过一个量级。     

沙尘气溶胶光学厚度的全球分布及分析

利用全球气溶胶数据GADS(Global Aerosol Data Set)计算了冬夏两季4种类型(积聚型、核型、粗粒型和传输型)沙尘气溶胶0.55μm光学厚度的全球分布。通过分析得出,气溶胶的消光系数和垂直厚度对光学厚度的影响很大。全球沙尘气溶胶分布具有明显的季节和地理差异,4个沙尘暴多发区,分别位于北非、中亚地区、澳大利亚西部和北美西部。中亚地区冬季沙尘气溶胶强度和范围比夏季大,北美和澳大利亚地区则相反,冬季光学厚度最大值位于北非的中部地区,而夏季其最大值位于非洲北部靠近大西洋的地区。沙尘气溶胶对<8μm的辐射吸收作用很弱,散射能力较强;对于>8μm的辐射吸收能力很强,吸收带位主要于8~11μm范围内。